Cloning can be done through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or artificial embryo twinning. SCNT involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned using SCNT. Reproductive cloning has a high failure rate and cloned animals often have health issues. Alternatives like reproductive semi-cloning have been proposed to address ethical concerns while still helping infertility treatments.

1. Imagine Having A Copy Of Yourself Identical Twin
AN EXACT REPLICA
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2. What Is Cloning ?
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3. Replication of certain type of cells
or certain part of the cell/ DNA from
a "parent" cell
To PROPAGATE
a certain DESIRABLE genetic
trait.
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4. To Understand CLONING we have to
Differentiate between its different types
 DNA cloning
 Therapeutic cloning
 Reproductive cloning
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5. DNA CLONING
Transferring a fragment of DNA from one organism to a
self-replicating genetic element (bacterial plasmid )
DNA of interest can then be PROPAGATED in foreign
host cells.
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6. THERAPEUTIC CLONING (Embryo Cloning ) -
Production of human embryos for use in research, for
example, extracting stem cells from these embryos for study
& for producing tissues to treat diseases.
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7. Reproductive cloning
A technology used to generate an animal that has the same
nuclear DNA as another animal, so that every single gene is
exactly the same between the two in a process called
"Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer", or (SCNT), and this type of
cloning is our subject to discuss.
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8. HISTORICAL VIEW
1952 – Trial On a tadpole.
1997 - Dolly The Sheep by a Scottish scientist at
Rosaline Institute ( first cloning of a live mammal)
Dolly The Sheep
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9. How does one go about
making an exact genetic
copy of an organism? It can
be done by different ways:
somatic cell nuclear transfer
and artificial embryo
twinning. What is the
difference between these
processes?
How Is Cloning Done?
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10. Artificial embryo twinning (natural process of
creating identical twins)
 Occurs in a Petri dish
 Manual separation of a early embryo into separate
cells
 Allowing each cell to divide on its own
 Placement of Embryo into a surrogate mother
 Term Completion and delivery of Baby
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11. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) - an exact clone of an
individual Dolly the sheep was created by this method.
Isolation of a somatic cell from an
adult
Nucleus( somatic cell) implantation
to an egg cell after removing the egg
nucleus
Fertilization & zygote formation by
chemical reactions and interventions
Embryo implantation into a
surrogate mother to complete the
term.
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12. The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of
the adult female sheep who donated the
somatic cell nucleus to the enucleated
egg, resulting in the first mammal to be cloned
from an adult somatic cell
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13. Difference between Natural Fertilization and SCNT
Origin Of 2 Set Chromosome
In Embryo
Sperm 1 Set
Egg 1 set
Both Set From
Somatic Cell
Natural Way SCNT
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14. Reproductive cloning is expensive
not highly efficient
90% failure rate (one viable clone needs more than
100 nuclear transfer).
Compromised immune function
Higher rates of infection, tumor growth,
Death at Young age
Clones have been known to die without
identifiable cause.
What are the risks of cloning?
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15. Potentially Dangerous And Ethically Irresponsible
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16. Gamete nucleus and a haploidized somatic cell nucleus
Replace either the male or the female gamete
Treatment of both male and female infertility
Alleviate some of the ethical concerns against
conventional cloning in human assisted-reproduction
Reproductive Semi-Cloning Respecting Biparental Embryo Origin
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17. Learn More
To Get
World Class
Infertility IVF Gynecology and Obstetrics
Facilities
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Dr Najeeb Layyous
Amman, Jordan
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