Database languages allow developers to define, access, and manipulate data stored in databases. There are four main categories of database languages: data definition languages (DDL) are used to define database structure; data manipulation languages (DML) are used to insert, update, and retrieve data; data control languages (DCL) control user access and privileges; and transaction control languages (TCL) group statements into logical transactions and allow committing or rolling back changes. Common statements include CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK.

1. Database Management
System (DBMS)
Muhammad Farhan Malik student of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,
Science & Technology Nawabshah

2. Topic: Database Languages

3. What are Database Languages?
 Database languages, also known as query
languages or data query languages, are a
classification of programming languages that
developers use to define and access databases,
which are collections of organized data that users
can access electronically.

4. What are Database Languages?
 These languages allow users to complete tasks
such as controlling access to data, defining and
updating data and searching for information
within the database management system (DBMS).

5. Categories of Database Languages
There are four categories of Database Languages:
i. Data Definition Languages (DDL)
ii. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
iii. Data Control Language (DCL)
iv. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

6. Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Definition language(DDL) is used to define
database structure.
 It is used to create schema, tables, indexes,
constraints, etc. in the database.

7. Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Using the DDL statements, you can create the
skeleton of the database.
 Data Definition Language is used to store the
information of metadata like the number of
tables and schema, their names, indexes, columns
in each table, constraints, etc.

8. Statements:
 CREATE: Creates a new database or object, such as table,
index or column
 ALTER: Changes the structure of the database or existing
objects.
 TRUNCATE: It is used to remove all records from a table.
 DROP: Deletes the database or existing objects.
 RENAME: Renames the database or existing objects.

9. Data Manipulation Language(DML)
 DML is used for accessing and manipulating data
in a database.
 Its common functions include inserting, updating
and retrieving data from the database.

10. Statements:
 SELECT: It is used to retrieve data from a database.
 INSERT: It is used to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE: It is used to update existing data within a table.

11. Statements:
 DELETE: It is used to delete all or specific records from a
table.
 MERGE: It performs UPSERT operation, i.e., insert or
update operations.
 CALL: It is used to call a PL/SQL or a Java subprograms.
 LOCK TABLE: It controls concurrency.

12. Data Control Language(DCL)
 Data control language (DCL) controls access to the
data that users store within a database.
 Essentially, this language controls the rights and
permissions of the database system.
 It allows users to grant or revoke privileges to the
database.

13. Data Control Language(DCL)
 The DCL execution is transactional.
 It also has rollback parameters.
(But in Oracle database, the execution of data
control language does not have the feature of
rolling back.)

14. Statements:
 SYSTEM: Creating a session, table, etc. are all
types of system privilege.
 GRANT: Gives a user access to the database.
 REVOKE: Removes a user's access to the
database.

15. Transaction Control Language(TCL)
 Transaction Control statements are used to run
the changes made by DML statements.
 It allows statements to be grouped into logical
transactions.

16. Statements:
 COMMIT: It is used to save the transaction on the
database.
 SAVEPOINT: It identifies a point in a transaction
to which you can later roll back.
 ROLLBACK: It is used to restore the database to
original since the last Commit.