This document provides an overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction to COPD, describing it as a common lung disease that makes breathing difficult. It then covers the anatomy and physiology of COPD, defining it as a progressive lung disease involving chronic inflammation and airflow obstruction. The document discusses the incidence of COPD globally and risk factors. It provides details on the pathophysiology, stages and symptoms of the disease. Diagnostic tests like spirometry and chest x-rays are described. The document outlines complications of COPD and approaches to medical management including pharmacology, surgery, and nursing care. It provides details on specific drugs like bronchodilators and corticosteroids used to

1. MR.GOPAL ,..MSC (N),
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
GANGA COLLEGE OF NURSING
COIMBATORE

2. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE

3. CONTENT OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• Anatomy & physiology
• Definition
• Incidence
• Etiological factors
• Pathophysiology
• Signs & symptoms
• Diagnostic evaluation
• Complications
• Management

4. INTRODUCTION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a common lung disease. It is a preventable and
treatable lung disease. People with COPD must work
harder to breathe, which can lead to shortness of
breath and/or feeling tired. Early in the disease,
people with COPD may feel short of breath when they
exercise. As the disease progresses, it can be hard to
breathe out (exhale) or even breathe in (inhale)

5. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

6. DEFINITION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is a progressive, irreversible chronic inflammatory
lung disease that causes obstruction of the airflow from the
lungs.
There are two main forms of COPD:
– Chronic bronchitis, which involves a long-term
cough with mucus
– Emphysema, which involves damage to the lungs
over time

7. INCIDENCE
• The Global Burden of Disease Study reports a
prevalence of 251 million cases of COPD globally
in 2016.
• Globally, it is estimated that 3.17 million deaths
were caused by the disease in 2015 (that is, 5% of
all deaths globally in that year).
• More than 90% of COPD deaths occur in low and
middleincome countries.

8. STAGES AND SYMPTOMS OF COPD ARE:
• Mild: Airflow is somewhat limited, but you don’t
notice it much. cough and have mucus every once
in a while.
• Moderate: Airflow is worse. Person often short of
breath after doing something active. This is the
point where most people notice symptoms and get
help.

9. • Severe: Airflow and shortness of breath are
worse. You can't do normal exercise anymore.
Your symptoms flare up frequently, also called an
exacerbation.
• Very severe: Airflow is limited, your flares are
more regular and intense, and your quality of life
is poor
STAGES AND SYMPTOMS OF COPD ARE:

10. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• Bronchitis results from inflammation of bronchi
leading to increased mucus production, cough and
eventual scaring of the bronchial lining.
• Acute (short term) Infections or lung irritants cause
acute bronchitis.
• Chronic is an ongoing, serious condition. It occurs if
the lining of the bronchial tubes is constantly
irritated and inflamed, causing a long-term cough
with mucus.

11. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by
the following :
• A increased in size and number of sub-mucus
glands in the large bronchi, which increase
mucus production.
• An increased number of goblet cells which also
secrete mucus.
• Impaired ciliary function which reduce mucus
clearance.

13. EMPHYSEMA
Definition:-
Emphysema is defined as enlargement of the
air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with
destruction of their walls of the alveoli.
• As the alveoli are destroyed the alveolar surface
area in contact with the capillaries decreases.
• Causing dead spaces (no gas exchange takes
place) Leads to hypoxia.

14. TYPES
Pan
acinar
Centri
acinar
Para
septal

16. Centriacinar(centrilobular)
Centriacinar(centrilobular) emphysema the
most common type produce destruction in
bronchioles usually in the upper lung region.
Inflammation begins in the bronchioles and spread
peripherally but usually the alveolar sac remains
intact. This form of emphysema occurs most often in
smokers.

17. Panacinar
Panacinar emphysema destroys the entire
alveolus and most commonly involves the lower
portion of the lung. This form of disease is
generally observed in individuals with ATT
deficiency.

18. Paraseptal
Paraseptal or distal acinar emphysema
primarily involves the distal airway structures
alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The process is
localized around the septa of the lung or pleura. It is
believed to be the likely cause of spontaneous
pneumothorax

19. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS

20. RISK FACTORS
• A history of childhood respiratory infection
• Exposure to tobacco smoke
• Exposure to fumes from burning fuel
• people at least 40 years of age
• Abnormal lung development
• Socio economic status

21. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

22. EARLY SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
• Occasional shortness of breath, especially after
exercise
• Mild but recurrent cough
• Needing to clear your throat often, especially first
thing in the morning

23. As the lungs become more damaged,
may experience:
• Shortness of breath, after even mild exercise such
as walking up a flight of stairs
• Wheezing, or noisy breathing
• Chest tightness &Lack of energy
• Chronic cough, with or without mucus
• Need to clear mucus from your lungs every day
• Frequent colds, flu, or other respiratory infections

24. In later stages of COPD, symptoms may:
• Fatigue
• Swelling of the feet, ankles, or legs
• Weight loss
• Bluish or gray fingernails or lips, as this indicates
low oxygen levels in your blood
• Trouble catching breath or cannot talk
• Confused, muddled, or faint
• Tachycardia

25. Signs: Pink puffers & blue bloaters (2
ends of a spectrum).

26. HISTORY COLLECTION
• A complete family history
• Environmental Factors
• occupational history is essential.
to establish the diagnosis

27. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• Hyper-expansion of the thorax
• Sounds of wheezing during normal breathing or a
prolonged phase of forced exhalation Increased
nasal secretions, mucosal swelling, sinusitis,
rhinitis, or nasal polyps
• Rales, Rhonchi,
• Tachypnea &Orthopnea
• Chest constriction

28. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
• Arterial blood gas analysis
• Spo2 monitoring
• Elevated IgE level
• Complete blood count
• Blood levels of eosinophil

29. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
• Spirometry
• Chest X-ray
• Skin Prick Testing
• Measurement of Airway Hyper responsiveness
• Sputum Examination
• Pulmonary function test

30. PEFR is used to assess
the severity of wheezing in
those who have asthma.
PEFR measures how quickly
a person can exhale air from
the lungs
PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

31. INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY
• It measures how much air you can exhale.
• FEV1(force expiratory volume) > 80% = normal
• Confirms the presence of airway obstruction and
measure the degree of lung function impairment.
• Monitor your response to asthma medications

32. PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
S.No Paprameter
s
NORMAL VALUES ABNORMAL VALUES
1. FEV1/FVC – >75% Normal • 60%‐75% Mild obstruction
• 50‐59% Moderate obstruction
• <49% Severe obstruction
2. Forced
midexpiratory
flow
25‐75% (FEF25‐
75)
Interpretation of % predicted:
• >60% Normal
• 40‐60% Mild obstruction
• 20‐40% Moderate obstruction
• <10% Severe obstruction
3. Peak
expiratory
flow rates
Male : 450 ‐ 700 l/min
Females: 300 ‐ 500 l/min
<200/mins

33. PARAMETERS OBSTRUCTIVE RESTRICTIVE
Vital capacity Normal or decreased decreased
Total lung capacity Normal or increased decreased
Residual volume Increased decreased
FEV1/FVC decreased Normal or increased
Maximum mid
expiratory flow
decreased Normal
Maximum breathing
capacity
decreased Normal or decreased
PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

34. CHEST X-RAY

35. COMPLICATIONS

36. MANAGEMENT
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
NURSING MANAGEMENT

37. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
The treatment goal for the client with COPD are:
• Provide fowler/semi fowler position
• Administer Oxygen based on the spo2 level
• Facilitate the removal of bronchial secretions
• Promote health maintenance
• Teach breathing exercises
• Administer steam inhalation

38. COLLABORATIVE THERAPY
• Cessation of cigarette smoking
• Treatment of exacerbation
• Drug therapies
• Breathing exercises
• Patient and caregiver teaching
• Influenza immunization yearly
• Pneumovax immunization
• Pulmonary rehabilitation program

39. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Bronchodilators inhale these medicines. it help
open up airways.
• Corticosteroids- These drugs reduce airway
inflammation.
• Combination inhalers These inhalers
pair steroids with a bronchodilator.
• Antibiotics- might prescribe to fight bacterial
infections.
• Nebulization – to clear airway

40. • Roflumilast (Daliresp)- This drug stops an
enzyme called PDE4. It prevents flare-ups in
people whose COPD is linked to chronic
bronchitis.
• Flu /pneumonia vaccines. These vaccines lower
risk for these illnesses.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation. This program
includes exercise, disease management, and
counseling to help stay as healthy and active as
possible.
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

41. BRONCHODILATORS
Three major classes of bronchodilators:
Β2 - agonists:
• Short acting: salbutamol & terbutaline
• Long acting :salmeterol & formoterol
Anticholinergic agents:
• ipratropium, tiotropium, Theophylline (a weak
bronchodilator, which may have some anti-
inflammatory properties)

42. CORTICOSTEROIDS
• Hydrocortisone
• Methyl prednisolone
• Prednisone
• Fluticasone
• Beclomethasone
• Budesonide
• Mometasone & Ciclesonide

43. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Bullectomy
Bullae are enlarged airspaces that do not contribute
to ventilation but occupy space in the thorax, these
areas may be surgically excised
Lung volume reduction surgery
It involves the removal of a portion of the diseased
lung parenchyma. this allows the functional tissue to
expand.
Lung transplantation

44. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Ineffective airway clearance related to obstruction
of the airway, increased mucus secretion as
evidenced by secretion, decreased spo2 level,
tachypnea
• Ineffective breathing pattern related to
obstruction of airway, excessive mucus secretion
as evidenced by tachypnea and hypoxia.

45. • Acute pain on chest related to increased effort of breath
as evidenced by pain scale
• Impaired gas exchange related to decreased oxygen
level, bronchospasm as evidenced by decreased spo2
level
• Impaired tissue perfusion related to v/q mismatch,
hypoxia as evidenced by delayed capillary refills
• Disturbed sleeping pattern related to breathing
difficulty as evidenced by redness of eyes.
NURSING MANAGEMENT

46. REFERENCE
• Lewis & dirksen, (2015) textbook of medical –
surgical nursing, 2nd South asian edition, elsevier
publication.
• Brunner & suddarth’s, (2014) textbook of medical
– surgical nursing, 13th edition, wolters kluwer
publications. (620-630)

47. 3. Al-Jahdali H, Alshimemeri A, Mobeireek A, Albanna
AS, Chang, Aliberti S. The Saudi Thoracic Society
guidelines for diagnosis and management of noncystic
fibrosis bronchiectasis. Ann Thorac Med 2017;12.
4. Margaret F Alexandra (2000) Nursing practice hospital
and homes, second edition
5. Merskey, H. (1964); International Study Of Pain: An
Unpleasant Experience That We Primarily Associate With
Tissue Damage Or Describe In Terms Of Tissue Damage.