The document outlines the evolution of India's national movement from the 1870s to 1947, highlighting key events and figures in the struggle against British colonial rule. It discusses the formation of political associations, the rise of the Indian National Congress, social movements, and significant uprisings like the Quit India Movement. The narrative details the complexities of Hindu-Muslim relations, the demands for swaraj, and the eventual partition that led to the emergence of Pakistan.

1. THE MAKING OF THE
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1870S-1947

2.  The feeling of oneness
 Unity among the people of nation
 Patriotic feeling
 Principle and policy of national independence

3.  About 100 years British took control over
India
 It exercises control over
1. Lives of people
2. Resources
3. Made end to India the country of Indians.

4.  1870s and 1880s-
 Political associations formed
 It led by English educated professionals such
as lawyers

5.  Poorna Sarvajanik Sabha
 The Indian Asssociation
 The Madras Mahajan Sabha
 The Bombay Presidency Association
 The Indian National Congress

6.  Associations functioned in specific parts of
the country
 Worked with the idea that India should be
‘SOVEREING’

7.  Arms Act -1878
 The Vernacular Press Act-1878
 Ilbert Bill 1883, the bill sought equality
between British and Indian Judges in the
country
 Britishers opposed the bill , forced gov.t to
withdraw it

8. The Indian National Congress-1885
Dadabhai
Naoroji
Pherozeshah Mehta

9. Baddrudin
Tyabji
WC Bonerji Surendra Nath
Banerji

10. Romesh Chandra
Dutt
S Subramania Iyer
etc

11.  A retired British official, A.O.Hume helped in
the formation of Indian National Congress

12.  The Congress in the first twenty years was
“moderate” in its objectives and methods.
 Congress wanted better representation of
Indian in legislative Council

13.  Civil servant examination to be held in India
not just in London
 separation of Judiciary and Executive
 Repeal of the Arm Act
 Freedom of speech and exprression

14.  Reduction of revenue
 Cut in military expenditure
 More fund for irrigation

15. B y 1890s, Critics of Moderates ( Radicals)
1. Bepin Chandra Pal
2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
3. Lala Lajpat Rai
They believed in Self Rule ‘SWARAJ’
Tilak said,
“ Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it”

17.  In 1905, Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal
 Bengal which included Bihar and part of
Orissa
 Government separated Bengal as East and
West

18.  British gives reason of administrative
convenience
 The main motive of British is:
◦ To curtail the influence of Bengal
Politician
◦ To split the Bengal people
◦ To divide Hindu and Muslim

19.  All sections of Congress- the Moderates and
Radicals opposed it
 Large public meetings and demonstrations
were held to protest the part
 Movements started in Bengal and other part
of India also.
 Swadeshi Movement in Bengal and
Vandemataram movement in Deltaic Andhra

20.  All India Muslim League, 1906
 Formed by Muslim landlords and nawabs
 It supported the partition and demanded for a
separate electorate for Muslim
 In 1907, Congress split and agin reunited
in1915
 Next year, both signed Lucknow Pact and
decided to work together for representative
gov.t in India.

21.  War altered the economic and political
situation in India
 Rise in defense expenditure
 Increase taxes on individual incomes and
business profits
 Demand for war supplies created difficulties
for the common people

22.  On the other hand,
 War reaped fabulous profit for business
group
 It created demand for industrial goods like
jute bags, clothes rails.
 Indian industries expands and business
groups
demand greater opportunies for
development.

24.  South Africa- started movement against racial
restriction
 1915, Gandhi came to India from South Africa
 Wanted to understand the people, the needs
and the overall situation
 Spent 1st year in travelling and understanding
Indians

25.  Participate in local movements like
champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabhad
 Came to be contact with Rajendra Prasad and
Vallabh bhai Patel

26.  Introduced by the British in 1919.
 According to this act, any Indian could be
arrested without trial in the court of law.
 The act curbed fundamental rights such as
the freedom of expression and strengthened
police powers

27.  Mahatma Gandhi, Mohanmad Ali Jinnah
criticize the act as a ‘devilish’ and tyrannical
 Mahatma Gandhi launched a Satyagraha
against the Rawlatt Act, to suppress them
British used Brutal measure
 Example : Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
 Gandhiji wanted Hindu and Muslim support
each other for just cause

29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXneJhU7XwE

30.  Khilafat launched by two brothers Mohammad and
Shaukat Ali on Anti British Attitude as British
threatened the welfare of turkey by weakening the
Caliph’s (Sultan of Turkey) position.
 It was supported by
Gandhi and the Indian
National Congress to
paved the way for
Hindu-Muslim unity

31.  They demand for Swaraj
 They wanted to reduce the ‘wrongs’ against
Punjab

32.  Thousands of students left government
controlled schools and colleges.
 Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R.
Das, C. Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali gave
up their practices.
 British titles were surrendered and
legislatures boycotted.
 People lit public bonfires of foreign cloth.

33.  Non-cooperation became non-violent in most
of the places
 Some interpreted Gandhi’s message in their
own ways

34.  In Kheda, Patidar peasants-against high land
revenue
 In Andhra and Tamil N.-Liquor shops were
pickedted
 Tribal and poor peasants- started forest
satyagraha against new forest laws
 In Sind and Bengal- Support Khilafat Movement
 In Punjab- sikh demanded to remove currupt
Mahants from Gurudwaras
 In Assam, tea garden labourers demanded to
increase wages
 Gandhiji referred to as ‘Gandhi Raja’

35.  Some thought of Gandhiji as Messiah
 Some credited him with their achievement
 Tribals and peasants undertook action that
did not conform to his idealism

36.  In feb 1922, police station in Chauri Chaura set
fire, 22 policemen killed
 Mahatma Gandhi felt sad and called off NCM
 Gandhi’s followers start constructive work
 Chattta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru wanted
to fight election to the council
 Baghat Singh revolutionary took active part
 In 1927, British sent commission headed Simon
 In 1929, with J.Nehru the Congress fight for
Purna Swaraj

37.  Gandhi and other nationalist believed sinful
to tax salt
 In 1930, Gandhi started march to break the
Salt Law
 March from Sabarmati coastal town to Dandi
 March to 240 miles
 They made salt from sea water

38.  1935,The Government of India Act -Provincial
autonomy
 1937,The government elections to the
provincial legislatures
 Congress formed government in 7 out of 11
 1939, second world war broke out
 Congress leaders ready to support British on
condition of independent after the war
 British refused and Congress resigned in
protest

39.  August 1942, Quit India movement started by
Gandhiji
 Gandhiji urged people Do or Die
 Gandhi and other leaders arrested but
movement spread
 People set up their own government
 By the end 1943, 90,000 arrested,1000 killed
 The Rebellion brought the British Raj to its
knee

40.  In 1940, Muslim League moved resolution
demanding ‘Independent State’ not Partition
or Pakistan
 Provincial election of 1930 convinced the
league that Muslim were a minority
 Congress did well in General Constituencies
and League succeed in getting reserved seat
for Muslim

41.  In March 1946,
 Three member Cabinet Mission sent to Delhi
 To suggest suitable framework for
independent

42.  The Muslim league demand for Pakistan
 16th August 1946, ‘Direct Action Day’
 Riots broke out in Calcutta
 Thousands were death
 By March 1947, violence spread in North India
 Millions people forced to flee from their
home,tortured and killed

43.  Pakistan – A new country was born
 Many cities of India changed
 Joy of independence intermingled with the
pain and violence of partition