The text discusses the relationship between faith and reason, with some scholars arguing that faith and reason are compatible while others see them as opposing forces. It references the work of Thomas Aquinas, who believed that faith and reason mutually support one another and that theological study should involve both revelation from God and human reason. The document examines how scholars have approached reconciling faith and reason through different philosophical and theological methods over time.

1. IIKHCHBNKHCHBN AAMJ[NMMJ[NM
IICRKHMWRCWCRKHMWRCW C CJKHR[EJKHR[E C CWR[EWR[E??
C CWRNHWRNH C CJNHJNH
BB C C WWÍMKÍMK?? NN NNADN BKADN BK DDNNNN
Icz n quk tu qukrks dã bkIcz n quk tu qukrks dã bk skr tubn bc Akmskr tubn bc Akm..
Kstc gneuhmbcbk bc auz kxmstk bksbk n prmekmrn bmc bc grmcêçn bn euhbn, k suc kxms-Kstc gneuhmbcbk bc auz kxmstk bksbk n prmekmrn bmc bc grmcêçn bn euhbn, k suc kxms-
tïhgmc pkrechkgkrã ctí n ÿatmen bmc bns tkepns. Kac í c sngmkbcbk bns kakmtns quktïhgmc pkrechkgkrã ctí n ÿatmen bmc bns tkepns. Kac í c sngmkbcbk bns kakmtns quk
bmstmhjuke c auz hcs trkvcs, skpcrchbn-c ke suc kbmstmhjuke c auz hcs trkvcs, skpcrchbn-c ke suc kssïhgmc.ssïhgmc.
Kstc gneuhmbcbk bc auz pnssum uec ksgnac hc quca n pr÷prmn Kspårmtn bk Wclk-Kstc gneuhmbcbk bc auz pnssum uec ksgnac hc quca n pr÷prmn Kspårmtn bk Wclk-
bnrmc mhstrum àqukaks quk tïe skbk bk auz6 k tnbns ns emstírmns bk Bkus kbnrmc mhstrum àqukaks quk tïe skbk bk auz6 k tnbns ns emstírmns bk Bkus k bc hcturkzcbc hcturkzc
sçn gnhskrvcbns hkstc ksgnac pkans imadns bc auz. N gnhdkgmekhtn pkrikmtn bk Bkus,sçn gnhskrvcbns hkstc ksgnac pkans imadns bc auz. N gnhdkgmekhtn pkrikmtn bk Bkus,
bc hcturkzc k bc duechmbcbk, sçnbc hcturkzc k bc duechmbcbk, sçn ns nloktns bn khsmhcekhtn bkstc ksgnac.ns nloktns bn khsmhcekhtn bkstc ksgnac.33
Rrcbmêçn bk Emstírmns bn Ngmbkhtk cimrec quk ue khsmhcekhtn u-Rrcbmêçn bk Emstírmns bn Ngmbkhtk cimrec quk ue khsmhcekhtn u-
hmvkrsca sulocz cs bmvkrscs rkamjmûks bn euhbn. Kssk khsmhcekhtnhmvkrsca sulocz cs bmvkrscs rkamjmûks bn euhbn. Kssk khsmhcekhtn
tke smbn trchsemtmbn bksbk tkepns mekenrmcms ctrcvís bk prniks-tke smbn trchsemtmbn bksbk tkepns mekenrmcms ctrcvís bk prniks-
snrks mauemhcbns. Hc trcbmêçn bc Csnrks mauemhcbns. Hc trcbmêçn bc C∲∲CC∲∲ kssks prnikssnrks sçn gn- kssks prnikssnrks sçn gn-
hdkgmbns gnen Gdkiks Wkgrktns. Cbkptns bk catn gcamlrk kspmrmtuca, kaks skhdkgmbns gnen Gdkiks Wkgrktns. Cbkptns bk catn gcamlrk kspmrmtuca, kaks sk
rktmrcrce bn euhbn pcrc sucs Pmrìembks Nguatcs hn mhtumtn bk gnhbuzmrke crktmrcrce bn euhbn pcrc sucs Pmrìembks Nguatcs hn mhtumtn bk gnhbuzmrke c
kvnauêçn kspmrmtuca bc duechmbcbk. Clcmxn bkaks sk khgnhtrc uec gcbkmc bkkvnauêçn kspmrmtuca bc duechmbcbk. Clcmxn bkaks sk khgnhtrc uec gcbkmc bk
aåbkrks k prnikssnrks quk trchsemtke skuaåbkrks k prnikssnrks quk trchsemtke sku rkgòhbmtn khsmhcekhtn c lusgcbn-rkgòhbmtn khsmhcekhtn c lusgcbn-
rks quk pnr snrtk nu pkrsmstïhgmc khgnhtrce cajue prnikssnr bmspnstn c kh-rks quk pnr snrtk nu pkrsmstïhgmc khgnhtrce cajue prnikssnr bmspnstn c kh-
smhcr.smhcr.
Pcrc Cakmstkr Grnwaky (34:;-3=2:), nPcrc Cakmstkr Grnwaky (34:;-3=2:), n Gnaíjmn MhtkrhnGnaíjmn Mhtkrhn guon gurråguan kh- guon gurråguan kh-
smhc k kxcemhc Kstubchtks hnssmhc k kxcemhc Kstubchtks hns Khsmhcekhtns bk WclkbnrmcKhsmhcekhtns bk Wclkbnrmc íí cc CC∲∲CC∲∲..<< Bmik- Bmik-
rkhtk bc N.R.N. k nutrcs nrjchmzcêûks tdkaïemgcs pcrc-ecêòhmgcs quk nikrk-rkhtk bc N.R.N. k nutrcs nrjchmzcêûks tdkaïemgcs pcrc-ecêòhmgcs quk nikrk-
gke mhmgmcêûks ke jrupn k ctuce bk inrec sngmca k ctí pnaåtmgc, c Cgke mhmgmcêûks ke jrupn k ctuce bk inrec sngmca k ctí pnaåtmgc, c C∲∲CC∲∲ nik- nik-
rkgk ue gcemhdn ecms snamtãrmn. N Kstubchtk, cn skr rkgklmbn hc Nrbke, gn-rkgk ue gcemhdn ecms snamtãrmn. N Kstubchtk, cn skr rkgklmbn hc Nrbke, gn-
hdkgk cpkhcs sku Wupkrmnr khdkgk cpkhcs sku Wupkrmnr k pnstkrmnrekhtk ns cauhns quk ue bmc vmrã cpnstkrmnrekhtk ns cauhns quk ue bmc vmrã c mhs-mhs-
trumr. Hçn kxmstk trclcadn ke jrupn. Hn khtchtn, ue Mhstrutnr bc Ctrumr. Hçn kxmstk trclcadn ke jrupn. Hn khtchtn, ue Mhstrutnr bc C∲∲CC∲∲ pnbk pnbk
gnhvmbcr skus cauhns c pcrtmgmpcrke, ke gnhouhtn, bk cajuec gkaklrcêçn nugnhvmbcr skus cauhns c pcrtmgmpcrke, ke gnhouhtn, bk cajuec gkaklrcêçn nu
npkrcêçn eãjmgc, kelnrc skoc bk gnhdkgmekhtn jkrca quk ns ekelrns hçnnpkrcêçn eãjmgc, kelnrc skoc bk gnhdkgmekhtn jkrca quk ns ekelrns hçn
bkvke sk gnhdkgkr. Ecs mssn hçn í uec prnmlmêçn. N pr÷prmn Grnwaky rkcam-bkvke sk gnhdkgkr. Ecs mssn hçn í uec prnmlmêçn. N pr÷prmn Grnwaky rkcam-
zcvc eumtcs npkrcêûks eãjmgcs rkuhmhbn skus cauhns.zcvc eumtcs npkrcêûks eãjmgcs rkuhmhbn skus cauhns.
33 Fcra Ynh Kgfcrtsdcuskh, C Fcra Ynh Kgfcrtsdcuskh, C HH[YKE WNLK N[YKE WNLK N WWCHR[ÃMNCHR[ÃMN. Cgkrvn bn smtk Dcbhu.nrj.. Cgkrvn bn smtk Dcbhu.nrj.
<< Khsmhcekhtns bk WclkbnrmcKhsmhcekhtns bk Wclkbnrmc í uec rkikrïhgmc c Lmhcd, uec bcs ksikrcs « í uec rkikrïhgmc c Lmhcd, uec bcs ksikrcs «skpdmrcskpdmrc¶ quk gnepûke c Nrbke Ngua-¶ quk gnepûke c Nrbke Ngua-
tc, Ctc, C∲∲CC∲∲..
CC

2. C Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc C Ãrvnrk bc YmbcSclcaåstmgc k c bmstrmlumSclcaåstmgc k c bmstrmlumêçn bns Jrcus bc Cêçn bns Jrcus bc C∲∲ C C∲∲..

3. KeKe RRDKDK KKS[MHNTS[MHNT, Yna. M, Hn. <, Grnwaky pulamgnu uec, Yna. M, Hn. <, Grnwaky pulamgnu uec Gcrtc cns Prnlcgmnhms-Gcrtc cns Prnlcgmnhms-
tcstcs, nhbk bmz?, nhbk bmz?
N euhbn prnjrmbk pkac vmrtubk bnN euhbn prnjrmbk pkac vmrtubk bn cpcrkgmekhtn bk Grmstns (jïhmns).cpcrkgmekhtn bk Grmstns (jïhmns).
Grmstns (jïhmns) sçn dnekhs gne c supkrgnhsgmïhgmc bc ecms kakvcbc nGrmstns (jïhmns) sçn dnekhs gne c supkrgnhsgmïhgmc bc ecms kakvcbc nrbke.rbke.
Wupkrgnhsgmïhgmc bc ecms kakvcbc nrbke í nltmbc pnr eítnbns gnhdkgmbns. Pnrtch-Wupkrgnhsgmïhgmc bc ecms kakvcbc nrbke í nltmbc pnr eítnbns gnhdkgmbns. Pnrtch-
tn, pnr keprkjcr c qumhtkssïhgmc bns eítnbns gnhdkgmbns h÷s gcuscens n prnjrkssntn, pnr keprkjcr c qumhtkssïhgmc bns eítnbns gnhdkgmbns h÷s gcuscens n prnjrkssn
bn euhbn.bn euhbn.
Rknanjmc í mhbmikrkhtk? celns, Lubc k Wchtn Mhãgmn, krce Grmstns.Rknanjmc í mhbmikrkhtk? celns, Lubc k Wchtn Mhãgmn, krce Grmstns.
Enrcambcbk í mhbmikrkhtk? celns, W÷grctks k Ecneí, krce Grmstns.Enrcambcbk í mhbmikrkhtk? celns, W÷grctks k Ecneí, krce Grmstns.
Wupkrgnhsgmïhgmc í ue ikhòekhn hcturca? kstcs gnhbmêûks bkvke, pnrtchtn, skr lus-Wupkrgnhsgmïhgmc í ue ikhòekhn hcturca? kstcs gnhbmêûks bkvke, pnrtchtn, skr lus-
gcbcs chtks hns ctns bn quk hcs pcacvrcs bk quke c ctmhjmu. Ns ctns ksskhgmcms sçn ngcbcs chtks hns ctns bn quk hcs pcacvrcs bk quke c ctmhjmu. Ns ctns ksskhgmcms sçn n
rktmrn k gnhgkhtrcêçnrktmrn k gnhgkhtrcêçn ‗‗ tca gnen khsmhcbns hn ]njc tca gnen khsmhcbns hn ]njc k Ecjmc Gkrmenhmca.k Ecjmc Gkrmenhmca.
Bksbk quk vkrbcbk í suprc-rcgmnhca, mstn í mhgneuhmgãvka hcBksbk quk vkrbcbk í suprc-rcgmnhca, mstn í mhgneuhmgãvka hc amhjucjke bc rczçn.amhjucjke bc rczçn.
Pnrtchtn, tnbn n eåstmgn tke ksgrmtn clsurbns, k ke quk skhtmbn kaks tïe ksgrmtn íPnrtchtn, tnbn n eåstmgn tke ksgrmtn clsurbns, k ke quk skhtmbn kaks tïe ksgrmtn í
eumtn icasn.eumtn icasn.
Gnhtubn, gnen ue acjn gcaen rkhbk uec vkrbcbkmrc rkiakxçn bnGnhtubn, gnen ue acjn gcaen rkhbk uec vkrbcbkmrc rkiakxçn bn sna bn quk uec tnsna bn quk uec tnr-r-
rkhtk, cqukak guoc ekhtk kstc ecms kqumamlrcbc, sk kak sk tnrhcr ue eåstmgn, tnrhc-skrkhtk, cqukak guoc ekhtk kstc ecms kqumamlrcbc, sk kak sk tnrhcr ue eåstmgn, tnrhc-sk
ue eåstmgn ekadnr.ue eåstmgn ekadnr.
Bksbk quk c vkrbcbk imhca bc tkaknanjmc íBksbk quk c vkrbcbk imhca bc tkaknanjmc í bksgnhdkgmbc, tnbns g÷bmjns bk enrcambcbkbksgnhdkgmbc, tnbns g÷bmjns bk enrcambcbk
sçn crlmtrãrmns. Pnrtchtn n cauhn hçn tke prkngupcêçn gnesçn crlmtrãrmns. Pnrtchtn n cauhn hçn tke prkngupcêçn gne c ítmgc gnen tca.c ítmgc gnen tca.
Kak í gnhskqukhtkekhtk amvrk «pcrc iczkr n sku bkvkr hkssk kstcbn bk vmbc quk BkusKak í gnhskqukhtkekhtk amvrk «pcrc iczkr n sku bkvkr hkssk kstcbn bk vmbc quk Bkus
tke prczkr ke gdceã-an¶.tke prczkr ke gdceã-an¶.
Bksbk quk vkrbcbk í suprc-rcgmnhca, qucaqukr mhbmgcêçn rcgmnhca í icasc.Bksbk quk vkrbcbk í suprc-rcgmnhca, qucaqukr mhbmgcêçn rcgmnhca í icasc.
Bkmxk khtçn n kstubchtk gnhtrcbmzkr tnbc prnpnsmêçn quk skBkmxk khtçn n kstubchtk gnhtrcbmzkr tnbc prnpnsmêçn quk sk cprkskhtk pcrc kak.cprkskhtk pcrc kak.
Mbkmcs rcgmnhcms gnekêce cssme skrke kxpkambcs bc ekhtk, k dcvkrã kspcên pcrc cMbkmcs rcgmnhcms gnekêce cssme skrke kxpkambcs bc ekhtk, k dcvkrã kspcên pcrc c
cprkkhsçn bc vkrbcbk kspmrmtuca. Bkvk skr rksscatcbn quk mssn hçn bkstr÷m c vcambcbkcprkkhsçn bc vkrbcbk kspmrmtuca. Bkvk skr rksscatcbn quk mssn hçn bkstr÷m c vcambcbk
bns rcgmngåhmns ke sku pr÷prmn pachn.bns rcgmngåhmns ke sku pr÷prmn pachn.
N dneke skhbn ue skr imhmtn í mhgcpcz bk cprkkhbkr n mhimhmtn. Hke c suc gneu-N dneke skhbn ue skr imhmtn í mhgcpcz bk cprkkhbkr n mhimhmtn. Hke c suc gneu-
hdçn gne n skr mhimhmtn (vhdçn gne n skr mhimhmtn (vkrbcbkmrn nu icasn) catkrc kstk ictn.krbcbkmrn nu icasn) catkrc kstk ictn.
Bkmxk khtçn n kstubchtk gnhtrcbmzkr tnbc vmsçnBkmxk khtçn n kstubchtk gnhtrcbmzkr tnbc vmsçn k rkguscr pnr cprkgmcr mstn? prmekmrn,k rkguscr pnr cprkgmcr mstn? prmekmrn,
pnrquk dã gkrtcekhtk nutrc pnssåvka vmsçn bc hcturkzc prkgmscekhtk gnhtrcbmt÷rmc6pnrquk dã gkrtcekhtk nutrc pnssåvka vmsçn bc hcturkzc prkgmscekhtk gnhtrcbmt÷rmc6
skjuhbn, pnrquk kelnrc kak skoc Bkus, kak í tcelíe ue dneke snlrk ue pachktc mh-skjuhbn, pnrquk kelnrc kak skoc Bkus, kak í tcelíe ue dneke snlrk ue pachktc mh-
smjhmimgchtk.smjhmimgchtk.
Wkhbn cssme kqumamlrcbc actkrca k vkrtmgcaekhtk, pnbk skr quk, skoc pnr cimrecêçn nuWkhbn cssme kqumamlrcbc actkrca k vkrtmgcaekhtk, pnbk skr quk, skoc pnr cimrecêçn nu
hkjcêçn bk tnbcs cs gnmscs ouhtcs, kak pnhkjcêçn bk tnbcs cs gnmscs ouhtcs, kak pnssc cagchêcr n trchsk suprken.ssc cagchêcr n trchsk suprken.
Rrchsk í bkimhmbn gnen n ïxtcsk bk ue pcrtmguacr mhtkrvcan bn gírklrn, gcuscbn pkacRrchsk í bkimhmbn gnen n ïxtcsk bk ue pcrtmguacr mhtkrvcan bn gírklrn, gcuscbn pkac
ekbmtcêçn hc mbkmc gnrrkspnhbkhtk c kak.ekbmtcêçn hc mbkmc gnrrkspnhbkhtk c kak.
Bkmxk n cauhn, pnrtchtn, cgcutkacr-sk bc mbkmc tkr qucaqukr trcên bk mepkrikmêçn. Bk-Bkmxk n cauhn, pnrtchtn, cgcutkacr-sk bc mbkmc tkr qucaqukr trcên bk mepkrikmêçn. Bk-
vk skr purc, lcachgkcbc, gcaec, gnepaktc, cbkqucbc ke tnbns ns skhtmbns pcrc bnem-vk skr purc, lcachgkcbc, gcaec, gnepaktc, cbkqucbc ke tnbns ns skhtmbns pcrc bnem-
hcr c ekhtk, gnen sk bkskoc. Eksen gnen hc ksgnadc bk ue rkm c skr gnrncbn.hcr c ekhtk, gnen sk bkskoc. Eksen gnen hc ksgnadc bk ue rkm c skr gnrncbn.
Cssme ns bkgrktns bkstk rkm skrçn oustns k sãlmns gnen oustn k sãlmn kak krc chtks qukCssme ns bkgrktns bkstk rkm skrçn oustns k sãlmns gnen oustn k sãlmn kak krc chtks quk
inssk ikmtn rkm. C vmbc kinssk ikmtn rkm. C vmbc k nlrc bn eåstmgn vçn rkiaktmr (kelnrc hulacbcekhtk) c suprkecnlrc bn eåstmgn vçn rkiaktmr (kelnrc hulacbcekhtk) c suprkec
inrêc quk jumc n eåstmgn, ninrêc quk jumc n eåstmgn, n catåssmen trchsk quk kak cagchênu.catåssmen trchsk quk kak cagchênu.
C CC C∲∲CC∲∲ í uec nrjchmzcêçn kspmrmtuca guons eítnbns bk mhmgmcêçn inrce ke- í uec nrjchmzcêçn kspmrmtuca guons eítnbns bk mhmgmcêçn inrce ke-
prkjcbns pnr Cbkptns Kechgmpcbns bk nutrnrc. C imhcambcbk bkstks eítnbnsprkjcbns pnr Cbkptns Kechgmpcbns bk nutrnrc. C imhcambcbk bkstks eítnbns
í bkspkrtcr n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr nu Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn. Ke sku amvrn, Ní bkspkrtcr n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr nu Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn. Ke sku amvrn, N WWMW-MW-
RKECRKEC EEÅWRMGNÅWRMGN && EEÃJMGN BCÃJMGN BC CC∲∲CC∲∲, Ksdkaech bmz?, Ksdkaech bmz?
H÷s gnhdkgkens ns ekmns pcrc bkspkrtcr k amlkrcr kstk grksgmekhtn trczkhbn skusH÷s gnhdkgkens ns ekmns pcrc bkspkrtcr k amlkrcr kstk grksgmekhtn trczkhbn skus
irutns pcrc c pakhmtubk. Mstn í, sclkens gnen snatcr n jïhmn bc vnhtcbk pcrc quk kakirutns pcrc c pakhmtubk. Mstn í, sclkens gnen snatcr n jïhmn bc vnhtcbk pcrc quk kak
prnbuzc ns emacjrks quk vngï pkbmr. Hçn í ue prngkssn bn bmc pcrc c hnmtk, ecs í ueprnbuzc ns emacjrks quk vngï pkbmr. Hçn í ue prngkssn bn bmc pcrc c hnmtk, ecs í ue
prngkssn skjurn pcrc ns quk pkrskvkrce. Ns ekmns pcrc iczkr mssn hçn inrce bksgn-prngkssn skjurn pcrc ns quk pkrskvkrce. Ns ekmns pcrc iczkr mssn hçn inrce bksgn-
lkrtns pnr eme nu pnr qucaqukr nutrc pkssnc hc dmst÷rmc ctuca? cn mhvís bmssn oã krcelkrtns pnr eme nu pnr qucaqukr nutrc pkssnc hc dmst÷rmc ctuca? cn mhvís bmssn oã krce
gnhdkgmbns dã emadcrks bk chns.gnhdkgmbns dã emadcrks bk chns.

4. Ktmenanjmgcekhtk, c pcacvrc jïhmn smjhmimgcKtmenanjmgcekhtk, c pcacvrc jïhmn smjhmimgc àqukak quk prnvï auz àqukak quk prnvï auz . N tmpn bk. N tmpn bk
GnhdkgmekhtnGnhdkgmekhtn quk prnbuz n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr í gnhdkgmbn hc C quk prnbuz n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr í gnhdkgmbn hc C∲∲CC∲∲ gnen gnen AuzAuz
ke Kxtkhsçnke Kxtkhsçn, guon nloktmvn í Mauemhcr cs Rrkvcs bc mjhnrìhgmc mhtkrmnr., guon nloktmvn í Mauemhcr cs Rrkvcs bc mjhnrìhgmc mhtkrmnr.
Suchbn kssc mjhnrìhgmc mhtkrmnr í mauemhcbc, n cmn bc Ykrbcbkmrc YnhtcbkSuchbn kssc mjhnrìhgmc mhtkrmnr í mauemhcbc, n cmn bc Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk
bkspkrtc k ngnrrk c kxpkrmïhgmc eåstmgc gnhdkgmbc gnenbkspkrtc k ngnrrk c kxpkrmïhgmc eåstmgc gnhdkgmbc gnen Gnhdkgmekhtn &Gnhdkgmekhtn &
Gnhvkrscêçn gne n Wcjrcbn Chon JucrbmçnGnhvkrscêçn gne n Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn. Kstk í n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr k hn jamin. Kstk í n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr k hn jamin
qclcaåstmgn bc Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc suc enrcbc í ke Fktdkr. Hc tknjnhmc bk Rdk-qclcaåstmgn bc Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc suc enrcbc í ke Fktdkr. Hc tknjnhmc bk Rdk-
akec, kak í c-Dnnr-Fdumt, cakec, kak í c-Dnnr-Fdumt, c uhmbcbk eãxmec echmikstcbcuhmbcbk eãxmec echmikstcbc..77
CC Auz ke KxtkhsçnAuz ke Kxtkhsçn mhvngcbc burchtk ns mtucms bc C mhvngcbc burchtk ns mtucms bc C∲∲CC∲∲ hc gmirc hc gmirc FhnxFhnx
Ne Pcx Ne Pcx , bkimhk n smjhmimgcbn, nloktmvn k eítnbn bc C, bkimhk n smjhmimgcbn, nloktmvn k eítnbn bc C∲∲CC∲. Rrctc∲. Rrctc-sk bc Auz bc-sk bc Auz bc
Kstrkac bk Prctc Kstrkac bk Prctc ,, Cstrnh Crjnh Cstrnh Crjnh ( (  ),),22 uec kstrkac à vmstcuec kstrkac à vmstc quk rks- quk rks-
pachbkgk iczkhbn rkvkacr c Ykrbcbkmrc Hcturkzc bk gcbc ue bk skus Mhmgmc-pachbkgk iczkhbn rkvkacr c Ykrbcbkmrc Hcturkzc bk gcbc ue bk skus Mhmgmc-
bns. C vkrbcbkmrcbns. C vkrbcbkmrc Nrbke bc Kstrkac bk PrctcNrbke bc Kstrkac bk Prctc, c, c CC∲∲CC∲∲, í mhvmsåvka. Hc kstrutu-, í mhvmsåvka. Hc kstrutu-
rc bc Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc, kac í rkikrmbc gnen crc bc Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc, kac í rkikrmbc gnen c Nrbn W.W.Nrbn W.W. rkacgmnhcbc cs Wupkrhcs rkacgmnhcbc cs Wupkrhcs
(Fktdkr, Gdnfecd k Lmhcd). Ecs kelnrc c Nrbn W.W. hcs Wupkrhcs skoc c vkr-(Fktdkr, Gdnfecd k Lmhcd). Ecs kelnrc c Nrbn W.W. hcs Wupkrhcs skoc c vkr-
bcbkmrc Cbcbkmrc C∲∲CC∲∲, gnhdkgmbc cpkhcs cns Ekstrks bc Pmrìembk,, gnhdkgmbc cpkhcs cns Ekstrks bc Pmrìembk,;; nn GkhtrnGkhtrn bc Nr- bc Nr-
bke í Rmpdkrktd, n Wna nu Kstrkac.bke í Rmpdkrktd, n Wna nu Kstrkac.
Cs rkamjmûks pnpuacrks kxntírmgcs tïe prnektmbn c skus cbkrkhtks ueCs rkamjmûks pnpuacrks kxntírmgcs tïe prnektmbn c skus cbkrkhtks ue
iuturn jrctmimgchtk, lkan k ikamz ke cajue Pcrcåsn. Hn khtchtn, c Ciuturn jrctmimgchtk, lkan k ikamz ke cajue Pcrcåsn. Hn khtchtn, c C∲∲CC∲∲ pnstuac pnstuac
quk c Ikamgmbcbk í n rksuatcbn bk uec Ymbc Pakhc, qukr bmzkr, uec Ymbc kequk c Ikamgmbcbk í n rksuatcbn bk uec Ymbc Pakhc, qukr bmzkr, uec Ymbc ke
cgnrbn gne c Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk. Í pnssåvka vmvkr cjnrc kecgnrbn gne c Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk. Í pnssåvka vmvkr cjnrc ke ue kstcbn Lkanue kstcbn Lkan
k Mauemhcbn bk Lke-cvkhturchêc kspmrmtuca. Sucaqukr ue pnbk gnhqumstcrk Mauemhcbn bk Lke-cvkhturchêc kspmrmtuca. Sucaqukr ue pnbk gnhqumstcr
kssk nloktmvn ke Ymbc, hçn bkpnms bc Enrtk. Enrtns hçn sk mauemhce.kssk nloktmvn ke Ymbc, hçn bkpnms bc Enrtk. Enrtns hçn sk mauemhce.
Ku bnu prczkrks mhmecjmhãvkms snlrk c tkrrc6 gkrtkzc, hçn grkhêc, khquchtn ke vmbc,Ku bnu prczkrks mhmecjmhãvkms snlrk c tkrrc6 gkrtkzc, hçn grkhêc, khquchtn ke vmbc,
snlrk c enrtk6 pcz mhkhcrrãvka, rkpnusn, ïxtcsk6 Ku tcepnugn icên kxmjïhgmc bk cajnsnlrk c enrtk6 pcz mhkhcrrãvka, rkpnusn, ïxtcsk6 Ku tcepnugn icên kxmjïhgmc bk cajn
ke scgrmiågmn.ke scgrmiågmn.99
Ku vns cen6 ku vns cspkrjmrmc gne n bmvmhn nrvcadn bc menrtcambcbk.Ku vns cen6 ku vns cspkrjmrmc gne n bmvmhn nrvcadn bc menrtcambcbk.
Kstc menrtcambcbk hçn í kspkrchêc ke vçn pcrc caíe bn tÿeuan? ku vns nikrkên cKstc menrtcambcbk hçn í kspkrchêc ke vçn pcrc caíe bn tÿeuan? ku vns nikrkên c
gnhsgmïhgmc skjurc bn ïxtcsk.gnhsgmïhgmc skjurc bn ïxtcsk.
Ku nikrkên mstn mekbmctcekhtk, snlrk c tkrrc6 chtks quk n smhn tkhdc ecrgcbn n pcs-Ku nikrkên mstn mekbmctcekhtk, snlrk c tkrrc6 chtks quk n smhn tkhdc ecrgcbn n pcs-
scr bk uec dnrc, v÷sscr bk uec dnrc, v÷s kstcrkms Gnemjn hcs Enrcbcs quk kstçn caíe bckstcrkms Gnemjn hcs Enrcbcs quk kstçn caíe bc uåhc.uåhc.
Ku tcelíe vns gnhgkbn pnbkr k cakjrmc euhbchc6 rmqukzc, k scÿbk, k kxtkhsçn bnsKu tcelíe vns gnhgkbn pnbkr k cakjrmc euhbchc6 rmqukzc, k scÿbk, k kxtkhsçn bns
bmcs. Cbnrcêçn k cenr sk cjcrrcrçn cns vnssns pís, k sk khtrkacêcrçn ke pcr cn rkbnrbmcs. Cbnrcêçn k cenr sk cjcrrcrçn cns vnssns pís, k sk khtrkacêcrçn ke pcr cn rkbnr
bn vnssn gnrcêçn.bn vnssn gnrcêçn.
Wnekhtk cs vnsscs lngcs lklkrçn bk ue vmhdn bkamgmnsnWnekhtk cs vnsscs lngcs lklkrçn bk ue vmhdn bkamgmnsn ‗‗ n vmhdn bk Mcggdus6 kacs n vmhdn bk Mcggdus6 kacs
cagchêcrçn skeprk n lkmon gkakstmca bn Lkan Bkus.cagchêcrçn skeprk n lkmon gkakstmca bn Lkan Bkus.::
77 CA CA YKA YKA AAKJMWKJMW, MMM?7:., MMM?7:.
22 Cstrnh Crjnh Cstrnh Crjnh í n Hnek Wkgrktn bc C í n Hnek Wkgrktn bc C∲∲CC∲∲ quk inm pnpuacrekhtk gnhdkgmbc gnen quk inm pnpuacrekhtk gnhdkgmbc gnen Crjkhtue Cstrue Crjkhtue Cstrue. Hns tke-. Hns tke-
pns bk Grnwaky, n vkrbcbkmrn hnek bc Nrbke krc rkvkacbn cpkhcs c skus Mhmgmcbns. N ksgrmtnr bk imgêçn gmkhtå-pns bk Grnwaky, n vkrbcbkmrn hnek bc Nrbke krc rkvkacbn cpkhcs c skus Mhmgmcbns. N ksgrmtnr bk imgêçn gmkhtå-
imgc k lm÷jrcin A. Wprchj bk Gcep (3=0:-<000) ksgrkvku uec gråtmgc nrmjmhca snlrk c Ctaìhtmbc ke 3=;2 gdc-imgc k lm÷jrcin A. Wprchj bk Gcep (3=0:-<000) ksgrkvku uec gråtmgc nrmjmhca snlrk c Ctaìhtmbc ke 3=;2 gdc-
ecbc? Rdk Cecbc? Rdk CRACHRMWRACHRMW RRDKEK MHDKEK MH DDMWRN]MWRN]. Kak bmz?. Kak bmz? Bksbk c ípngc bk Dkakhc Lacvctsfy, c Ctaìhtmbc k nutrns gnhtmhkh-Bksbk c ípngc bk Dkakhc Lacvctsfy, c Ctaìhtmbc k nutrns gnhtmhkh-
tks pkrbmbns sk tnrhcrce auemhãrmcs pcbrçn hn gnrpn bcs Bnutrmhcs Nguatcs bn Ngmbkhtk. [ec såhtksk smemacrtks pkrbmbns sk tnrhcrce auemhãrmcs pcbrçn hn gnrpn bcs Bnutrmhcs Nguatcs bn Ngmbkhtk. [ec såhtksk smemacr
khtrk n Nguatmsen bn Nrmkhtk k Ngmbkhtk crbk ke gdcecs hn gnhouhtn gne Ctaìhtmbc, Akeÿrmc, uhmvkrsn bk nmtnkhtrk n Nguatmsen bn Nrmkhtk k Ngmbkhtk crbk ke gdcecs hn gnhouhtn gne Ctaìhtmbc, Akeÿrmc, uhmvkrsn bk nmtn
bmekhsûks, rkkhgcrhcêçn V...U ctí n hnt÷rmn Lruxn Mhjaïs quk jnstcvc bk skr gdcecbn bk «n pmnr dneke bn euh-bmekhsûks, rkkhgcrhcêçn V...U ctí n hnt÷rmn Lruxn Mhjaïs quk jnstcvc bk skr gdcecbn bk «n pmnr dneke bn euh-
bn¶ mhgaumhbn suc Wngmkbcbk bk Cbkptns Ctachtmsbn¶ mhgaumhbn suc Wngmkbcbk bk Cbkptns Ctachtms. Kstk cutnr kstã sujkrmhbn quk cs mhmgmcms C. Kstk cutnr kstã sujkrmhbn quk cs mhmgmcms C∲∲CC∲∲ smjhmimgce smjhmimgce Cbkp- Cbkp-
tnsCtachtmstnsCtachtms? Cbkptns bc Ctaìhtmbc.? Cbkptns bc Ctaìhtmbc.
;; kikrïhgmc cn kikrïhgmc cn Ecjmstkr RkepamEcjmstkr Rkepam 4°57 4°57⌺⌺ C C∲∲CC∲∲, guoc enrcbc í c Gmbcbk bcs Pmrìembks ke Lmhcd., guoc enrcbc í c Gmbcbk bcs Pmrìembks ke Lmhcd.
99 CA CA YKA YKA AAKJMWKJMW, M?;4., M?;4.
:: A AMLKMLK RR_CBBM YKA_CBBM YKA DDCE[WCE[W DDKEKRMG[W W[L IMJ[CKEKRMG[W W[L IMJ[C TG, <4-7<.TG, <4-7<.

5. Ns nloktmvns bc CNs nloktmvns bc C∲∲CC∲∲, pnrtchtn, sçn àqukaks eksens nloktmvns quk mhspmrc-, pnrtchtn, sçn àqukaks eksens nloktmvns quk mhspmrc-
rce Wchtns k Mauemhcbns bn pcsscbn? c Gnhskguêçn ßatmec, pnpuacrekhtkrce Wchtns k Mauemhcbns bn pcsscbn? c Gnhskguêçn ßatmec, pnpuacrekhtk
gnhdkgmbc gnen cgnhdkgmbc gnen c kcamzcêçn bc Jrchbk Nlrckcamzcêçn bc Jrchbk Nlrc. C cpamgcêçn bns eítnbns bc. C cpamgcêçn bns eítnbns bc
CC∲∲CC∲∲ í gmkhtåimgc k ns rksuatcbns quk sk caekoc gnhqumstcr sçn rkamjmnsns. Ms- í gmkhtåimgc k ns rksuatcbns quk sk caekoc gnhqumstcr sçn rkamjmnsns. Ms-
sn smjhmimgc quk skus eítnbns pnbke skrsn smjhmimgc quk skus eítnbns pnbke skr gctcanjcbns k ekhsurcbns pnr gcbcgctcanjcbns k ekhsurcbns pnr gcbc
Mhmgmcbn bc Nrbke, pkremtmhbn suc amlkrbcbk bk qucaqukr rkstrmêçn bnjeãtm-Mhmgmcbn bc Nrbke, pkremtmhbn suc amlkrbcbk bk qucaqukr rkstrmêçn bnjeãtm-
gc mhstmtugmnhca. Í c kxpkrmïhgmc bk gcbc ue, snamtcrmcekhtk, quk mrã gnhimr-gc mhstmtugmnhca. Í c kxpkrmïhgmc bk gcbc ue, snamtcrmcekhtk, quk mrã gnhimr-
ecr c vcambcbk bn eítnbn nikrkgmbn pkac Cecr c vcambcbk bn eítnbn nikrkgmbn pkac C∲∲CC∲∲, quk trctc bk ynjc k ecjmc, quk trctc bk ynjc k ecjmc
rmtuca hc emssçn bk prnbuzmrke n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr.rmtuca hc emssçn bk prnbuzmrke n Jïhmn Mhtkrmnr.
CC CC∲∲CC∲∲ í uec nrjchmzcêçn guons gdkiks, pnr kxpkrmïhgmc pkssnca, gdkjcrce cn cujk í uec nrjchmzcêçn guons gdkiks, pnr kxpkrmïhgmc pkssnca, gdkjcrce cn cujk
bkssc gmïhgmc. Kaks iuhbcrce ue smstkec pcrc quk qucaqukr ue mjucaekhtk pubksskbkssc gmïhgmc. Kaks iuhbcrce ue smstkec pcrc quk qucaqukr ue mjucaekhtk pubkssk
ctmhjmr c ektc gne icgmambcbk kctmhjmr c ektc gne icgmambcbk k vkangmbcbk quk inm chtkrmnrekhtk mepnssåvka.vkangmbcbk quk inm chtkrmnrekhtk mepnssåvka.44
N gurråguan bc Nrbke sk prkngupc gne n bkskhvnavmekhtn pkssnca k n prk-N gurråguan bc Nrbke sk prkngupc gne n bkskhvnavmekhtn pkssnca k n prk-
pcrn pcrc c bksgnlkrtc k pnstkrmnr kxkguêçn bc Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk. Nspcrn pcrc c bksgnlkrtc k pnstkrmnr kxkguêçn bc Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk. Ns
ekelrns hçn pnbke cvchêcr hns Jrcus chtks bk tkrke trkmhcbn ue bmsgå-ekelrns hçn pnbke cvchêcr hns Jrcus chtks bk tkrke trkmhcbn ue bmsgå-
puan pcrc ngupcr n sku aujcr.puan pcrc ngupcr n sku aujcr. Pnrtchtn, c kvnauêçn hc Nrbke npkrc pnrPnrtchtn, c kvnauêçn hc Nrbke npkrc pnr ekmnekmn
bk uec gcbkmc eãjmgc quk inrec ue cjrupcekhtn nu gnhstkacêçn bk Kstrk-bk uec gcbkmc eãjmgc quk inrec ue cjrupcekhtn nu gnhstkacêçn bk Kstrk-
acs. Mssn pkremtk c grmcêçn bk uec gnrrkhtk mhmhtkrruptc bk prnikssnrks kacs. Mssn pkremtk c grmcêçn bk uec gnrrkhtk mhmhtkrruptc bk prnikssnrks k
cauhns bns Jrcus ecms catns cns Jrcus ecmscauhns bns Jrcus ecms catns cns Jrcus ecms lcmxns.lcmxns.
C Nrbke í rmjnrnsc gne skus ekelrns. N ircgn k mhgnhstchtk, n inrtk kC Nrbke í rmjnrnsc gne skus ekelrns. N ircgn k mhgnhstchtk, n inrtk k
bmsgmpamhcbn, hçn mepnrtc, tnbns sçn kxcemhcbns hc Gchbkmc bn Gnhdkgm-bmsgmpamhcbn, hçn mepnrtc, tnbns sçn kxcemhcbns hc Gchbkmc bn Gnhdkgm-
ekhtn k hc Wclkbnrmc bc Prãtmgc. C pcsscjke quk skjuk í ue kxtrctn bn k-ekhtn k hc Wclkbnrmc bc Prãtmgc. C pcsscjke quk skjuk í ue kxtrctn bn k-
xcek quk Grnwaky khvmnu cxcek quk Grnwaky khvmnu c Fkhhktd Jrcht (3=<7-<033) ke 3=2;?Fkhhktd Jrcht (3=<7-<033) ke 3=2;?
 N Lubmsen pnbk skr bmvmbmbn ke trïs gacssks? 3. Dmhcychc (Lmreìhmc, Wmçn, Gkm-N Lubmsen pnbk skr bmvmbmbn ke trïs gacssks? 3. Dmhcychc (Lmreìhmc, Wmçn, Gkm-
açn)6 <. Ecdcychc (Rmlktk)6 7. Bnzk skmtcs hn Ocpçn6 2. Lubmsen Gdmhïs. Sucms csaçn)6 <. Ecdcychc (Rmlktk)6 7. Bnzk skmtcs hn Ocpçn6 2. Lubmsen Gdmhïs. Sucms cs
bmvmsûks bn Grmstmchmsen gnrrkspnhbkhtks c gcbc uec bksscs gacssks kbmvmsûks bn Grmstmchmsen gnrrkspnhbkhtks c gcbc uec bksscs gacssks k pnr quï>pnr quï>
 kgnhgmamk cs bucs sírmks bk smjhmimgcbns cpcrkhtkekhtk gnhiamtchtks bn hÿekrnkgnhgmamk cs bucs sírmks bk smjhmimgcbns cpcrkhtkekhtk gnhiamtchtks bn hÿekrn
9;.9;.
 Bksgrkvc uec euadkr gne [rchn ke gnhouhêçn gne c Auc k Yïhus ke 4° bk Gc-Bksgrkvc uec euadkr gne [rchn ke gnhouhêçn gne c Auc k Yïhus ke 4° bk Gc-
prmg÷rhmn.prmg÷rhmn.==
Gneprkkhsmvcekhtk, bns bkzksskms Prnlcgmnhmstcs cbemtmbns hc CGneprkkhsmvcekhtk, bns bkzksskms Prnlcgmnhmstcs cbemtmbns hc C∲∲CC∲∲ bu-bu-
rchtk ns gmhgn prmekmrns chns bc pulamgcêçn bnrchtk ns gmhgn prmekmrns chns bc pulamgcêçn bn Rdk Kqumhnx Rdk Kqumhnx , snekhtk nmtn, snekhtk nmtn
inrce cbemtmbns cn Jrcu bkinrce cbemtmbns cn Jrcu bk Hk÷imtn.Hk÷imtn.
Clcmxn sk khgnhtrc c kstruturc bns Jrcus bc CClcmxn sk khgnhtrc c kstruturc bns Jrcus bc C∲∲CC∲∲. N smelnamsen bk. N smelnamsen bk
gcbc Jrcu, lke gnen n sku tåtuan, inrce dkrbcbns bc vkadc kstruturc bc Nr-gcbc Jrcu, lke gnen n sku tåtuan, inrce dkrbcbns bc vkadc kstruturc bc Nr-
bke Dkreítmgc bc Curnrc Bnurcbc. N prmekmrn hÿekrn gnrrkspnhbk cnbke Dkreítmgc bc Curnrc Bnurcbc. N prmekmrn hÿekrn gnrrkspnhbk cn
Jrcu6 n skjuhbn gnrrkspnhbk c suc Wkpdmrc gnrrkspnhbkhtk. N bmcjrcec bcJrcu6 n skjuhbn gnrrkspnhbk c suc Wkpdmrc gnrrkspnhbkhtk. N bmcjrcec bc
Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc prnvï ueÃrvnrk bc Ymbc prnvï ue ecpc snlrk ns prngkssns bc grmcêçn bkecpc snlrk ns prngkssns bc grmcêçn bk cgnrbn gnecgnrbn gne
c Sclcacd. Kstk eksen ecpc í uscbn hc Cc Sclcacd. Kstk eksen ecpc í uscbn hc C∲∲CC∲∲ pcrc trchsemtmr bk inrec pcrc trchsemtmr bk inrec
smel÷amgc sku smstkec bk gnhskguêçn kspmrmtuca. Ns Cspmrchtks gnekêce sucsmel÷amgc sku smstkec bk gnhskguêçn kspmrmtuca. Ns Cspmrchtks gnekêce suc
44 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, E Cakmstkr Grnwaky, ECJMC KECJMC KE RRKNMCKNMC && PPÃRMGCÃRMGC, Pcrtk MM., Pcrtk MM.
== Fkhhktd Jrcht, Fkhhktd Jrcht, KEKELKMHJKEKELKMHJ CCAKMWRKAKMWRK GGNZAK]NZAK], p. ;<., p. ;<.

6. onrhcbc smelnamgcekhtk kstchbn ke Ecafutd, à bígmec skpdmrc. N gcemhdn íonrhcbc smelnamgcekhtk kstchbn ke Ecafutd, à bígmec skpdmrc. N gcemhdn í
csgkhbkr ctrcvís bc Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc skpdmrc pnr skpdmrc, ctí Fktdkr.csgkhbkr ctrcvís bc Ãrvnrk bc Ymbc skpdmrc pnr skpdmrc, ctí Fktdkr.
C Nrbke bc W.W C Nrbke bc W.W..
Mpsmssmeus 30°53Mpsmssmeus 30°53⌺⌺
Ecjus =°5<Ecjus =°5<⌺⌺
EcjmstkrEcjmstkr RkepamRkepam 4°574°57⌺⌺
C Nrbke bc .G. C Nrbke bc .G.
(Lklï bn Clmsen(Lklï bn Clmsen ‒‒ n acên) n acên)
CbkptusCbkptus KxkeptusKxkeptus :°5:°5 22⌺⌺
CbkptusCbkptus EconrEconr 9°5;9°5;⌺⌺
CbkptusCbkptus EmhnrEmhnr ;°59;°59⌺⌺
C Nrbke bc J.B. C Nrbke bc J.B.
(BnemhusAmemhms(BnemhusAmemhms ‗‗ n acên) n acên)
Pdmansnpdus 2°5:Pdmansnpdus 2°5:⌺⌺
PrcgtmgusPrcgtmgus 7°7° 5454⌺⌺
_kactnr <°5=_kactnr <°5=⌺⌺
Hk÷imtn 3°530Hk÷imtn 3°530⌺⌺
Prnlcgmnhmstc 0°50Prnlcgmnhmstc 0°50⌺⌺
N smstkec bk Jrcus bc CN smstkec bk Jrcus bc C∲∲CC∲∲ pnbk skr kstubcbn hns ksgrmtns bk Grnwaky? [ pnbk skr kstubcbn hns ksgrmtns bk Grnwaky? [ECEC
KKWRKAC ÀWRKAC À YYMWRCMWRC,, AAMLKMLK GGNAAKJMNAAKJM WWCHGRMCHGRM (A(AMLKMLK 34;),34;), AAMLKMLK TMMMTMMM YKA YKA JJCB[[ECB[[E
EENHRMWNHRMW CCLMKJHMLMKJHM,, AAMLKMLK CC YKA YKA CCEN[EEN[E (A(AMLKMLK 73<),73<), AAMLKMLK RRC[C[ (A(AMLKMLK 200) k A200) k AM-M-
LKLK YYMC[EMC[E YYMCKMCK (A(AMLKMLK 494). [ec vkz quk tnbns ns bnguekhtns k mhstruêûks494). [ec vkz quk tnbns ns bnguekhtns k mhstruêûks
nimgmcms bc Cnimgmcms bc C∲∲CC∲∲ kstçn pulamgcbns k acrjcekhtk bmiuhbmbns pkac Mhtkrhkt, kstçn pulamgcbns k acrjcekhtk bmiuhbmbns pkac Mhtkrhkt,
qucaqukr pkssnc pnbk kstubcr nqucaqukr pkssnc pnbk kstubcr n gurråguan bc Nrbke mhbkpkhbkhtkekhtk. Hngurråguan bc Nrbke mhbkpkhbkhtkekhtk. Hn
khtchtn, gcemhdcr snamtcrmcekhtk ske c mhstruêçn bk ue Wupkrmnr qucamimgc-khtchtn, gcemhdcr snamtcrmcekhtk ske c mhstruêçn bk ue Wupkrmnr qucamimgc-
bn pnbk akvcr c khgruzmadcbcs bksgnhdkgmbcs nu vmkacs ske scåbc. Wke su-bn pnbk akvcr c khgruzmadcbcs bksgnhdkgmbcs nu vmkacs ske scåbc. Wke su-
pkrvmsçn cbkqucbc, í eumtn iãgma pkrbkr c nloktmvmbcbk cn cvcamcr sku pr÷prmnpkrvmsçn cbkqucbc, í eumtn iãgma pkrbkr c nloktmvmbcbk cn cvcamcr sku pr÷prmn
trclcadn. C cbemssçn c Irctkrhmtcs Ctrclcadn. C cbemssçn c Irctkrhmtcs C∲∲CC∲∲ ctrcvís bk ue Hk÷imtn nu qucaqukr ctrcvís bk ue Hk÷imtn nu qucaqukr
ekelrn supkrmnr inrhkgk gnhtctn bmrktn gne c gnrrkhtk eãjmgc, caíe bkekelrn supkrmnr inrhkgk gnhtctn bmrktn gne c gnrrkhtk eãjmgc, caíe bk
skrvmr c duechmbcbk gnen ueskrvmr c duechmbcbk gnen ue mhstruekhtn bk bkspkrtcr kspmrmtuca.mhstruekhtn bk bkspkrtcr kspmrmtuca.
Cn pkbmr cimamcêçn c CCn pkbmr cimamcêçn c C∲∲CC∲∲, n Gchbmbctn bkvk pcsscr n pkrånbn bk pkan, n Gchbmbctn bkvk pcsscr n pkrånbn bk pkan
ekhns trïs eksks kstubchbn ue gurråguan bk kstubns iuhbcekhtcms snlrkekhns trïs eksks kstubchbn ue gurråguan bk kstubns iuhbcekhtcms snlrk
rkamjmçn, imansnimc, emtnanjmc k gmïhgmc. Kssk gurråguan clrchjk uec vcstc ãrkcrkamjmçn, imansnimc, emtnanjmc k gmïhgmc. Kssk gurråguan clrchjk uec vcstc ãrkc
bn gnhdkgmekhtn trchsemtmbn pkac Rrcbmêçn Ngmbkhtca bkbn gnhdkgmekhtn trchsemtmbn pkac Rrcbmêçn Ngmbkhtca bk Emstírmns.Emstírmns.
Rkhbn kstubcbn n gurråguan lãsmgn, kspkrc-sk quk n Kstubchtk kstkocRkhbn kstubcbn n gurråguan lãsmgn, kspkrc-sk quk n Kstubchtk kstkoc
prkpcrcbn pcrc skr cbemtmbn gnen Prnlcgmnhmstc. Bk cgnrbn gne ns rkquk-prkpcrcbn pcrc skr cbemtmbn gnen Prnlcgmnhmstc. Bk cgnrbn gne ns rkquk-
rmekhtns bc Nrbke, cn rkmvmhbmgcr suc khtrcbc hc Crmekhtns bc Nrbke, cn rkmvmhbmgcr suc khtrcbc hc C∲∲CC∲∲, n Kstubchtk bkvk, n Kstubchtk bkvk
skr kxcemhcbn hn gnhdkgmekhtn bn gurråguan bk kstubns. Kak bkvk, pnrtchtn,skr kxcemhcbn hn gnhdkgmekhtn bn gurråguan bk kstubns. Kak bkvk, pnrtchtn,

7. prngurcr n Gdchgkakr bc Nrbke, quk n cuxmamcrã hn Kxcek bk Cbemssçn. Bkprngurcr n Gdchgkakr bc Nrbke, quk n cuxmamcrã hn Kxcek bk Cbemssçn. Bk
cgnrbn gne Grnwaky,cgnrbn gne Grnwaky, c prmekmrc gnhbmêçn bk ekelrn bc Cc prmekmrc gnhbmêçn bk ekelrn bc C∲∲ C C∲∲ gnhsmstk ke gnhsmstk ke
quk gcbc ue ourc mbkhtmimgcr c suc pr÷prmc Jrchbk Nlrc gne c bk kakvcr c du-quk gcbc ue ourc mbkhtmimgcr c suc pr÷prmc Jrchbk Nlrc gne c bk kakvcr c du-
echmbcbk c håvkms ecms catns, kspmrmtucaekhtk k ke tnbns ns nutrnsechmbcbk c håvkms ecms catns, kspmrmtucaekhtk k ke tnbns ns nutrns..3030 Wkhbn Wkhbn
cbemtmbn gnen Prnlcgmnhmstc, n Gchbmbctn cssmhc n Ourcekhtn k rkgklk ccbemtmbn gnen Prnlcgmnhmstc, n Gchbmbctn cssmhc n Ourcekhtn k rkgklk c
Rcrkic, gnen kxpamgcbn ke ARcrkic, gnen kxpamgcbn ke AMLKMLK 34;.34;.
Kelnrc c CKelnrc c C∲∲CC∲∲ tkhdc smbn gnhstruåbc c pcrtmr bc kstruturc bc Nrbke tkhdc smbn gnhstruåbc c pcrtmr bc kstruturc bc Nrbke
Dkreítmgc bc Curnrc Bnurcbc, hçn sk trctc bc eksec Nrbke. Hc vkrbcbk,Dkreítmgc bc Curnrc Bnurcbc, hçn sk trctc bc eksec Nrbke. Hc vkrbcbk,
kacs sk bmstchgmce ke eumtns pnhtns mepnrtchtks, pnr kxkepan. Hc Curnrckacs sk bmstchgmce ke eumtns pnhtns mepnrtchtks, pnr kxkepan. Hc Curnrc
Bnurcbc, c Mhmgmcêçn bn Jrcu bk Cbkptus Emhnr ;°59Bnurcbc, c Mhmgmcêçn bn Jrcu bk Cbkptus Emhnr ;°59⌺⌺ gkaklrc n emtn bc enr- gkaklrc n emtn bc enr-
tk k bc rkssurrkmêçn. C enrtk í gnhsmbkrcbc gctcstr÷imgc k n mtuca bkvk skrtk k bc rkssurrkmêçn. C enrtk í gnhsmbkrcbc gctcstr÷imgc k n mtuca bkvk skr
kxkgutcbn pcrc quk n enrtn pnssc rkssusgmtcrkxkgutcbn pcrc quk n enrtn pnssc rkssusgmtcr ‗‗ nu skr vmhjcbn. C gkrmeòhmc nu skr vmhjcbn. C gkrmeòhmc
keuac bksgnlkrtc bc tuelc bk Gdrmstmch nskhfrkutz, c Grmptc bns Cbkptns.keuac bksgnlkrtc bc tuelc bk Gdrmstmch nskhfrkutz, c Grmptc bns Cbkptns.
N Cbkptn Prmhgmpca brcectmgcekhtk rkprkskhtc Gdrmstmch nskhfrkutz k n-N Cbkptn Prmhgmpca brcectmgcekhtk rkprkskhtc Gdrmstmch nskhfrkutz k n-
gupc sku aujcr hc tuelc, hn Gkhtrn bc grmptc. Hn gaåecx bn mtuca, kak rks-gupc sku aujcr hc tuelc, hn Gkhtrn bc grmptc. Hn gaåecx bn mtuca, kak rks-
susgmtc bns enrtns k rkgmtc cssusgmtc bns enrtns k rkgmtc cs pcacvrcs bn Hnvn Rkstcekhtn?pcacvrcs bn Hnvn Rkstcekhtn? Ku snu c rkssur-Ku snu c rkssur-
rkmêçn k c vmbc. Cqukak quk grï ke eme, cmhbc quk enrrc, vmvkrã6 k quke vmvk krkmêçn k c vmbc. Cqukak quk grï ke eme, cmhbc quk enrrc, vmvkrã6 k quke vmvk k
grï ke eme, hçn enrrkrã ktkrhcekhtkgrï ke eme, hçn enrrkrã ktkrhcekhtk..3333
Chtks bk khtrcr hcChtks bk khtrcr hc Grmptc bns Cbkptns, n Gchbmbctn ksgutc uec ircsk bnGrmptc bns Cbkptns, n Gchbmbctn ksgutc uec ircsk bn
Icec IrctkrhmtctmsIcec Irctkrhmtctms?? Kx Bkn Hcsgmeur6 Mh Oksu Enrmeur6 Pkr Wpmrmtue WchgtueKx Bkn Hcsgmeur6 Mh Oksu Enrmeur6 Pkr Wpmrmtue Wchgtue
kvmvmsgmeuskvmvmsgmeus. N smjhmimgcbn í?. N smjhmimgcbn í? Bk Bkus Hcsgkens6 Ke Oksus Enrrkens6 PkanBk Bkus Hcsgkens6 Ke Oksus Enrrkens6 Pkan
Kspårmtn Wchtn kssugmtcensKspårmtn Wchtn kssugmtcens..
C mbkmc bk enrtk k rkssurrkmêçn quk gnhstmtum c i÷reuac bc mhmgmcêçn hnC mbkmc bk enrtk k rkssurrkmêçn quk gnhstmtum c i÷reuac bc mhmgmcêçn hn
Cknh bk Nsårms lcskmc-sk hn pnhtn bk vmstc gnsena÷jmgn bc enrtk k rkssur-Cknh bk Nsårms lcskmc-sk hn pnhtn bk vmstc gnsena÷jmgn bc enrtk k rkssur-
rkmêçn bn Wna. Hn khtchtn, dnok sclkens quk n Wna huhgc enrrk. Hns tkepnsrkmêçn bn Wna. Hn khtchtn, dnok sclkens quk n Wna huhgc enrrk. Hns tkepns
chtmjns, ns scgkrbntks tmhdce bk kxkgutcr gkrmeòhmcs eãjmgcs pcrc quk n Wnachtmjns, ns scgkrbntks tmhdce bk kxkgutcr gkrmeòhmcs eãjmgcs pcrc quk n Wna
vmkssk à vmbc hnvcekhtk, mhcujurchbn ue hnvn bmc.vmkssk à vmbc hnvcekhtk, mhcujurchbn ue hnvn bmc. C C vmt÷rmcvmt÷rmc bcbc mhmgmcêçnmhmgmcêçn
bkpkhbmc bc rkssurrkmêçnbkpkhbmc bc rkssurrkmêçn..3<3<
N smelnamsen grmstçn bkstk mtuca, kelnrc rmgn k kspktcguacr,N smelnamsen grmstçn bkstk mtuca, kelnrc rmgn k kspktcguacr, tnrhnu-sktnrhnu-sk
nlsnaktn hn Hnvn Cknh. N gnhdkgmekhtn bk quk n Wna huhgc enrrk akvnu cnnlsnaktn hn Hnvn Cknh. N gnhdkgmekhtn bk quk n Wna huhgc enrrk akvnu cn
khtkhbmekhtn bk quk c enrtk í ue gnepakekhtn bc vmbc k quk, pnrtchtn,khtkhbmekhtn bk quk c enrtk í ue gnepakekhtn bc vmbc k quk, pnrtchtn,
rkprkskhtcrkprkskhtc eubchêceubchêc ‗‗ c vmbc pnr vmr c vmbc pnr vmr .. C C Enrtk íEnrtk í n ãpmgkn ãpmgk bk uecbk uec gurvc bcgurvc bc skr-skr-
pkhtk pkhtk Ymbc?Ymbc? caíecaíe bkbk tnbnstnbns nsns npnstnsnpnstns kxmstkkxmstk nsns gnepakekhtnsgnepakekhtns hkgkssãrmns6hkgkssãrmns6 rk-rk-
jnzmok-sk jnzmok-sk..3737 Ymbc k enrtk sçn bnms cspkgtns gnepakekhtcrks bc kxmstïhgmc k Ymbc k enrtk sçn bnms cspkgtns gnepakekhtcrks bc kxmstïhgmc k
tnbcs cs gnmscs sçn inrecbcs c pcrtmr bc mhtkrcêçn khtrk c vmbc k c enrtk.tnbcs cs gnmscs sçn inrecbcs c pcrtmr bc mhtkrcêçn khtrk c vmbc k c enrtk.
[ec vkz quk tubn kstã suokmtn à vmbc k c enrtk, hcsgk c mbkmc bk enrtk gnen[ec vkz quk tubn kstã suokmtn à vmbc k c enrtk, hcsgk c mbkmc bk enrtk gnen
eubchêceubchêc. N Hnvn Cknh vï c enrtk hçn gnen ue ime, ecs gnen uec pnssmlm-. N Hnvn Cknh vï c enrtk hçn gnen ue ime, ecs gnen uec pnssmlm-
ambcbk bk eubchêc, uec pnssmlmambcbk bk vmbc hnvc. N mhvkrhn trcz c enrtkambcbk bk eubchêc, uec pnssmlmambcbk bk vmbc hnvc. N mhvkrhn trcz c enrtk
pcrc c vmbc vkjktca, ecs prnvï hutrmkhtks cn snan, pkremtmhbn quk c vmbc hn-pcrc c vmbc vkjktca, ecs prnvï hutrmkhtks cn snan, pkremtmhbn quk c vmbc hn-
vc hcsêc hc prmecvkrc. Grnwaky kxpamgc kssc mbkmc bk enrtk gnen eubchêc?vc hcsêc hc prmecvkrc. Grnwaky kxpamgc kssc mbkmc bk enrtk gnen eubchêc?
3030 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, E Cakmstkr Grnwaky, ECJMC WKECJMC WKE AAÃJMECWÃJMECW, trcbuêçn bk Ecrgkan Enttc bn nrmjmhca pulamgcbn ke R, trcbuêçn bk Ecrgkan Enttc bn nrmjmhca pulamgcbn ke RDKDK NNMIACEEKMIACEEK,,
Yna. M, Hns. 7 & 2.Yna. M, Hns. 7 & 2.
3333 O ONÇNNÇN, 33?<;-9. Ykoc R, 33?<;-9. Ykoc RDKDK KKS[MHNTS[MHNT, Yna. M, Hn. 7, p. <34. Ksscs inrce cs pcacvrcs bmtcs pnr Oksus c Ecrtc bn acbn, Yna. M, Hn. 7, p. <34. Ksscs inrce cs pcacvrcs bmtcs pnr Oksus c Ecrtc bn acbn
bk inrc bn tÿeuan bk Aãzcrn.bk inrc bn tÿeuan bk Aãzcrn.
3<3< Ykoc N Ykoc NWW GGNEKHRÃMNW BKNEKHRÃMNW BK AAMLKMLK CA, M?2=.CA, M?2=.
3737 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N GGNCÊÇN BNNCÊÇN BN EEKWRKKWRK..

8. Hc vkrbcbk, cenr í enrtk, k enrtk í vmbc pnr vmr.Hc vkrbcbk, cenr í enrtk, k enrtk í vmbc pnr vmr.
N Dneke hçn rktnrhc6 cN Dneke hçn rktnrhc6 c gnrrkhtkzc hçn iaum enhtchdc cgmec6 c vkadc vmbcgnrrkhtkzc hçn iaum enhtchdc cgmec6 c vkadc vmbc hçn kxmstkhçn kxmstk
ecms6 dã uec hnvc vmbc quk hçn í suc.ecms6 dã uec hnvc vmbc quk hçn í suc.
Pnríe, cqukac vmbc í bk suc kssïhgmc vkrbcbkmrc6 í ecms Kak quk tubn cquman quk kakPnríe, cqukac vmbc í bk suc kssïhgmc vkrbcbkmrc6 í ecms Kak quk tubn cquman quk kak
gdcec Kak.gdcec Kak.3232
Kelnrc enrtk pnssc sk rkikrmr cn gnrpn iåsmgn, ke ue håvka ecms prniuhbnKelnrc enrtk pnssc sk rkikrmr cn gnrpn iåsmgn, ke ue håvka ecms prniuhbn
kac rkprkskhtc c bmssnauêçn bn Kjn. C mbkmc bk quk c enrtk rkprkskhtckac rkprkskhtc c bmssnauêçn bn Kjn. C mbkmc bk quk c enrtk rkprkskhtc c vmbcc vmbc
pnr vmr pnr vmr í kxpnstc hc pcsscjke cgmec ctrcvís bc mbkmc bk quk c vmbc hcsgk bc í kxpnstc hc pcsscjke cgmec ctrcvís bc mbkmc bk quk c vmbc hcsgk bc
enrtk k hkssk prngkssn hns tnrhcens h÷s eksens. C vmbc quk hcsgkenrtk k hkssk prngkssn hns tnrhcens h÷s eksens. C vmbc quk hcsgk bc enr-bc enr-
tktk í ecms Kak quk tubn cquman quk kak gdcec Kakí ecms Kak quk tubn cquman quk kak gdcec Kak. Kssk. Kssk tubn cquman quk kak gdc-tubn cquman quk kak gdc-
ec Kakec Kak í n Kjn k hc enrtk bkak, hns mbkhtmimgcens gne n Wcjrcbn Chon Jucr- í n Kjn k hc enrtk bkak, hns mbkhtmimgcens gne n Wcjrcbn Chon Jucr-
bmçn quk gnhtíe ke sm eksen c vmbc k c enrtk, skhbn pnrtchtn, Ktkrhn kbmçn quk gnhtíe ke sm eksen c vmbc k c enrtk, skhbn pnrtchtn, Ktkrhn k
Mhimhmtn.Mhimhmtn.
N TMMM Ctu bk Rcdutm í gdcecbn bk Enrtk. Hn Hnvn Cknh, kstk CrgchnN TMMM Ctu bk Rcdutm í gdcecbn bk Enrtk. Hn Hnvn Cknh, kstk Crgchn
bn Rcrnt í gneprkkhbmbn gnenbn Rcrnt í gneprkkhbmbn gnen eubchêceubchêc nunu trchsinrecêçntrchsinrecêçn. Wnlrk kstk Cr-. Wnlrk kstk Cr-
gchn, Grnwaky bmz?gchn, Grnwaky bmz? N [hmvkrsn í Eubchêc6 tnbc Eubchêc í n rksuatcbn bk ueN [hmvkrsn í Eubchêc6 tnbc Eubchêc í n rksuatcbn bk ue
Ctn Ctn bkbk Cenr6Cenr6 tnbntnbn CtnCtn bkbk CenrCenr gnhtíegnhtíe PurcPurc Cakjrmc.Cakjrmc. EnrrcEnrrc bmcrmcekhtkbmcrmcekhtk..3;3;
Rrctc-sk bk uec eubchêc iuhbcekhtca hn pcrcbmjec bc enrtk. Hn HnvnRrctc-sk bk uec eubchêc iuhbcekhtca hn pcrcbmjec bc enrtk. Hn Hnvn
Cknh, c Enrtk hçn cpkhcs rkprkskhtc EubchêcCknh, c Enrtk hçn cpkhcs rkprkskhtc Eubchêc ‗‗ kk vmbc pnr vmr vmbc pnr vmr ‗‗, ecs tce-, ecs tce-
líe ue Ctn bk Cenr. Kac hçn í gnhsmbkrcbc gctcstr÷imgc nu rkprkskhtc sn-líe ue Ctn bk Cenr. Kac hçn í gnhsmbkrcbc gctcstr÷imgc nu rkprkskhtc sn-
irmekhtn, pnms gnen qucaqukr Ctn bk Cenr,irmekhtn, pnms gnen qucaqukr Ctn bk Cenr, gnhtíe Purc Cakjrmc.gnhtíe Purc Cakjrmc.
C mhmgmcêçn hn Hnvn Cknh, pnrtchtn, hçn keuac c enrtk k cC mhmgmcêçn hn Hnvn Cknh, pnrtchtn, hçn keuac c enrtk k c rkssurrkmêçnrkssurrkmêçn
ctrcvís bn scgrmiågmn bn dneke, ecs cn gnhtrcrmn, ctrcvís bc Grmchêc Grks-ctrcvís bn scgrmiågmn bn dneke, ecs cn gnhtrcrmn, ctrcvís bc Grmchêc Grks-
gkhbn ke Ecturmbcbk.gkhbn ke Ecturmbcbk. Suca í c i÷reuac bk Mhmgmcêçn bk Dnrus> Hçn skrã ecmsSuca í c i÷reuac bk Mhmgmcêçn bk Dnrus> Hçn skrã ecms
cqukac bn Dneke, ctrcvís bc Enrtk. Wkrã n grksgmekhtn hcturca bc Grmchêc.cqukac bn Dneke, ctrcvís bc Enrtk. Wkrã n grksgmekhtn hcturca bc Grmchêc.
Wucs kxpkrmïhgmcs hçn skrçn ecms gnhsmbkrcbcs gnen gctcstr÷imgcs. N dmkr÷jam-Wucs kxpkrmïhgmcs hçn skrçn ecms gnhsmbkrcbcs gnen gctcstr÷imgcs. N dmkr÷jam-
in in bkacsbkacs íí nn Anugn?Anugn? nn LklïLklï Dcrp÷grctksDcrp÷grctks mhngkhtkmhngkhtk kk mepntkhtkmepntkhtk tnrhc-sktnrhc-sk DnrusDnrus
cbuatn cn nltkr c Lcquktccbuatn cn nltkr c Lcquktc..3939
D÷rus í ue såelnan bn Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn quk trchsgkhbk c Ymbc kD÷rus í ue såelnan bn Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn quk trchsgkhbk c Ymbc k
c Enrtk k bc eksec echkmrc quk n Wna í ue såelnan quk gnhstchtkekhtkc Enrtk k bc eksec echkmrc quk n Wna í ue såelnan quk gnhstchtkekhtk
lrmadc ctrcvís bn bmc (Ymbc) k c hnmtk (Enrtk) kak bksgk cn suleuhbn, c Grm-lrmadc ctrcvís bn bmc (Ymbc) k c hnmtk (Enrtk) kak bksgk cn suleuhbn, c Grm-
chêc í ue såelnan quk trchsgkhbk c eçk (Ymbc) k n pcm (Enrtk). Ke Cchêc í ue såelnan quk trchsgkhbk c eçk (Ymbc) k n pcm (Enrtk). Ke C YYMWÇNMWÇN
&& C C YYN_N_ n pr÷prmn D÷rus bmz? n pr÷prmn D÷rus bmz?
Ku snu auz k snu hnmtk k ku snu cquman caíe bkaks. Ku snu c icac k ku snu n smaïhgmn kKu snu auz k snu hnmtk k ku snu cquman caíe bkaks. Ku snu c icac k ku snu n smaïhgmn k
ku cquman caíe bkaks. Ku snu vmbc k ku snu enrtk k ku snu cquman caíe bkaks. Ku snuku cquman caíe bkaks. Ku snu vmbc k ku snu enrtk k ku snu cquman caíe bkaks. Ku snu
jukrrc k ku snu pcz k ku snu cquman quk kstã caíe bkaks. Ku snu c ircqukzc k ku snu cjukrrc k ku snu pcz k ku snu cquman quk kstã caíe bkaks. Ku snu c ircqukzc k ku snu c
inrêc k ku snu cquman quk kstã caíe bkaks. V...U K ksscs gnmscs skrçn pcrc kaks jrcêc kinrêc k ku snu cquman quk kstã caíe bkaks. V...U K ksscs gnmscs skrçn pcrc kaks jrcêc k
scgrcekhtn k ouhtns bkvkrçn skhtcr hn lchquktk supkrhn k v÷s ikstkocrkms gne nscgrcekhtn k ouhtns bkvkrçn skhtcr hn lchquktk supkrhn k v÷s ikstkocrkms gne n
eka bns bkusks k sk kelrmcjcrçn gne n nrvcadn bc menrtcambcbk - PNMW K[ WN[ D×-eka bns bkusks k sk kelrmcjcrçn gne n nrvcadn bc menrtcambcbk - PNMW K[ WN[ D×-
[W, C GMCHÊC GNNCBC K[W, C GMCHÊC GNNCBC K GNHS[MWRCBNC S[K R[ HÇN GNHDKGMCW!GNHS[MWRCBNC S[K R[ HÇN GNHDKGMCW!3:3:
3232 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N AAMYN BCWMYN BCW EEKHRMCWKHRMCW, Gcp. 34,, Gcp. 34, Jntcs bk NrvcadnJntcs bk Nrvcadn..
3;3; Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N GGNCÊÇN BNNCÊÇN BN EEKWRKKWRK..
3939 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, A Cakmstkr Grnwaky, AMLKMLK WWCEKFDCEKFD..
3:3: Cakmstkr Grnwaky, C Cakmstkr Grnwaky, C YYMWÇNMWÇN && C C YYN_N_, 3° Cktdyr., 3° Cktdyr.

9. N Gchbmbctn quk cspmrc mhmgmcêçn hn Hnvn Cknh, khtnc nutrcs pcacvrcs bkN Gchbmbctn quk cspmrc mhmgmcêçn hn Hnvn Cknh, khtnc nutrcs pcacvrcs bk
pnbkr, gchtc uec hnvc eÿsmgc quchbn, bk irkhtk cn Nkstk «pnbkr, gchtc uec hnvc eÿsmgc quchbn, bk irkhtk cn Nkstk «DD ¶¶ ‗‗ n n Cekhtc Cekhtc, c, c
tkrrc bns enrtnstkrrc bns enrtns ‗‗ rnjc pcrc quk c Auz clrc ns Gcemhdns bn Fc, qukr bmzkr, rnjc pcrc quk c Auz clrc ns Gcemhdns bn Fc, qukr bmzkr,
bn Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn, khquchtn kakvc skus lrcêns kxkgutchbn n Wmhcabn Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn, khquchtn kakvc skus lrcêns kxkgutchbn n Wmhca
bn kjnzmon, pnms hn gursn bk suc mhmgmcêçn kak hçn ecms sk mbkhtmimgc gnebn kjnzmon, pnms hn gursn bk suc mhmgmcêçn kak hçn ecms sk mbkhtmimgc gne
Cscr, n Wkhdnr bns Enrtns, ecs gne n cutn-menacbn Chfd-ci-hc-Fdnhsu qukCscr, n Wkhdnr bns Enrtns, ecs gne n cutn-menacbn Chfd-ci-hc-Fdnhsu quk
cjnrc ngupc c Grmptccjnrc ngupc c Grmptc bns Cbkptns?bns Cbkptns?
[hmbcbk eãxmec echmikstcbc![hmbcbk eãxmec echmikstcbc!
Ku rkvkrkhgmn n pnbkr bnKu rkvkrkhgmn n pnbkr bn Rku cakhtn,Rku cakhtn,
Wuprken k tkrråvka Bkus,Wuprken k tkrråvka Bkus,
Suk iczks ns bkusks k c enrtkSuk iczks ns bkusks k c enrtk
Rrkekr pkrchtk Rm? -Rrkekr pkrchtk Rm? -
Ku, ku rkvkrkhgmn c tm!Ku, ku rkvkrkhgmn c tm!
Gnepcrkgk hn trnhn bk c!Gnepcrkgk hn trnhn bk c!
Clrk ns gcemhdns bn Fdu!Clrk ns gcemhdns bn Fdu!
Cgacrk ns gcemhdns bn Fc!Cgacrk ns gcemhdns bn Fc!
Ns gcemhdns bn Fdcls trcspcssceNs gcemhdns bn Fdcls trcspcssce
Pcrc cjmtcr-ek nu trchqumamzcr-ek!Pcrc cjmtcr-ek nu trchqumamzcr-ek!
Cue! bkmxk mstn scgmcr-ek!Cue! bkmxk mstn scgmcr-ek!3434
Hc kstruturc bc CHc kstruturc bc C∲∲CC∲∲, n prmekmrn khgnhtrn prãtmgn gne c I÷reuac Eãjmgc bc, n prmekmrn khgnhtrn prãtmgn gne c I÷reuac Eãjmgc bc
Enrtk bk cgnrbn gne cs prkemsscs bn Hnvn Cknh ngnrrk hn Jrcu bk Hk÷imtnEnrtk bk cgnrbn gne cs prkemsscs bn Hnvn Cknh ngnrrk hn Jrcu bk Hk÷imtn
3°5303°530⌺⌺ ctrcvís bn ctrcvís bn MR[CAMR[CA BGATTMBGATTM YKA YKA )(rt)(rt, nhbk c enrtk bk Cscr í gkaklrc-, nhbk c enrtk bk Cscr í gkaklrc-
bc hc Pmrìembk. Cp÷s c cbemssçn bn Prnlcgmnhmstc cn Jrcu bk Hk÷imtn ctrc-bc hc Pmrìembk. Cp÷s c cbemssçn bn Prnlcgmnhmstc cn Jrcu bk Hk÷imtn ctrc-
vís bkstk rmtuca, suc prãtmgc kspmrmtuca í supakekhtcbc pkac kxkguêçn bmãrmcvís bkstk rmtuca, suc prãtmgc kspmrmtuca í supakekhtcbc pkac kxkguêçn bmãrmc
bk Abk AMLKMLK BGATTMBGATTM YKA YKA PP]CEMBNW]CEMBNW, n kstubn bc Wkêçn E.E.E. bk A, n kstubn bc Wkêçn E.E.E. bk AMLKMLK D.D.D.D.D.D. YKA YKA
GGGTAM k cs mhstruêûks-gdcvk nrmkhtcbcs ctrcvís bk sku Wupkrmnr hcGGGTAM k cs mhstruêûks-gdcvk nrmkhtcbcs ctrcvís bk sku Wupkrmnr hc Nrbke.Nrbke.
N skjuhbn cspkgtn bc I÷reuac Eãjmgc bc Enrtk í gkaklrcbn quchbn nN skjuhbn cspkgtn bc I÷reuac Eãjmgc bc Enrtk í gkaklrcbn quchbn n
Hk÷imtn cvchêc cn Jrcu bk _kactnr <°5=Hk÷imtn cvchêc cn Jrcu bk _kactnr <°5=⌺⌺ ctrcvís bn ctrcvís bn MR[CAMR[CA GGCBCYKMWCBCYKMW, c pcs-, c pcs-
scjke pkan Ruct.scjke pkan Ruct.3=3= Cn mhgmpmkhtk _kactnr, í bcbc c Rcrkic bk ekbmtcr snlrk Cn mhgmpmkhtk _kactnr, í bcbc c Rcrkic bk ekbmtcr snlrk
bucs skêûks bk Abucs skêûks bk AMLKMLK D.D.D. gnrrkspnhbkhtks cns bnms mtucms bk MhmgmcêçnD.D.D. gnrrkspnhbkhtks cns bnms mtucms bk Mhmgmcêçn
quk pcssnu ctí cjnrc? c Wkêçn E.E.E. quk gnrrkspnhbk cn quk pcssnu ctí cjnrc? c Wkêçn E.E.E. quk gnrrkspnhbk cn MR[CAMR[CA BGATTM k cBGATTM k c
Wkêçn C.C.C. quk gnrrkspnhbk cn Wkêçn C.C.C. quk gnrrkspnhbk cn MR[CAMR[CA GTT. Kstcs bucs ekbmtcêûks sçn bucsGTT. Kstcs bucs ekbmtcêûks sçn bucs
prãtmgcs npnstcs cns mtucms bk Mhmgmcêçn k bkvke skr prnimgmkhtkekhtk kxk-prãtmgcs npnstcs cns mtucms bk Mhmgmcêçn k bkvke skr prnimgmkhtkekhtk kxk-
gutcbcs pcrc quk n _kactnr gneprkkhbc gnepaktcekhtk c I÷reuac Eãjmgcgutcbcs pcrc quk n _kactnr gneprkkhbc gnepaktcekhtk c I÷reuac Eãjmgc
bc Enrtk.bc Enrtk.
N tkrgkmrn cspkgtn bkstc I÷reuac Eãjmgc í cprkskhtcbn cn PrcgtmgusN tkrgkmrn cspkgtn bkstc I÷reuac Eãjmgc í cprkskhtcbn cn Prcgtmgus
7°547°54⌺⌺ ctrcvís bc Wkêçn W.W.W. bk A ctrcvís bc Wkêçn W.W.W. bk AMLKMLK D.D.D., quk sk trctc bk uec prãtmgcD.D.D., quk sk trctc bk uec prãtmgc
ekbmtctmvc pcrc kxpchsçn bc gnhsgmïhgmc k gnrrkspnhbk cns Emstírmns bnekbmtctmvc pcrc kxpchsçn bc gnhsgmïhgmc k gnrrkspnhbk cns Emstírmns bn
, guon smelnamsen í cprkskhtcbn ke N, guon smelnamsen í cprkskhtcbn ke N AAMYN BCWMYN BCW EEKHRMCWKHRMCW??
Pnbkrnsc k krktc í kstc Ynhtcbk emhdc, kstc Pmrìembk bk injn, guon ãpmgk kstã pkrbm-Pnbkrnsc k krktc í kstc Ynhtcbk emhdc, kstc Pmrìembk bk injn, guon ãpmgk kstã pkrbm-
bn hn Pcrcåsn. Wnlrk mstn qukmekm n gcbãvkr bk ekus bkskons.bn hn Pcrcåsn. Wnlrk mstn qukmekm n gcbãvkr bk ekus bkskons.
Pnbkrnsn k krktn í kstkPnbkrnsn k krktn í kstk  bk emhdc Ynhtcbk. C skekhtk bkak í Cquman quk tk- bk emhdc Ynhtcbk. C skekhtk bkak í Cquman quk tk-
hdn gcrrkjcbn bkhtrn bk eme pkac Ktkrhmbcbk6 k kac kstã pkrbmbc hn Gnrpn bkhdn gcrrkjcbn bkhtrn bk eme pkac Ktkrhmbcbk6 k kac kstã pkrbmbc hn Gnrpn bk
Hnssc Wkhdnrc bcs Kstrkacs.Hnssc Wkhdnrc bcs Kstrkacs.
3434 CA CA YKA YKA AAKJMWKJMW, MMM?7:., MMM?7:.
3=3= A AMLKMLK GTTGTT YKA YKA GGCBCYKMWCBCYKMW, tcelíe gnhdkgmbn gnen, tcelíe gnhdkgmbn gnen N mtuca bn Gcbãvkr N mtuca bn Gcbãvkr ..

10. Ku hçn snu ku6 ku hcbc snu skhçn ue tuln ngn pcrc trczkr Injn bn Pcrcåsn.Ku hçn snu ku6 ku hcbc snu skhçn ue tuln ngn pcrc trczkr Injn bn Pcrcåsn.
Pnbkrnsc k ecrcvmadnsc í kstc Ircjmambcbk, kstk Pcrcåsn quk ek crrcstc pcrc bkhtrnPnbkrnsc k ecrcvmadnsc í kstc Ircjmambcbk, kstk Pcrcåsn quk ek crrcstc pcrc bkhtrn
bn Ykhtrk Bkac, kstc Gÿpuac quk Ekbn Ykhtrk Bkac, kstc Gÿpuac quk Ek ksgnhbk, Ek clsnrvk.ksgnhbk, Ek clsnrvk.
Kstc í C Hnmtk hc quca ku kstnu pkrbmbn6 n Cenr ctrcvís bn quca ku hçn snu ecmsKstc í C Hnmtk hc quca ku kstnu pkrbmbn6 n Cenr ctrcvís bn quca ku hçn snu ecms
ku.ku.<0<0
Hcs pcacvrcs bk Grnwaky?Hcs pcacvrcs bk Grnwaky?
C gcrtc 3; hn Rcrnt íC gcrtc 3; hn Rcrnt í N BmclnN Bmcln, uec icgdcbc ekbmkvca pcrc Pç., uec icgdcbc ekbmkvca pcrc Pç.
N tåtuan bkstk gcpåtuan rkikrk-sk cnN tåtuan bkstk gcpåtuan rkikrk-sk cn IcanIcan, n quca í cqum mbkhtmimgcbn gne c vnhtcbk., n quca í cqum mbkhtmimgcbn gne c vnhtcbk.
C pcacvrc jrkjcC pcacvrc jrkjc  tke n eksen hÿekrn bk tke n eksen hÿekrn bk ..
Kstk gcpåtuan í lke gacrn, ecs pnbk-sk rkecrgcr hn ÿatmen pcrãjrcin uec rkik-Kstk gcpåtuan í lke gacrn, ecs pnbk-sk rkecrgcr hn ÿatmen pcrãjrcin uec rkik-
rïhgmc à hcturkzc bnrïhgmc à hcturkzc bn sceăbdmsceăbdm..
Cssme gnen n dneke pkrbk suc pkrsnhcambcbk hn cenr iåsmgn, n Ecjmstc n icz c-Cssme gnen n dneke pkrbk suc pkrsnhcambcbk hn cenr iåsmgn, n Ecjmstc n icz c-
hmqumachbn suc bmvmhc pkrsnhcambcbk hcquman quk kstã caíe.hmqumachbn suc bmvmhc pkrsnhcambcbk hcquman quk kstã caíe.
C i÷reuac bnC i÷reuac bn sceăbdmsceăbdm í c eksec, bn ecms catn cn ecms lcmxn. C nsc-Gruz í c í c eksec, bn ecms catn cn ecms lcmxn. C nsc-Gruz í c
Gdcvk [hmvkrsca. Ecs, gnhinrek sk prnsskjuk, c Gruz tnrhc-sk ecmnr, ctí skr n Ãs6 cGdcvk [hmvkrsca. Ecs, gnhinrek sk prnsskjuk, c Gruz tnrhc-sk ecmnr, ctí skr n Ãs6 c
nsc, ctí skr c Pcacvrc.nsc, ctí skr c Pcacvrc.<3<3
Í bmjhn bk hntc quk c Wkêçn W.W.W. bk AÍ bmjhn bk hntc quk c Wkêçn W.W.W. bk AMLKMLK D.D.D. tkremhk cssme?D.D.D. tkremhk cssme? Wk tu enrrkWk tu enrrk
hkstk enekhtn, hçn kstc ksgrmtn? «Lkhbmtns sçn ns enrtns quk enrrke hn Wk-hkstk enekhtn, hçn kstc ksgrmtn? «Lkhbmtns sçn ns enrtns quk enrrke hn Wk-
hdnr¶> Wme, Lkhbmtns sçn ns enrtns quk enrrke hnhdnr¶> Wme, Lkhbmtns sçn ns enrtns quk enrrke hn Wkhdnr Wkhdnr ..<<<<
Enrtk mepamgc ke eubchêc k mhbmvmbucambcbk6 sk tu inrks CS[KAK quk hçn tke pkr-Enrtk mepamgc ke eubchêc k mhbmvmbucambcbk6 sk tu inrks CS[KAK quk hçn tke pkr-
snhcambcbk, quk kstã caíe bc eubchêc k eksen caíe bc meutclmambcbk, n quk tusnhcambcbk, quk kstã caíe bc eubchêc k eksen caíe bc meutclmambcbk, n quk tu
tkhs c vkr gne c enrtk>tkhs c vkr gne c enrtk>
N hcsgmekhtn bc mhbmvmbucambcbk í ïxtcsk6 cssme tcelíeN hcsgmekhtn bc mhbmvmbucambcbk í ïxtcsk6 cssme tcelíe í suc enrtk.í suc enrtk.
Hn cenr, c mhbmvmbucambcbk í enrtk6 quke hçn cec n cenr>Hn cenr, c mhbmvmbucambcbk í enrtk6 quke hçn cec n cenr>
Cec c enrtk, pnms6 k bkskoc pnr mstn cvmbcekhtk.Cec c enrtk, pnms6 k bkskoc pnr mstn cvmbcekhtk.
Enrrk Bmcrmcekhtk.Enrrk Bmcrmcekhtk.<7<7
Ecs kxmstke eumtcs nutrcs bmikrkhêcs kEcs kxmstke eumtcs nutrcs bmikrkhêcs k bmstmhêûks khtrk cs bucs Nrbkhs. Pnrbmstmhêûks khtrk cs bucs Nrbkhs. Pnr
kxkepan, hc Curnrc Bnurcbc, n Gnaíjmn Kxtkrhn prkpcrcvc ns ekelrns tkn-kxkepan, hc Curnrc Bnurcbc, n Gnaíjmn Kxtkrhn prkpcrcvc ns ekelrns tkn-
rmgcekhtk pcrc kxkgutcrke ecjmc cpkhcs hc Nrbke Mhtkrhc. Hc Crmgcekhtk pcrc kxkgutcrke ecjmc cpkhcs hc Nrbke Mhtkrhc. Hc C∲∲CC∲∲, bks-, bks-
bk n Jrcu bk Prnlcgmnhmstc 0°50bk n Jrcu bk Prnlcgmnhmstc 0°50⌺⌺ khgnrcoc-sk c prãtmgc tchtn bn ynjc quchtn khgnrcoc-sk c prãtmgc tchtn bn ynjc quchtn
bc ecjmc. Nbc ecjmc. N Gchbmbctn trclcadc hns Jrcus Kakekhtcms, gnhstrumhbn ns såeln-Gchbmbctn trclcadc hns Jrcus Kakekhtcms, gnhstrumhbn ns såeln-
ans kakekhtcms gnrrkspnhbkhtks c gcbc Jrcu. Cn eksen tkepn, kak keprk-ans kakekhtcms gnrrkspnhbkhtks c gcbc Jrcu. Cn eksen tkepn, kak keprk-
khbk uec sírmk bk prãtmgcs smstkeãtmgcs bk ynjc, quk mhgauke pnsturcs, rks-khbk uec sírmk bk prãtmgcs smstkeãtmgcs bk ynjc, quk mhgauke pnsturcs, rks-
pmrcêûks k ekbmtcêûks, hc mhtkhêçn bk cbkstrcr c Ynhtcbk, n gnrpn k c ekhtk.pmrcêûks k ekbmtcêûks, hc mhtkhêçn bk cbkstrcr c Ynhtcbk, n gnrpn k c ekhtk.
N gurråguan bk prãtmgcs mhgaum rmtucms bk lchmekhtn k prnokêçn cstrca (Hk÷im-N gurråguan bk prãtmgcs mhgaum rmtucms bk lchmekhtn k prnokêçn cstrca (Hk÷im-
tn), ynjc (_kactnr), Sclcacd k Rcrnt (Prcgtmgus), kvngcêçn k bkvnêçn (Pdman-tn), ynjc (_kactnr), Sclcacd k Rcrnt (Prcgtmgus), kvngcêçn k bkvnêçn (Pdman-
snpdus).snpdus).
Gnelmhcbcs, ksscs prãtmgcs prkpcrce n Gchbmbctn pcrc cbemssçn c Wk-Gnelmhcbcs, ksscs prãtmgcs prkpcrce n Gchbmbctn pcrc cbemssçn c Wk-
juhbc Nrbke, kstchbn kak prkpcrcbn pcrc n trclcadn bnjuhbc Nrbke, kstchbn kak prkpcrcbn pcrc n trclcadn bn Cbkptus Cbkptus Emhnr Emhnr
;°59;°59⌺⌺, quk í rkgklkr c Mhstruêçn bn Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn. C mbkhtmbcbk bn, quk í rkgklkr c Mhstruêçn bn Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn. C mbkhtmbcbk bn
Chon í ue emstírmn!Chon í ue emstírmn!
<0<0 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N AAMYN BCWMYN BCW EEKHRMCWKHRMCW, Gcp. 3;,, Gcp. 3;, N Gchn bn kv÷avkr N Gchn bn kv÷avkr ..
<3<3 Mbke. Gnrrkêçn bmcgråtmgc Mbke. Gnrrkêçn bmcgråtmgc kxkgutcbc pkan prkskhtk cutnr.kxkgutcbc pkan prkskhtk cutnr.
<<<< Cakmstkr Grnwaky, A Cakmstkr Grnwaky, AMLKMLK D.D.D.D.D.D.
<7<7 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N Cakmstkr Grnwaky, N AAMYN BCWMYN BCW EEKHRMCWKHRMCW, Gcp. 39,, Gcp. 39, N KsgcrcvkadnN Ksgcrcvkadn..

11. Grnwaky inrhkgku acepkons snlrk c hcturkzc bc rkacêçn bn Chon k n cs-Grnwaky inrhkgku acepkons snlrk c hcturkzc bc rkacêçn bn Chon k n cs-
pmrchtk k vãrmns ksgrmtns?pmrchtk k vãrmns ksgrmtns?
Kstk khtçn í n vkrbcbkmrn imtn bn Cbkptn hkstc npkrcêçn? Cssmemacr-sk cn sku ChonKstk khtçn í n vkrbcbkmrn imtn bn Cbkptn hkstc npkrcêçn? Cssmemacr-sk cn sku Chon
pnr gnhtåhuc gneuhdçn gnhsgmkhtk. Pnms sku Chon í uec mecjke mhtkamjåvka bk sucpnr gnhtåhuc gneuhdçn gnhsgmkhtk. Pnms sku Chon í uec mecjke mhtkamjåvka bk suc
Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk, c kxkguêçn bc quca í c gnepaktc Akm bn sku Wkr. V...U N Chon í keYkrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk, c kxkguêçn bc quca í c gnepaktc Akm bn sku Wkr. V...U N Chon í ke
vkrbcbk n Anjns nu kxprkssçn crtmguacbc bn Wkr mhtkmrn bn Cbkptn, bk echkmrc quk àvkrbcbk n Anjns nu kxprkssçn crtmguacbc bn Wkr mhtkmrn bn Cbkptn, bk echkmrc quk à
ekbmbc quk n Cbkptn cuekhtc ke pkrikmtc gneprkkhsçn bn hnek bk sku Chon kak skekbmbc quk n Cbkptn cuekhtc ke pkrikmtc gneprkkhsçn bn hnek bk sku Chon kak sk
cprnxmec bc snauêçn bn uatmeca prnlakec. Suke kak eksen ke vkrbcbk í.cprnxmec bc snauêçn bn uatmeca prnlakec. Suke kak eksen ke vkrbcbk í.<2<2
K eksen cssme í prkgmsn pkrsmstmr, cspmrcr cn Chon gne crbnr, gnhinrtcbn pkac gkr-K eksen cssme í prkgmsn pkrsmstmr, cspmrcr cn Chon gne crbnr, gnhinrtcbn pkac gkr-
tkzc bk quk kak kstã adk jumchbn ctrcvís bk Wm Eksen k quk tnbns ns khjchns inrcetkzc bk quk kak kstã adk jumchbn ctrcvís bk Wm Eksen k quk tnbns ns khjchns inrce
prkpcrcêûks hkgkssãrmcs pcrc c dnrc bk gnhdkgï-An.prkpcrcêûks hkgkssãrmcs pcrc c dnrc bk gnhdkgï-An.<;<;
Ns ekelrns bc Wkjuhbc Nrbke sk cpkrikmênce hcNs ekelrns bc Wkjuhbc Nrbke sk cpkrikmênce hc Crtk bc Ecjmc. N CbkptusCrtk bc Ecjmc. N Cbkptus
Kxkeptus :°5 2Kxkeptus :°5 2⌺⌺ bkenhstrc sku bkenhstrc sku gnhdkgmekhtn prnbuzmhbgnhdkgmekhtn prnbuzmhbn uec tkskn uec tksk snlrk nsnlrk n
sku khtkhbmekhtn bn uhmvkrsn. Grnwaky mbkhtmimgc c nlrc bk Íampdcs Aívmsku khtkhbmekhtn bn uhmvkrsn. Grnwaky mbkhtmimgc c nlrc bk Íampdcs Aívm
(3430-34:;), C(3430-34:;), C GGDCYK BNWDCYK BNW JJCHBKWCHBKW EEMWRÍMNWMWRÍMNW, gnen ue kxkepan bk tksk., gnen ue kxkepan bk tksk.
Rkhbn gnhqumstcbn ns Jrcus ecms catns bc Wkjuhbc Nrbke, n quk kspk-Rkhbn gnhqumstcbn ns Jrcus ecms catns bc Wkjuhbc Nrbke, n quk kspk-
rc n Cbkptn írc n Cbkptn í n tkrråvka Nrbãamn bn Clmsen. Í mhkvmtãvka k mhkxnrãvka quk kstkn tkrråvka Nrbãamn bn Clmsen. Í mhkvmtãvka k mhkxnrãvka quk kstk
pcssn hn gcemhdn bc mhmgmcêçn rkqukmrc quk n Cbkptn nlskrvk suc onrhcbc kpcssn hn gcemhdn bc mhmgmcêçn rkqukmrc quk n Cbkptn nlskrvk suc onrhcbc k
rkhuhgmk vnauhtcrmcekhtk sucs gnhqumstcs, ctí eksen nrkhuhgmk vnauhtcrmcekhtk sucs gnhqumstcs, ctí eksen n Dneÿhguan Pkssnca Dneÿhguan Pkssnca
k qucaqukr skhsn bkk qucaqukr skhsn bk sm eksensm eksen, qukr bmzkr, gnhsgmïhgmc bk kjnmbcbk. Wk kak, qukr bmzkr, gnhsgmïhgmc bk kjnmbcbk. Wk kak
hkjcr rkhuhgmcr sucs gnhqumstcs, khtçn n uhmvkrsn mrã tmrã-acs bkak c inrêc,hkjcr rkhuhgmcr sucs gnhqumstcs, khtçn n uhmvkrsn mrã tmrã-acs bkak c inrêc,
pnms c cbemssçn hc Rkrgkmrc Nrbke hçn sk trctc bk gnhqumstcs pkssncms, ecspnms c cbemssçn hc Rkrgkmrc Nrbke hçn sk trctc bk gnhqumstcs pkssncms, ecs
bn bkskhvnavmekhtn kspmrmtuca bc rcêc duechc.bn bkskhvnavmekhtn kspmrmtuca bc rcêc duechc.
N Clmsen, uec vcstmbçn mekhsurãvka khtrk n rkmhn bc bucambcbk k nN Clmsen, uec vcstmbçn mekhsurãvka khtrk n rkmhn bc bucambcbk k n
rkmhn bc hçn-bucambcbk, khgnhtrc-sk c suc irkhtk. Í c enrcbc bk Gdnrnhznh,rkmhn bc hçn-bucambcbk, khgnhtrc-sk c suc irkhtk. Í c enrcbc bk Gdnrnhznh,
n bkeòhmn bc bmspkrsçn, cusïhgmc bkn bkeòhmn bc bmspkrsçn, cusïhgmc bk inrec gnkrkhtk, à gnhtrcbmêçn ektciåsm-inrec gnkrkhtk, à gnhtrcbmêçn ektciåsm-
gc bk tnbn prngkssn bc ecjmc. Rcelíe í c enrcbc bns Mreçns Hkjrns, ec-gc bk tnbn prngkssn bc ecjmc. Rcelíe í c enrcbc bns Mreçns Hkjrns, ec-
jmstcs gcåbns quk icadcrce emskrcvkaekhtk ke sku trclcadn kspmrmtuca k qukjmstcs gcåbns quk icadcrce emskrcvkaekhtk ke sku trclcadn kspmrmtuca k quk
sk enstrcrce mhgcpczks bk clchbnhcr c gnhsgmïhgmc bk pnssksk enstrcrce mhgcpczks bk clchbnhcr c gnhsgmïhgmc bk pnssk ‗‗ skoc bk pks- skoc bk pks-
sncs nu lkhs ectkrmcmssncs nu lkhs ectkrmcms ‗‗, n Kjn, pnbkr ktg. Cn mhvís bk gruzcrke n Clmsen,, n Kjn, pnbkr ktg. Cn mhvís bk gruzcrke n Clmsen,
sk ctnacrce gnen ue ecstnbnhtk ke ue pnên bk pmgdk, bkimhmhbn-sk gnensk ctnacrce gnen ue ecstnbnhtk ke ue pnên bk pmgdk, bkimhmhbn-sk gnen
bkusks, hn khtchtn, icasns kbkusks, hn khtchtn, icasns k bkjkhkrcbns.bkjkhkrcbns.
N Lklk bn Clmsen í cqukak quk pcssnu gne sugkssn pnr kstk Nrbãamn kN Lklk bn Clmsen í cqukak quk pcssnu gne sugkssn pnr kstk Nrbãamn k
gnhqumstnu c mhmgmcêçn bc Wkpdmrc Lmhcd. Grnwaky mhvngc cqum c mecjke bngnhqumstnu c mhmgmcêçn bc Wkpdmrc Lmhcd. Grnwaky mhvngc cqum c mecjke bn
Gãamgk bk Lclcanh. Hn gìhnhk tdkaïemgn, Lclcanh í c Cechtk [hmvkrsca, c-Gãamgk bk Lclcanh. Hn gìhnhk tdkaïemgn, Lclcanh í c Cechtk [hmvkrsca, c-
qukac quk cgkmtc tubn n quk n Gchbmbctn í, rkgklkhbn ke sku Gãamgk, n Wchtnqukac quk cgkmtc tubn n quk n Gchbmbctn í, rkgklkhbn ke sku Gãamgk, n Wchtn
Jrcca, ctí c ÿatmec jntc bk sku schjuk. Pnms snekhtk ue gnrpn bmsskgcbn kJrcca, ctí c ÿatmec jntc bk sku schjuk. Pnms snekhtk ue gnrpn bmsskgcbn k
mhgmhkrcbn pkac uhmçn cpcmxnhcbc gne kac pnbk rkhcsgkr ke Lmhcd.mhgmhkrcbn pkac uhmçn cpcmxnhcbc gne kac pnbk rkhcsgkr ke Lmhcd.
Rkhbn gnhqumstcbn c mhmgmcêçn bk Lmhcd, nRkhbn gnhqumstcbn c mhmgmcêçn bk Lmhcd, n Ecjmstkr RkepamEcjmstkr Rkepam, hcs pcac-, hcs pcac-
vrcs bk Grnwaky, pcssc pkacvrcs bk Grnwaky, pcssc pkac pkrikmtc chmqumacêçn bc pkrsnhcambcbk quk amemtc pkrikmtc chmqumacêçn bc pkrsnhcambcbk quk amemtc
k nprmek n vkrbcbkmrn skr k nprmek n vkrbcbkmrn skr <9<9 k gnhsuechbn suc uhmbcbk gne k gnhsuechbn suc uhmbcbk gne n uhmvkrsn, gumbcn uhmvkrsn, gumbc
bk sku ocrbme bk bmsgåpuans. Khtrktchtn, nutrc rkhÿhgmc cmhbc í hkgkssãrmc? cbk sku ocrbme bk bmsgåpuans. Khtrktchtn, nutrc rkhÿhgmc cmhbc í hkgkssãrmc? c
<2<2 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, A Cakmstkr Grnwaky, AMLKMLK WWCEKFDCEKFD..
<;<; Cakmstkr Grnwaky, E Cakmstkr Grnwaky, ECJMC KECJMC KE RRKNMCKNMC && PPÃRMGCÃRMGC, Gcpåtuan TYMMM,, Gcpåtuan TYMMM, Wnlrk c Gacrmvmbïhgmc k n Gnrpn bkWnlrk c Gacrmvmbïhgmc k n Gnrpn bk Auz Auz ..
<9<9 Cakmstkr Grnwaky, [ Cakmstkr Grnwaky, [ECEC KKWRKAC ÀWRKAC À YYMWRCMWRC..

12. rkhÿhgmc bk suc pr÷prmc uhmbcbk gne n uhmvkrsn hn prngkssn bk rkinreuac-rkhÿhgmc bk suc pr÷prmc uhmbcbk gne n uhmvkrsn hn prngkssn bk rkinreuac-
êçn bk ue hnvn Kjn lcskcbn ke tnbns ns khsmhcekhtns cprkhbmbns ctí c-êçn bk ue hnvn Kjn lcskcbn ke tnbns ns khsmhcekhtns cprkhbmbns ctí c-
qukak enekhtn. Gnen ue Ecjus =°5<qukak enekhtn. Gnen ue Ecjus =°5<⌺⌺ nu Anjns, kak bkvk vmlrcr uec Pcac- nu Anjns, kak bkvk vmlrcr uec Pcac-
vrc Eãjmgc guoc prnhÿhgmc smelnamgcekhtk bkstr÷m n euhbn ke gdcecs.vrc Eãjmgc guoc prnhÿhgmc smelnamgcekhtk bkstr÷m n euhbn ke gdcecs.
Hkssk prngkssn, n Ecjus grmc uec hnvc gnrrkhtk quk eubcrã n euhbn pcrcHkssk prngkssn, n Ecjus grmc uec hnvc gnrrkhtk quk eubcrã n euhbn pcrc
skeprk. Ke Nskeprk. Ke N AAMYN BCWMYN BCW EEKHRMCWKHRMCW Grnwaky mbkhtmimgc sktk Ecjm quk eubcrce Grnwaky mbkhtmimgc sktk Ecjm quk eubcrce
n euhbn gne c prnhÿhgmc bkn euhbn gne c prnhÿhgmc bk suc Pcacvrc Eãjmgc? Acn Rsí (Rcnåsen), Wmbcrtcsuc Pcacvrc Eãjmgc? Acn Rsí (Rcnåsen), Wmbcrtc
(Lubmsen), FṖṧṊc (Dmhbuåsen), Rcdutm (Dkrektmsen), Enmsís (Oubcåsen),(Lubmsen), FṖṧṊc (Dmhbuåsen), Rcdutm (Dkrektmsen), Enmsís (Oubcåsen),
Bmnhåsmn (gnen kxkepan bk ue bkus enrmluhbn k rkssurrktn kxkepamimgcbnBmnhåsmn (gnen kxkepan bk ue bkus enrmluhbn k rkssurrktn kxkepamimgcbn
pkan Grmstmchmsen), Ecneí (Msacemsen) k kak eksen (Rdkakec).pkan Grmstmchmsen), Ecneí (Msacemsen) k kak eksen (Rdkakec).<:<:
Rubn n quk rkstc bkpnms bmssn í nRubn n quk rkstc bkpnms bmssn í n Jrcu bk Mpsmssmeus 30°53Jrcu bk Mpsmssmeus 30°53⌺⌺, quk í, quk í prk- prk-
kemhkhtkekhtk n Ekstrk bk tnbns ns enbns bk kxmstïhgmc, qukr bmzkr, sku skr íkemhkhtkekhtk n Ekstrk bk tnbns ns enbns bk kxmstïhgmc, qukr bmzkr, sku skr í
gnepaktcekhtk amvrk bk hkgkssmbcbks mhtkrhcs nu kxtkrhcsgnepaktcekhtk amvrk bk hkgkssmbcbks mhtkrhcs nu kxtkrhcs. Grnwaky bkimhmu. Grnwaky bkimhmu
ksskkssk håvka bk ekhtkhåvka bk ekhtk,, kstcbnkstcbn nunu kstãjmnkstãjmn hn tkren lubmstc hn tkren lubmstc chcttăchcttă, pcacvrc ke, pcacvrc ke
pcam quk smjhmimgcpcam quk smjhmimgc hçn-skr hçn-skr . Í ue tkren tíghmgn quk bkimhk. Í ue tkren tíghmgn quk bkimhk cusïhgmc bk mbkhtm-cusïhgmc bk mbkhtm-
bcbkbcbk. N Mpsmssmeus gnhqumstnu c eckstrmc snlrk n prngkssn bk tksk-chtåtksk-. N Mpsmssmeus gnhqumstnu c eckstrmc snlrk n prngkssn bk tksk-chtåtksk-
såhtksk, uhmhbn skr, hçn-skr, vmr-c-skr, cêçn k hçn-cêçn, gnepaktcekhtk amlkr-såhtksk, uhmhbn skr, hçn-skr, vmr-c-skr, cêçn k hçn-cêçn, gnepaktcekhtk amlkr-
tn bk qucaqukr amemtcêçn. Rrcbmgmnhcaekhtk, ue Mpsmssmeus huhgc rkvkac suctn bk qucaqukr amemtcêçn. Rrcbmgmnhcaekhtk, ue Mpsmssmeus huhgc rkvkac suc
gnhskguêçn kspmrmtuca, scavn cs pkssncs quk prkskhgmcrce suc cgkmtcêçn inr-gnhskguêçn kspmrmtuca, scavn cs pkssncs quk prkskhgmcrce suc cgkmtcêçn inr-
eca bn Jrcu. Ä hkrtk Jrcu quk, vkrbcbkmrcekhtk, ngnrrk neca bn Jrcu. Ä hkrtk Jrcu quk, vkrbcbkmrcekhtk, ngnrrk n Gnhdkgmekhtn &Gnhdkgmekhtn &
Gnhvkrscêçn gne n Wcjrcbn Chon JucrbmçnGnhvkrscêçn gne n Wcjrcbn Chon Jucrbmçn..
Cenrí c akm, cenr snl vnhtcbk Cenrí c akm, cenr snl vnhtcbk..
Mhtkrksscbns hc cbemssçn c Nrbke ctrcvís bn pkrånbn bk Kstubchtk bkvkeMhtkrksscbns hc cbemssçn c Nrbke ctrcvís bn pkrånbn bk Kstubchtk bkvke
khvmcr pktmêçn cnkhvmcr pktmêçn cn
Gdchgkakr bc CGdchgkakr bc C∲∲CC∲∲
dttps?//srmdttps?//srmfuacgcrc.wmxsmtk.gnfuacgcrc.wmxsmtk.gne/nutkrgnaakjklrcse/nutkrgnaakjklrcsmama
Gnhtctn pnr kecma, gamqukGnhtctn pnr kecma, gamquk cqumcqum..
N pkrånbn bk Kstubchtk í uec icsk bk prkpcrcêçn pcrc n trclcadn hc CN pkrånbn bk Kstubchtk í uec icsk bk prkpcrcêçn pcrc n trclcadn hc C∲∲CC∲∲..
Rrctc-sk bk ue kstãjmn quk gnekêc pkac cqumsmêçn bk ue jrupn kspkgåimgn bkRrctc-sk bk ue kstãjmn quk gnekêc pkac cqumsmêçn bk ue jrupn kspkgåimgn bk
tkxtns, quk bkvke skr kstubcbns hn gursn bk trïs eksks. Cn Kstubchtk, hntkxtns, quk bkvke skr kstubcbns hn gursn bk trïs eksks. Cn Kstubchtk, hn
ime bkstk pkrånbn, skrã rkqukrmbn ue kxcek. Ecms mhinrecêûks snlrk kstkime bkstk pkrånbn, skrã rkqukrmbn ue kxcek. Ecms mhinrecêûks snlrk kstk
prngkssn bk cbemssçn kstã bmspnhåvka gne n Gdchgkakr bc Nrbke, hn khbk-prngkssn bk cbemssçn kstã bmspnhåvka gne n Gdchgkakr bc Nrbke, hn khbk-
rkên cgmec.rkên cgmec.
<:<: Kstks sçn ns sktk schtns bc E Kstks sçn ns sktk schtns bc EMWWCMWWC JJH×WRMGCH×WRMGC. N W. N WKPDKKPDK ]]KR_MCDKR_MCD bk Crykd Fcpach k n J bk Crykd Fcpach k n JCACHB NICACHB NI AAKRRKWKRRKW bk Ondh bk Ondh
Znnbrniik sçn ÷tmecs nlrcs pcrc sk kstubcr ke gnhkxçn gne c bnutrmhc bc grmcêçn bk uec hnvc gnhsgmïhgmcZnnbrniik sçn ÷tmecs nlrcs pcrc sk kstubcr ke gnhkxçn gne c bnutrmhc bc grmcêçn bk uec hnvc gnhsgmïhgmc
euhbmca ctrcvís bc prnhÿhgmc bkeuhbmca ctrcvís bc prnhÿhgmc bk uec Pcacvrc Eãjmgc.uec Pcacvrc Eãjmgc.

13. Wk vngï rkgklku n gdcecbn pcrc mhmgmcr kssc onrhcbc, bk inrec gnhsgm-Wk vngï rkgklku n gdcecbn pcrc mhmgmcr kssc onrhcbc, bk inrec gnhsgm-
khtk k dnhkstc, h÷s rktnrhcrkens n gnhtctn. Pnssc vngï gnhqumstcr k kxkgu-khtk k dnhkstc, h÷s rktnrhcrkens n gnhtctn. Pnssc vngï gnhqumstcr k kxkgu-
tcr suc Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk.tcr suc Ykrbcbkmrc Ynhtcbk.