The document discusses CoffeeScript, a programming language that compiles to JavaScript. It aims to provide a cleaner syntax compared to JavaScript by drawing inspiration from Python and Ruby. CoffeeScript complies with JSLint and produces readable output. It works well with libraries like jQuery, Underscore.js, and the Raphael JavaScript library. CoffeeScript can also be used to build Node.js backends. However, the author notes that CoffeeScript is still pre-version 1.0, so the language may continue to evolve.