This document discusses the scope and definitions of cyber security. It outlines typical cyber attacks like phishing, malware, and denial of service attacks. Recent significant cyber incidents are mentioned from 2019 targeting governments, companies, and individuals. The consequences of cyber attacks are job hindrances, data loss, and disciplinary actions. Finally, the document lists the top eight cyber safety actions to protect passwords, prevent identity theft, beware of phishing, avoid malware, run antivirus software, install updates, back up files, and turn on firewalls.

1. Hadeel S. Obaid

2.  Cyber Security Definition
 Scope of Cyber Security
 Cyber Attack
 Attacker Motivation
 Typical Cyber Attacks
 Latest Significant Cyber Incidents
 Consequences
 Top Eight Cyber-safety Actions

3.  A very wide-ranging term with no standard
definition.
 It covers all aspects of ensuring the protection
of citizens, businesses and critical
infrastructures from threats that arise from
their use of computers and the Internet.

4.  Computer security
 Security engineering
 Encryption
 Computer crime
 Computer forensics

5.  A socio-technical systems problem.
 Security problems almost always stem from a
mix of technical, human and organizational
causes.

6.  Techniques of threat and attack analysis and
mitigation.
 Protection and recovery technologies,
processes and procedures for individuals,
business and government.
 Policies, laws and regulation relevant to the
use of computers and the Internet.

7.  A malicious attempt, using digital technologies,
to cause personal or property loss or damage,
and/or steal or alter confidential personal or
organizational data.

8.  Attacks to an organization carried out by
someone who is inside that organization.
 Difficult to counter using technical methods
as the insider may have valid credentials to
access the system.

10.  Attacks to an organization carried out by an
external agent.
 Requires either valid credentials or the
exploitation of some vulnerability to gain
access to the systems.

11.  Money
 Revenge
 Fun
 Recognition
 Anonymity
 Cyber spy

12.  Criminals see lower risks and high rewards from
cyber crime than through ‘physical’ crime.
 Stealing confidential and national secrets by
intelligence agencies and others now involves
illegally accessing digitized information.
 Nation states have the potential to disrupt an
enemy’s economy and perhaps reach their
strategic objectives without risk to their armed
forces.
 There are fewer online barriers to antisocial
behavior on the net than in face to face
interaction.

13.  Man in the Middle.
 802.11 Injection attacks.
 Jamming.
 Denial of Service (DoS).
 Phishing.
 Malware.
 IP Spoofing.
 Ransomware.

14.  February 2019. European aerospace company Airbus, reveals it was
targeted by Chinese hackers who stole the personal and IT identification
information of some of its European employees.
 January 2019. Hackers associated with the Russian intelligence services
were found to have targeted the Center for Strategic and International
Studies.
 January 2019. The U.S. Department of Justice announced an operation
to disrupt a North Korean botnet that had been used to target
companies in the media, aerospace, financial, and critical infrastructure
sectors.
 December 2018. North Korean hackers stole the personal information of
almost 1,000 North Korean defectors living in South Korea.
 September 2018. Researchers report that 36 different governments
deployed Pegasus spyware against targets in at least 45 countries,
including the U.S., France, Canada, and the UK.
 August 2018. Microsoft announces that Russian hackers had targeted
U.S. Senators and conservative think tanks critical of Russia.

15. Job Hindrances
• Loss of access to campus computing network
• Inability to access files and do work
Data Loss
• Loss of confidentiality and integrity
• Loss of valuable university info or research
• Compromised personal data
Disciplinary
Actions
• Lawsuits
• Loss of public trust
• Loss of grant opportunities
• Prosecution
• Internal disciplinary action
• Termination of employment

16. Protect Passwords
Prevent Identity Theft
Beware of Phishing
Avoid Malware
Run Antivirus Software
Install Updates
Back Up Important Files
Turn On Firewalls

17. 1. Obaid, H.S.: ‘Denial of Service Attacks: Tools and
Categories’, International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology.
2. Obaid, H.S., and Abeed, E.H.: ‘DoS and DDoS Attacks at OSI
Layers’, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
and Publications.