This document covers cloud computing concepts, including definitions, architectures, deployment models, and service models such as IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. It outlines the benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cloud characteristics, and the evolution of cloud technology from the 1950s to the present. Additionally, it discusses the cloud cube model, data security considerations, and major cloud service providers.

1. Core computer concepts with AI
integration
Unit 3- Cloud computing

2. Syllabus- Unit 3
• 3.1 Definition, Cloud Architecture, Cloud Storage, The NIST Model,
The Cloud Cube Model, Deployment Models, Service Models
• 3.2 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS),
Software as a Service (SaaS), Benefits of Cloud Computing,
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing, Cloud Security

3. Definitions of Cloud Computing
• General Definition: Cloud Computing is the delivery of on-demand computing resources and
services via the internet. It allows users to access and use shared resources, software, and
information from any device with an internet connection, typically on a pay-as-you-go basis.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Cloud Computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
• IBM: Cloud Computing is a model of IT service delivery where computing resources are provided
over the internet. It allows for the efficient delivery of computing resources such as processing
power, storage, and applications, typically through virtualization technologies, enabling
businesses to scale and manage resources dynamically

4. Evolution of Cloud computing
Early Computing
(1950s-1960s)
Mainframes and
Time-Sharing
Systems
Virtualization and
Networking
(1970s-1980s)
Advent of
Virtualization
Early Cloud
Concepts (1990s)
Application
Service Providers
(ASPs)
The Rise of Cloud
Computing
(2000s)
Amazon Web
Services (AWS)
Launch
Cloud Maturity
and Expansion
(2010s)
Increased
Adoption and
Innovation
Recent
Developments
(2020s and
Beyond)
Advances in Cloud
Technologies

5. Cloud Computing Service Providers

6. Leaders in cloud infrastructure service
providers

7. Cloud computing Architecture

8. Components of cloud computing architecture
Client
Infrastructure
Application Service
Runtime
Cloud
Storage Infrastructure Management Security
Internet

9. How does cloud architecture work?
• In cloud architecture, each of the components works together to
create a cloud computing platform that provides users with on-
demand access to resources and services.
• The back end contains all the cloud computing resources, services,
data storage, and applications offered by a cloud service provider. A
network is used to connect the frontend and backend cloud
architecture components, enabling data to be sent back and forth
between them. When users interact with the front end (or client-side
interface), it sends queries to the back end using middleware where
the service model carries out the specific task or request.

10. How does cloud architecture work?
• Three types of services
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS)
• Three basic layers
• Hardware
• Virtualization
• Application and Service
• Three Main types of Clouds
• Public
• Private
• Hybrid

11. What are the benefits of cloud architecture?
Cost-
effective
Faster time
to market
Scalability
More
innovation
High
availability
Strong
security

12. What are the drawbacks of cloud
architecture?
Security and
Privacy
Downtime
and Reliability
Compliance
and Data
Sovereignty
Limited
Control and
Flexibility
Performance
Variability
Cost
Management
Vendor Lock-
In
Data Transfer
and
Bandwidth
Complexity in
Management
Dependence
on Internet
Connectivity

13. What is cloud storage?
• Cloud storage is a popular and convenient solution for storing data
online.

14. Benefits of cloud storage
Scalability Accessibility
Cost-
Effectiveness
Data
Redundancy
and Backup
Automatic
Updates and
Maintenance
Enhanced
Collaboration

15. Drawbacks of Cloud Storage
Security and
Privacy
Concerns
Dependence
on Internet
Connectivity
Cost
Management
Data Transfer
Speed
Compliance
and Data
Sovereignty
Vendor Lock-
In
Limited
Control and
Customization
Potential
Downtime
Insider
Threats
Data
Management
Complexity

16. NIST Model of cloud computing

17. NIST Cloud Computing Characteristics
NIST outlines five essential characteristics of cloud computing:
1. On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision computing capabilities as needed
automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
2. Broad Network Access: Services are available over the network and can be accessed
through standard mechanisms by various platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops).
3. Resource Pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and
reassigned according to demand.
4. Rapid Elasticity: Capabilities can be scaled up or down rapidly to match demand, often
automatically. For users, it appears as if they have unlimited resources available to them.
5. Measured Service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability. Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer.

18. NIST Cloud Computing Service Models
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines, Google Compute
Engine (GCE).
• Benefits: Flexible and scalable; users control operating systems, storage, and applications.
Platform as a Service (PaaS):
• Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure App Services, Heroku.
• Benefits: Simplifies application development and deployment; managed infrastructure; focus on
application development without managing underlying hardware and software.
Software as a Service (SaaS):
• Examples: Google Workspace, Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce.
• Benefits: Easy to use; no installation or maintenance required; accessible from anywhere with
an internet connection.

19. NIST Cloud Computing Deployment Models
1. Private Cloud
• Description: Private cloud infrastructure is designed for the exclusive use of a single organization. It can be
managed internally by the organization or by a third party and can be hosted on-premises or off-premises. This
model offers enhanced control over data, security, and compliance compared to public clouds.
• Benefits:
• Greater Control: Full control over data security and management policies.
• Customization: Tailored to meet specific business needs and regulatory requirements.
• Enhanced Security: Isolated environment reduces the risk of data breaches.
• Example: IBM Private Cloud
• Company: IBM
• Use Case: IBM offers private cloud solutions to enterprises needing customized infrastructure. IBM’s private
cloud solutions are often used by large organizations that require stringent security and compliance measures.

20. NIST Cloud Computing Deployment Models
1. Private Cloud
• Description: Private cloud infrastructure is designed for the exclusive use of a single organization. It can be
managed internally by the organization or by a third party and can be hosted on-premises or off-premises. This
model offers enhanced control over data, security, and compliance compared to public clouds.
• Benefits:
• Greater Control: Full control over data security and management policies.
• Customization: Tailored to meet specific business needs and regulatory requirements.
• Enhanced Security: Isolated environment reduces the risk of data breaches.
• Example: IBM Private Cloud
• Company: IBM
• Use Case: IBM offers private cloud solutions to enterprises needing customized infrastructure. IBM’s private
cloud solutions are often used by large organizations that require stringent security and compliance measures.

21. NIST Cloud Computing Deployment Models
2. Public Cloud
• Description: Public cloud infrastructure is available for use by the general public or large industry groups.
Resources are shared among multiple organizations, with the cloud service provider managing the infrastructure.
Public clouds are typically more cost-effective due to shared resources.
• Benefits:
• Cost-Effective: Lower costs due to shared resources and pay-as-you-go pricing.
• Scalable: Easy to scale up or down based on demand.
• Managed by Provider: Minimal management overhead for users.
• Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Company: Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Use Case: AWS provides a wide range of public cloud services, including computing power, storage, and
databases, available to businesses of all sizes.

22. NIST Cloud Computing Deployment Models
3. Hybrid Cloud
• Description: Hybrid cloud combines both private and public clouds, allowing data and applications to be
shared between them. This model provides flexibility and optimization of existing infrastructure by
leveraging both environments based on specific needs.
• Benefits:
• Flexibility: Allows for scaling resources dynamically between private and public clouds.
• Cost Optimization: Balances costs by using public cloud resources for non-sensitive tasks and private cloud
for critical data.
• Data Portability: Facilitates the movement of data and applications between different environments.
• Example: Microsoft Azure Stack
• Company: Microsoft Azure
• Use Case: Azure Stack extends Azure’s public cloud capabilities to on-premises private clouds, enabling
organizations to create a hybrid cloud environment.

23. NIST Cloud Computing Deployment Models
• 4. Community Cloud
• Description: Community cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations from a specific
community with shared concerns, such as security, compliance, or regulatory requirements. It can be
managed internally by the community or by a third party.
• Benefits:
• Cost-Sharing: Reduces costs by sharing infrastructure among organizations with similar needs.
• Tailored Solutions: Customized to meet the specific requirements of the community.
• Enhanced Collaboration: Facilitates collaboration and information sharing among member organizations.
• Example: GE Aviation's Cloud
• Company: GE Aviation
• Use Case: GE Aviation developed a community cloud to support collaboration and data sharing among
its various departments and partner organizations within the aviation industry.

24. Cloud cube model
The Cloud computing model is developed by the Jericho forum. It helps to classify
the network of cloud-based on the four-dimensional factor: Internal/External,
proprietary/open, de-perimeterized/ perimeterized, and insourced/ outsourced.

25. How is Data Secured in the Cloud Cube
Model?
There are various steps and points you should keep in your mind while
securing your data in a cloud cube model.
• The categorization of the data, the user must know what rules must
be applied to secure and protect it.
• It should make sure that the data exist only in particular trust levels.
• It should examine that what regulatory compliance and constraints
are applicable. For example: - The data is kept in a specific limit and
whether it has to stay in the secure harbor or not.

26. How is Data Secured in the Cloud Cube
Model?
When the data is categorized and can put in the needed zone, the
assigned person is in a position to decide the following aspects-
• The processes and data, which are to be shift in the cloud.
• At what level the customer wants to operate in the cloud. Maybe it is
infrastructure, platform, and software.
• The cloud formations fulfill the requirements.
• In a cloud, the level of operation can be different as per the
requirement.

27. How is Data Secured in the Cloud Cube
Model?
There are following four dimensions in the Cloud cube model.
• Internal/External
• Proprietary/open
• De-perimeterized/perimeterized
• Insourced/outsourced dimension

28. How is Data Secured in the Cloud Cube
Model?
• Internal/External: - Internal/External is the most common form of the cloud. It describes
the physical location of the data. It agrees whether the data exists inside or outside of
your organization’s limit. In this, the data that is stored by the help of private cloud
deployment will be referred to as internal, and the data outside the cloud will be
referred to as external.
• Proprietary/Open: - The second dimension of cloud formation is proprietary/open. It
defines the state of ownership of the cloud technology and interfaces. It also defines the
level of incomparability while enabling data transportability between the system and
forms of cloud.
• The meaning of proprietary dimension means that the organization is offering the service in a
secure and protected manner under their ownership.
• The open dimension using such type of technology in which more suppliers are allowed. In addition
to that, the user is not constrained in being able to share the data and cooperate with selected
partners using open technology.

29. How is Data Secured in the Cloud Cube
Model?
• De-Perimeterized/Perimeterized: - To reach de-Perimeterized/Perimeterized form, the user requires
Jericho forum and collaboration-oriented architecture commandments. It defines whether you are
working inside your traditional mindset or outside it.
• The meaning Perimeterized dimension is continuing to work within the traditional boundary, orphan signaled
by network firewalls. With the support of VPN and the operation of the virtual server in your IP domain, the
customer can expand the organization’s boundary into the external cloud computing domain.
• De-Perimeterized is the system which is designed on the principles outlined in the Jericho forum’s
commandments. In this, data is encapsulated with metadata and structure, which will again support to secure
the data and control the inappropriate usage.
• Insourced/Outsourced: - Insourced/outsourced is the fourth dimension of the cloud cube model. In
the outsourced dimension, services are offered by the third party, and in the insourced dimension,
the services are offered by the own staff.
• In some organizations with traditional bandwidth software or hardware, providers will run smoothly when they
become cloud service providers.
• Organizations exploring to process cloud services should have the capability to set a legally binding
collaboration agreement. In this, an organization must ensure that the data is removed from the service
provider’s infrastructure.

30. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Core Components of IaaS
• Compute: Virtual machines (VMs) with configurable CPU, memory, and storage
resources. Users can deploy and manage applications on these VMs.
• Storage: Scalable storage options, including block storage (for attaching to VMs) and
object storage (for storing large amounts of unstructured data).
• Networking: Virtual networks, load balancers, and IP addresses that allow users to
manage their network configurations and traffic.
• Backup and Recovery: Tools and services to back up and recover data and
applications.
• Monitoring and Management: Tools for monitoring the performance and health of
infrastructure, along with tools for managing configurations and scaling resources.

31. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Benefits of IaaS
• Scalability: Easily scale up or down based on demand without physical hardware
limitations.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Pay-as-you-go pricing model reduces capital expenditures and
operational costs. You only pay for what you use.
• Flexibility: Choose from various configurations and deploy resources quickly to
meet specific needs.
• Reduced IT Overhead: Offloads the responsibility of managing physical hardware
and infrastructure to the cloud provider.
• Disaster Recovery: Built-in disaster recovery options and high availability features
are often included.

32. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Popular IaaS Providers
• Amazon Web Services (AWS): AWS Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon S3 for
storage, and Amazon VPC for networking.
• Microsoft Azure: Azure Virtual Machines, Azure Blob Storage, and Azure Virtual
Network.
• Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Google Compute Engine, Google Cloud Storage,
and Google Virtual Private Cloud (VPC).
• IBM Cloud: IBM Virtual Servers, IBM Cloud Object Storage, and IBM Cloud Private

33. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Core Components of PaaS
• Application Hosting: Provides the environment for deploying applications, including application servers and
runtime environments.
• Development Tools: Includes integrated development environments (IDEs), code editors, and version control
systems.
• Middleware: Software that connects different applications and services, such as databases, messaging
services, and web servers.
• Database Management: Managed database services that handle database setup, maintenance, and scaling.
• Application Development Frameworks: Pre-built frameworks and libraries for developing applications more
efficiently.
• Deployment Automation: Tools and services for automating the deployment process, such as CI/CD
(Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment) pipelines.
• Monitoring and Analytics: Tools to monitor application performance, usage metrics, and analytics to track
and optimize application behavior.

34. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Benefits of PaaS
• Simplified Development: Reduces the complexity of managing underlying
infrastructure and software, allowing developers to focus on coding and functionality.
• Cost Efficiency: Reduces the need for investing in hardware and infrastructure, with a
pay-as-you-go model for platform usage.
• Scalability: Easily scale applications up or down based on demand without managing
physical resources.
• Faster Time-to-Market: Accelerates development and deployment processes with
pre-built tools and automation.
• Integration: Facilitates integration with other services and APIs, enhancing
application functionality and interoperability.

35. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Popular PaaS Providers
• Google App Engine: A fully managed platform for building and deploying
applications on Google Cloud.
• Microsoft Azure App Services: Provides a platform for building, deploying, and
scaling web apps and APIs.
• Heroku: A platform for deploying, managing, and scaling applications in various
programming languages.
• IBM Cloud Foundry: A platform for developing and deploying cloud-native
applications with support for multiple languages and frameworks.

36. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Core Components of SaaS
• Application Hosting: SaaS applications are hosted on the provider’s servers and accessed via
the internet.
• Subscription Model: Typically, SaaS is offered on a subscription basis, with pricing models that
can include monthly or annual fees.
• Multi-Tenancy: Multiple customers share the same application instance while keeping their
data isolated.
• Automatic Updates: Providers handle updates and patches, ensuring that all users have access
to the latest features and security improvements.
• Accessibility: Accessible from any device with an internet connection, often through a web
browser.
• Scalability: Easily scales to accommodate a growing number of users or increased data volume.

37. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Benefits of SaaS
• Cost Efficiency: Reduces capital expenditures on hardware and software, with
predictable subscription costs.
• Ease of Use: No need for installation or maintenance of software on individual
devices; users can access applications via a web browser.
• Automatic Updates: Ensures users always have the latest features and security
patches without manual intervention.
• Accessibility: Provides access to applications from anywhere, facilitating remote work
and collaboration.
• Scalability: Easily scales to accommodate increasing numbers of users or expanded
features.

38. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Popular SaaS Providers
• Salesforce: A leading CRM platform that offers customer relationship
management and sales automation tools.
• Microsoft 365: A suite of productivity tools, including Word, Excel,
PowerPoint, and Teams, delivered as a service.
• Google Workspace (formerly G Suite): Provides productivity and
collaboration tools such as Gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs, and Google
Meet.
• Dropbox: A file storage and synchronization service that allows users to store
and share files online.