The document discusses different types of computer networks including local area networks (LAN), personal area networks (PAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). It provides examples and comparisons of each type of network, noting that LANs connect computers within an office or building, PANs connect devices near a person using wireless technologies like Bluetooth, MANs connect computers within a larger region like a city, and WANs connect computers across large geographical distances using telecommunication lines. The document also provides conceptual diagrams to illustrate each type of network.

1. Computer
Networking

2. What do you mean by computer network ?
• A computer network is a set of computers connected together for
the purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource
shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared
resources can include a printer or a file server. The Internet itself
can be considered a computer network.
• What are the types of network?
• A computer network is mainly of four types:
• LAN(Local Area Network)
• PAN(Personal Area Network)
• MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN(Wide Area Network)
• Let us discuss each of them one by one

3. LAN(Local Area Network)
• A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that share
a common communications line or wireless link to a server. Typically, a LAN
encompasses computers and peripherals connected to a server within a distinct
geographic area such as an office or a commercial establishment. Ethernet and Wi-Fi
are the two most common technologies in use for local area networks.
• Examples of Local Area Network (LAN)
• LAN enables you to store data in any central computer from where it can be shared
throughout the organization. File transfer and recovery is easy in a LAN (Local Area
Network) network because backup files are stored in a single server. So it widely used
in the following scenarios:
• Networking in home, office.
• Networking in school, laboratory, university campus.
• Networking between two computers.
• Wi-Fi (When we consider wireless LAN).

4. A conceptual diagram for LAN

5. PAN(Personal Area Network)
• A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network that enables communication
between computer devices near a person. PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire, or
they can be wireless, such as infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth and ultra wideband, or UWB.
The range of a PAN typically is a few meters.

6. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a great computer network located on the large
geographical area or region. It is a network bigger than Local Area Network (LAN), but
territorially smaller than Wide Area Network (WAN), its diameter usually ranges from 5
to 50 kilometers.

7. WAN(Wide Area Network)
• A wide area network is a telecommunications network that extends over a large
geographical area for the primary purpose of computer networking. Wide area networks
are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

8. LAN PAN MAN WAN
Local area network personal area
network
metropolitan area
network
wide area network
Allow for much larger and
more intricate network Can
cover near infinite
geographical distance
Personal area
network does not
require extra wire or
space. For
connecting two
devices you only
need to enable
Bluetooth in both
devices to start
sharing data among
them.
MAN requires fewer
resources compare to
WAN. This saves the
implementation cost. It
helps in cost effective
sharing of common
resources such as
printers etc.
A WAN provides a direct
communication
mechanism between
satellite offices or two
or more geographically
diverse locations.
Cost Speed Ease of Use Signal range is
maximum 10 meters
which makes
limitation for long
distance sharing.
It is difficult to manage
the network once it
becomes large. It
requires more cables for
connection from one
place to the other
compare to LAN.
are high setup costs,
security concerns, and
maintenance issues.
High setup costs —
WANs are complicated
and complex, so they
are rather expensive to
set up.
Phone, Computer and TV
connected to a single
network
cell phone headsets,
wireless keyboards
telephone company
network that can provide
a high-speed DSL line to
the customer
mobile broadband
connections such as 3G,
4G etc.

9. Thank you

10. Operating system
OS

11. Why do we need a operating system?
•An operating system is the most important
software that runs on a computer. It manages
the computer's memory and processes, as well
as all of its software and hardware. It also
allows you to communicate with the computer
without knowing how to speak the computer's
language.
•There are many OS. Let us see one by one.

12. Windows operating system
• Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system
families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the
computing industry. Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There have been
many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2019), Windows 8
(2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007).
• Support for all hardware: As windows OS is used by 95% of users so most of the hardware vendors make drivers for
windows.
• Ease of use: All versions of Microsoft Windows have something common in it which makes users easy to shift from one
version to another. Windows 7 users have no difficulty in migrating to Windows 10 because most of the features of
Windows 10 are the same as windows 7. The user interface of windows is also easy to use than UNIX and MAC.
• Advantages
• Software support: Windows platform is best suited for game and software developers. Windows have large number
audience so developers prefer to make utilities, games and software for windows OS. Linux users cannot make
windows apps so it is better to use windows for developing apps.
• Plug and play feature: Most hardware can be detected automatically by plug and play feature. You do not need to
manually install the hardware but it is ready to use when attached e.g. webcam, keyboard, mouse, mobile device
etc.
• Desktop and touch screen: Windows 10 is made for both touch screen devices and desktop computers. The user
interface of Windows 10 is made in such a way that it works better for any type of windows device.

13. Disadvantages of windows
• Virus attacks: Windows have a high amount of hacker attacks. The hackers can easily break windows security. So
windows users are dependent on anti-virus software and have to pay monthly charges to companies to protect
their data. Also, windows users have to update OS to keep up-to-date with security patches.
• Most of the software is paid: Most windows programs are paid e.g. games, graphics software (Photoshop),
download manager (IDM) and other popular software are paid. You have to buy these software or pay a monthly fee
to use them.
• Rebooting a system: If your system becomes slow in performance then you have to reboot it. If you load many
programs at the same time then your system slows down and hangs up. The only solution for this is to reboot.
• High price: Linux OS is open source and is free to use for everyone but windows OS has paid license and you cannot
use windows OS legally free. The cost of buying a copy of windows OS is high as well. You also need to buy other
Microsoft software e.g. MS Office to do regular office work on the computer.
• High computer resources: If you are installing windows OS then your computer should have high ram capacity, a
lot of hard drive space and good graphics card. This is because of features that are used in windows. If you want to
install graphics software i.e. Photoshop then 16 GB of ram is recommended.
• Technical support: Windows support is not good for most users. Only some large organizations can get good
support from the windows team. Common users have to search for forums to get their problem solved.

14. Booting of windows OS Homepage of windows
Bars menu etc
Taskbar

15. Ubuntu OS
• Ubuntu is a Linux distribution based on Debian mostly composed of free and open-source software. Ubuntu is officially
released in three editions: Desktop, Server, and Core for Internet of things devices and robots. All the editions can run on
the computer alone, or in a virtual machine.
• Developed by: Canonical
• Initial release date: 20 October 2004
• License: Free software + some proprietary device drivers
• Latest release: Ubuntu 20.04 / 23 April 2020 (3 months ago)
• OS family: Linux
• Programming languages: Python, Java, C, C++, C#
• Advantages
• Ubuntu is Free. ...
• Ubuntu is Completely Customizable. ...
• Ubuntu is More Secure. ...
• Ubuntu Runs Without Installing. ...
• Ubuntu is Better Suited for Development. ...
• Ubuntu's Command Line. ...
• Ubuntu Can Be Updated Without Restarting. ...
• Ubuntu is Open-Source.

16. Disadvantages or bad things
• This is very bad because it means the updates aren't tested thoroughly. Ubuntu desktop
and Ubuntu server are based on Debian's "unstable" and "testing" branches respectively. ... This is
why Ubuntu is so ridiculously bad quality and unreliable. I've seen Ubuntu desktop become un-bootable
after a regular update.

18. Linux operating system
• Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released
on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution. License: GPLv2 and others (the
name "Linux" is a trademark)
• Initial release date: 17 September 1991
• OS family: Unix-like
• Developer: Community; Linus Torvalds
• Written in: C, Assembly language
• Default user interfaces: Unix shell, KDE Plasma 5, MATE, Cinnamon, Unity, LXDE, Elementary OS, Xfce
• Advantages of Linux
• Open Source. One of the main advantages of Linux is that it is an open source operating system i.e. its source
code is easily available for everyone. ...
• Security. ...
• Revive older computer systems. ...
• Software Updates. ...
• Customization. ...
• Various Distributions. ...
• Free to use (Low Cost) ...
• Large Community Support.

19. • Disadvantages of Linux OS:
• No single way of packaging software.
• No standard desktop environment.
• Poor support for games.
• Desktop software is still rare.

20. mac operating system
• Apple Inc.
• Mac OS, operating system (OS) developed by the American computer company Apple Inc.
The OS was introduced in 1984 to run the company's Macintosh line of personal computers
(PCs).
• Advantages
• Macs are easier to buy. ...
• Mac computers are easier to get repaired. ...
• Apple macOS can be simpler to use, but that depends on personal preference. ...
• The Apple ecosystem. ...
• Macs come with some great software for free.
• Disadvantages: Runs on a small set of hardware limiting your hardware options. Some
obscure productivity software is unavailable on macOS (not relevant… can run any and all
Windows applications through virtualization)

22. So now you guys would be telling every os has so many
disadvantages. So which is the best
•See if you love pictures and want to work easily
then windows is the best OS. If you want more
childish then you can take Ubuntu that is also
easy. But if you love programing then the best is
Linux OS as it has many programing like c++ , Java
, Python etc. if you love iphone then you can take
mac OS. My recommendation is to used Ubuntu as
it is a very easy software and no virus can come in
it. Whereas in the other you will need to buy a
antivirus software.

23. Opearating system not covered
• Unix
• Ms dos
• Symbian os
• Chrome os
• Ios
• Minix

24. Thank you