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L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai   1   9/13/12   10:07 AM




      MICA (P) 069/10/2011


      01 Feature Article                                                                   September 2012
      02 Equity Markets
      03 Bond Markets
      04 Investment Insights




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      Possible Grexit looming
      Citi analysts have put the probability of Greece exiting the Euro Area (Grexit) in the next 12-18 months at about
      90% and, within that timeframe, think that it is increasingly likely that Grexit could occur in the next six months
      or so, conceivably even as early as September/October depending on the outcome of the September Troika
      (European Union, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund) report on Greece. There is also a
      crucial series of meetings and events in the coming weeks that may clarify how this plays out.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai   2   9/13/12   10:07 AM




      Possible Grexit looming

      Likelihood of Grexit becoming even clearer…
      The likelihood of Grexit itself is coming into even sharper focus, in Citi analysts’ view. There appears to be a sizeable – and probably
      unbridgeable – gap between the Greek government’s ability to quickly cut the fiscal deficit and implement major supply-side reforms
      and privatisations, and the measures that creditor nations require to extend further funding. The Greek government has sought a
      two-year extension of the latest austerity programme, with a slower pace of fiscal tightening. At the same time, attitudes appear to
      be hardening among official bodies and especially creditor nations, with a growing reluctance to do “whatever it takes” to keep
      Greece in the European Monetary Union (EMU) and a growing willingness to contemplate the likelihood that one or more countries
      will exit EMU.

      There is a busy timetable of key meetings and events in the coming weeks that may clarify how this dilemma could play out.
        • September 6: ECB meeting and press conference, when the ECB is likely to present details of the Conditional Government
             Bond Purchase Programme (CGBPP).
        • Around September 11: EU Commissioner Michel Barnier will present the proposal for a single bank supervisor (the ECB) in
             the Euro Area.
        • September 12: German constitutional court will rule on the legality of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). If the court
             decides in favour, the German President can sign the ESM treaty immediately. Germany is the final signatory needed for the
             treaty to enter into effect. Once all ESM member states pay their obligations to the first capital tranche, the fund will become
             operational. However, the court may also require additional information, particularly on the ECB’s bond purchase plans under
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             existing ESM programmes, before making a final ruling. Anything other than a positive ruling from the court will prevent
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             Germany ratifying the treaty in the short term.
 Y      • September 12: Dutch election, with polls pointing to an inconclusive result, which could inhibit approval of further EMU rescue
CM           measures.
MY
        • September 13-14: Meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in Mexico.
        • September 14-15: Informal meeting of European Finance Ministers (ECOFIN) with Central Bank Governors.
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        • During September: Troika assessment on Greece.
CMY

      The precise timing of Grexit, if it happens, remains uncertain. But Citi analysts believe it could even occur as soon as
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      September/October, if the upcoming Troika report confirms that Greece’s programme is off-track and creditor nations are unwilling
      to provide Greece any funding extension or extra time. However, creditor nations may provide enough funding to delay Grexit to after
      theDecember review, for example to allow plans for common bank supervision to be finalised. This might ensure that if Grexit prompts
      wider bank recapitalisation needs (in the other Euro Area countries), these can be mutualised via the ESM (either immediately or at
      a later stage). A deferral beyond September also could be more likely if the German Constitutional Court causes a delay in ESM
      ratification. Or, the Greek establishment may accept at some stage that it will be unable (or unwilling) to implement the measures
      required to stay inside EMU and decide itself that Grexit is inevitable.


      …But the exact mechanics remain uncertain
      In the event Grexit happens, Citi analysts envisage an extended bank holiday and some form of capital controls and limits on deposit
      withdrawals in Greece (and perhaps some temporary restrictions in some other EMU countries as well). Prior examples highlight that
      currency redenomination need not be uniform: for example, when Argentina abandoned its currency peg to the US Dollar in 2002,
      the government decided to apply a 1-to-1 exchange rate for Bank loans and a 1.4-to-1 exchange rate to deposits. Moreover, when East
      Germany adopted the Deutsche Mark as legal tender on July 1 1990, just ahead of German unification in October of the same year,
      the East German mark was converted at par for wages, prices, pensions and savings up to a limit of 4000 East Mark/person. Financial
      claims, including corporate and housing loans, and savings in excess of 4000 East Mark were converted at a ratio of 2:1 into the
      Deutsche Mark. Citi analysts believe that a new Greek currency could fall by about 60%, pushing inflation markedly higher in 2013-16,
      but the scale of currency decline is highly uncertain.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai   3   9/13/12   10:07 AM




      Possible Grexit looming

      With policymakers aware that Grexit could be a “Lehman” moment – that causes massive unanticipated disruption – Grexit (if it
      happens) is likely to prompt a huge policy response, with policymakers using conventional and unconventional tools. The approach
      may be to err on the side of being overly generous rather than emphasise long-run moral hazard or inflation concerns. Greece itself
      could probably receive financial assistance from the IMF and EU, while the ECB (and other central banks) may provide extensive extra
      liquidity and, in some cases, monetary policy easing as well. In addition, assistance for Italy and Spain is likely to be promptly
      activated (if it is not already in place) with little or no extra conditionality on top of what has already been agreed. Fiscal targets for
      other periphery EMU countries may also be eased, at least for 2012 and 2013.


      Grexit unlikely to be the end-game to the EMU crisis
      Even so, Citi analysts doubt that potential Grexit and the resultant policy responses would be a cathartic event that ends EMU strains.
      Indeed, they suspect that Grexit, if it happens, could intensify the withdrawal of private sector funds from periphery EMU countries.
      Grexit would fundamentally change the nature of EMU, establishing that exit can occur. Greece’s non-compliance with its programme
      is unique at present. But, there are echoes of Greece’s economic problems – persistent economic weakness, poor external
      competitiveness, fragile banking system and unsustainable fiscal trends – in a range of other periphery countries.

      In Citi analysts’ opinion, the EMU end-game is likely to be a mix of EMU exit (Greece), a significant amount of sovereign debt and
      bank debt restructuring (Portugal and, eventually, perhaps Ireland, Italy and Spain), with only limited official fiscal burden sharing
      (via the ESM, European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and ECB losses) and ongoing liquidity support from the ESM and the ECB.
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      Portugal is still expected to get a second bailout (or a prolonged extension of the current programme), with no private sector
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      involvement (PSI) initially but a high chance of PSI and official sector involvement (OSI) over the next three years or so. Ireland may
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      well also need some external assistance beyond the end of the current programme, although – with the deficit likely to undershoot
CM    official forecasts and evidence that the country has some access to markets – this may take the form of partial funding via the
MY    EFSF/ESM and the backstop of ECB market purchases if needed.
CY
      Nevertheless, for Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain, the crisis looks set to leave a legacy of high unemployment and very high
CMY   government debt-to-GDP ratios (90%+, and, in most cases, well above that level). Citi analysts doubt that any of these countries will
 K    be able to sustain normal market access at a tolerable yield without the backstop of official support in coming years. There are
      arguments in favour of implementing widespread debt restructuring early, to limit the extent to which restructuring risks hang over
      the system and paralyse decision-making. However, in practice the process is likely to be lengthy and drawn-out over several years,
      because of hopes that periphery countries can grow their way back to fiscal sustainability and widespread reluctance to inflict early
      losses on the already-weak banking system.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai       4   9/13/12   10:07 AM




      Equity markets
      Chart 1 :                                                                    Chart 2 :
      S&P 500 Index                                                                Dow Jones Stoxx 600 Index

          40%                                                                          14%
                                                               37.82%                                                                 12.81%
          35%                                                                                                                12.13%
                                                                                       12%
          30%
                                                                                       10%
                                                                                                                     8.87%
          25%
                                                                                       8%
          20%
                                                 15.40%                                6%
          15%
                                        11.85%                                         4%
          10%
                                                                                                  1.86%
          5%                                                                           2%
                     1.98%
          0%                                                                           0%
                     1-Mth               YTD      1-Yr         3-Yr*                              1-Mth              YTD      1-Yr    3-Yr*

      *Denotes cumulative performance                                              *Denotes cumulative performance

      Performance data as of August 31 2012                                        Performance data as of August 31 2012
      Source: Bloomberg                                                            Source: Bloomberg



      United States                                                                Euro-Area
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      Near-term caution appears appropriate                                        ECB likely to cut rates by 50 bps by year-end
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         Rebounds in employment and consumer spending in July                        Greece might manage to get some more months of funding
          have eased fears that the expansion might be at risk.                        from the Troika, however, the increasing unwillingness of some
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          Although major downside threats remain due to scheduled                      creditor countries to expand support for Greece suggests that
CM        fiscal tightening next year and the ongoing financial crisis                 “Grexit” — to which Citi analysts attach a probability of about
MY
          in Europe, the US recovery is proceeding on a modest 2%                      90% — could happen as early as September/October. In
          track.                                                                       particular, if the German constitutional court approves
CY
                                                                                       Germany’s ESM participation, this could increase the
CMY
         Citi’s base case expects further eventual accommodation                      probability of Grexit soon.
          but this vigil is likely to extend well beyond the next few
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          months and into 2013. For now, the improvement in key                       If and when Spain or Italy has sought support from the
          early 3Q12 data is likely to forestall action at their next                  ESFS/ESM, the European Central Bank (ECB) is also expected
          meeting. In the meantime, Operation Twist has been                           to resume its multi-year LTRO programme. Likely backed by a
          extended and officials are likely to use public statements                   weaker growth outlook, the ECB could cut the refi rate to 0.5%
          to underscore their readiness to buoy financial conditions,                  in September and the deposit rate to -0.25%. During 4Q12,
          most likely through MBS purchases or a new lending                           Citi analysts expect a reduction of the main refi and the
          program. Action remains contingent on either a serious                       deposit rate to 0.25% and -0.5%, respectively.
          financial shock or more credible evidence that economic
          momentum, particularly in labour markets, is stalling.                      Over the last decade, mega cap has been the weakest
                                                                                       performing group eight out of the ten years. It has been the
         A near 11% rally by the S&P 500 index off its June lows seem                 best performing twice, both years that the market fell,
          to have caught many within the investment community by                       highlighting defensive characteristics. Indeed, mega caps in
          surprise, as once again investors turned too defensive after                 Europe have performed much like the Japanese market, while
          May’s severe market correction. Going forward, while                         mid caps have delivered EM-type returns.
          sentiment and valuation still support additional gains,
          estimate revision momentum and intra-stock correlation                      There are two similarities. One, lack of appetite for equity as
          no longer generate as much enthusiasm as before.                             an asset class, and two, no market for corporate control. Since
                                                                                       the end of the Japanese bubble there has been a consistent
         As such, with political and geopolitical uncertainty rising,                 switch out of equities, driving the derating. This pattern of
          possibly to a crescendo in the next couple of months, Citi                   outflows has also been seen in Europe. However, all other
          analysts believe that some caution may be appropriate. It                    things being equal, the flows out of equity should have
          also appears more prudent to stick with high quality                         impacted mid caps as much as mega caps. But mid cap has had
          dividend yielders at this juncture that also have moderate                   another buyer, the corporate sector though buy backs and
          growth characteristics than chasing high beta or                             M&A. While mega caps have also been buying back stock, there
          economically leveraged names.                                                is very little chance of a cash bid for mega caps. They are
                                                                                       effectively bid proof because of their size. This is where
                                                                                       European mega caps are like Japan, where acquisitions are
                                                                                       very rare.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai      5   9/13/12   10:07 AM




      Equity markets
      Chart 3 :                                                                   Chart 4 :
      Topix Index                                                                 MSCI Asia ex Japan Index


           5%                                                                         20%
                                        0.42%                                                                                        16.04%
           0%                                                                         15%
                     -0.63%
           -5%
                                                -5.06%                                10%
          -10%                                                                                                      6.41%
                                                                                       5%
          -15%
                                                                                       0%
          -20%
                                                                                                 -0.80%
          -25%                                                                         -5%
                                                             -24.24%                                                        -4.67%
          -30%                                                                        -10%
                      1-Mth              YTD     1-Yr         3-Yr*                               1-Mth             YTD      1-Yr    3-Yr*

      *Denotes cumulative performance                                             *Denotes cumulative performance

      Performance data as of August 31 2012                                       Performance data as of August 31 2012
      Source: Bloomberg                                                           Source: Bloomberg




      Japan                                                                       Asia Pacific
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      Growth may slow in 2014 due to tax hike                                     Valuations suggest upside probability
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         Economic growth in this year and next could be pushed up                   Growth worries continue to dominate, with forecast
          to 2.7% and 1.8% respectively, by reconstruction demand                     downgrades in India, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Malaysia's and
 Y
          from the earthquake and frontloaded spending ahead of                       Indonesia's growth remained strong — in Indonesia’s case
CM        the consumption tax hike. But GDP growth in 2014 will                       this prompted a marked current account deterioration and
MY
          inevitably slow sharply due to a payback to frontloaded                     earlier-than-expected rate hike. For others, benign inflation
          spending and erosion in real household disposable income                    still leaves a window for some cuts, notably Korea, Thailand
CY
          driven by tax hikes. Citi expects a sharp contraction in GDP                and Philippines, but sticky inflation likely mean delayed
CMY       right after the tax hike in April 2014, which could in turn                 easing room for India.
          make the second tax hike slated for October 2015 less
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          likely.                                                                    A slower Chinese economy and flat CNY has important
                                                                                      implications for export/China-led Asian currencies. In
         Citi analysts expect the Bank of Japan (BoJ) to take                        particular, the Korean Won (KRW), Taiwan Dollar (TWD) and
          additional easing action in late October when                               Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) are expected to face the largest
          policymakers publish a semiannual economic outlook                          downside risks in the medium term.
          report. The BoJ’s inflation forecasts could be revised down
          somewhat and this may lead to additional easing action,                    Based on the last 37 years of price-to-book (PB), Asia ex
          most likely in the form of increasing purchases of                          Japan has traded on a higher multiple 73% of the time and
          short-term and long-term JGBs under the asset purchase                      delivered a return of 32% on a 12 month view versus a 27%
          program.                                                                    probability of a 12% loss. Based on mid-cycle earnings,
                                                                                      current valuations have led to 21% upside over six months
         Citi analysts see two potential impacts from the                            and 44% over 12 months.
          strengthening of the Fed policy duration effect on
          Japanese equities: 1) a negative impact from JPY                           Post more than a year of deceleration, balance sheets of
          appreciation versus USD stemming from lower US interest                     central banks are expanding again. Without this, we typically
          rates; and 2) a positive impact from higher stock prices in                 do not see multiple expansion. The average duration of
          the US and increased investor risk appetite. Overall, the                   expansion is 11 months, during which the market typically
          negative impact on Japanese equities from JPY strength                      adds 0.3 multiple points to PB which based on current levels
          is expected to be offset by the potential rise in US equities.              is 20% upside. The summer has brought more earnings
                                                                                      downgrades and this is likely to carry on into September.
         It is possible that expectations could rise not only for a                  2012 earnings-per-share (EPS) growth estimates has fallen
          strengthening of the policy duration effect, but also for                   from 16% to 11.8%, but already appears priced in given
          QE3. As expectations of QE3 mount, Citi analysts believe                    implied EPS growth to perpetuity of a mere 1% versus a
          the following sectors may be worth keeping an eye on: 1)                    historic average of 8% p.a. The current results season is also
          exporters with high US sales weightings, on mounting                        turning out better than expected. Moreover, both in the G10
          expectations of a US economic recovery (Transport                           and EM world, economic data is generally coming out better
          Equipment, etc.); 2) Real Estate, on a decline in                           than expected. The same is also true in Asia and China.
          longer-term call rates; 3) resource-related sectors
          (Wholesale Trade, etc.), on higher resource prices; and 4)
          Brokers, on recovering share prices.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai              6    9/13/12      10:07 AM




                                                                                                 Bond markets
      Chart 5 :
      MSCI Emerging Markets Index                                                                Positive on High-Grade Corporates and
                                                                                                 Emerging Market Debt
          15%
                                                                      12.85%
                                                                                                 US Treasuries
                                                                                                 Citi analysts expect yield curves to flatten, and for gains to be
          10%                                                                                    potentially generated in the intermediate- to longer-dated
                                                                                                 maturity range.
           5%
                                        3.38%                                                    US Corporates
           0%                                                                                    A strengthening technical backdrop, large cash balances, low
                      -0.54%                                                                     default rates, decreasing net issuance, and a smaller universe of
           -5%                                                                                   safe haven assets continue to remain supportive. Meanwhile,
                                                                                                 although high yield valuations have become more attractive, Citi
          -10%
                                                      -8.31%                                     analysts remain cautious due to festering concerns in Europe and
                       1-Mth            YTD            1-Yr            3-Yr*
                                                                                                 expectations that global growth could continue to slow. As such,
                                                                                                 they selectively favour high quality, double-B rated issuers and
      *Denotes cumulative performance                                                            select single-B rated issuers with strong fundamentals.
      Performance data as of August 31 2012
      Source: Bloomberg                                                                          Euro Bonds
                                                                                                 As global growth slows further and heightened uncertainties
                                                                                                 persist, high quality government bonds in safe haven markets,
      Emerging Markets                                                                           particularly UK Gilts are likely to be well-supported.

 C
      Outlook for CEEMA equities appears                                                         Emerging Market Debt
      challenging                                                                                Increased corporate bond issuance in emerging markets may
 M                                                                                               present opportunities to pick up yield while benefiting from
         CEEMEA1 remains hostage to growth and deleveraging risks                               stronger domestic growth.
 Y
          from the Eurozone. In particular, growth prospects in Poland
CM
          appear to be rather gloomy plus the risk of further escalation
MY        in the conflict surrounding the Middle East is what Citi
          analysts would pay attention to.
CY



CMY
         In Latam, stability appears to be still the name of the game
          when it comes to monetary policy (except in Brazil). Resilient
 K
          growth has kept most central banks in "wait-and-see" mode
          but Citi analysts continue to expect easing later in the year.
         Performance of CEEMEA currencies, particularly Czech
          Koruna (CZK) and Hungarian Forint (HUF) are likely to
          remain generally weak, held back by association with EUR
          weakness. On the other hand, Latam currencies such as
          Mexican Peso (MXN), may perform relatively well short term
          but give back some gains medium term.
         Citi analysts have an end-2012 target of 4,000 on the MSCI
          Latam index. Although earnings-per-share (EPS) growth
          appears to be slowing, policy flexibility implies that the
          region can weather the European economic slowdown. They
          favour Brazil and Peru, and prefer the Financials, Energy and
          Consumer Discretionary sectors.
         While the CEEMEA region is attractively valued, there is
          reason for continued caution given relatively weak growth
          and higher exposure to the Euro Area. Under such
          conditions, Citi’s preferred market is South Africa thanks
          largely to its strong and resilient earnings growth outlook.
          Their end-2012 target for the MSCI EM EMEA index stands
          at 350.




      1. CEEMEA is the collective term for Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai        7    9/13/12      10:07 AM




      Investment insights

      QE3 and Emerging Markets
      Though market talk of an imminent third round of quantitative easing (QE3) by the US Federal Reserve have been
      tempered by better-than-expected economic data out of the US of late, the general expectation remains for QE3 to
      be announced over the next couple of months. In this month’s issue, we take a look at the effects of previous rounds
      of QE on emerging markets.

                                     MSCI Global Emerging Markets (GEMs) Index and Quantitative Easing




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 M



 Y



CM



MY



CY                                                     Source: MSCI, Datastream and Citi Research. As of August 15 2012.

CMY
      Since the end of the 2007-8 bear market, periods of QE have been positive for emerging market equities, while post-QE periods have been negative.
      During QE1 (from mid-December 2008 to end-March 2010), MSCI GEMs shot up by 80%; during QE2 (from late-August 2010 to mid-2011), the rise was
 K
        a more modest 18.7%.


      GEMs Regions: Average performances during QE                                     GEMs Sectors: Average performances during QE




       Source: MSCI, Datastream and Citi Research. As of August 15 2012.               Source: MSCI, Datastream and Citi Research. As of August 15 2012.



      All regions have, on average, risen sharply during the two QE periods.
      The sector performance picture has been less clear. Three of the high-beta sectors outperformed during QE periods (Consumer Discretionary, Materials
        and IT).
      However, rather unexpectedly, other higher-beta sectors – Energy, Financials and Industrials – underperformed during QE.
      Most surprisingly, one of the classic defensive sectors (Consumer Staples) outperformed on average during the two QE periods.




      Source: Citibank N.A., Singapore Branch, Regional Wealth Management.
L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai    8    9/13/12   10:07 AM




       GENERAL DISCLOSURE
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                              in value that could equal the amount invested.

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Citibank - Market Outlook September 2012

  • 1. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 1 9/13/12 10:07 AM MICA (P) 069/10/2011 01 Feature Article September 2012 02 Equity Markets 03 Bond Markets 04 Investment Insights C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Possible Grexit looming Citi analysts have put the probability of Greece exiting the Euro Area (Grexit) in the next 12-18 months at about 90% and, within that timeframe, think that it is increasingly likely that Grexit could occur in the next six months or so, conceivably even as early as September/October depending on the outcome of the September Troika (European Union, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund) report on Greece. There is also a crucial series of meetings and events in the coming weeks that may clarify how this plays out.
  • 2. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 2 9/13/12 10:07 AM Possible Grexit looming Likelihood of Grexit becoming even clearer… The likelihood of Grexit itself is coming into even sharper focus, in Citi analysts’ view. There appears to be a sizeable – and probably unbridgeable – gap between the Greek government’s ability to quickly cut the fiscal deficit and implement major supply-side reforms and privatisations, and the measures that creditor nations require to extend further funding. The Greek government has sought a two-year extension of the latest austerity programme, with a slower pace of fiscal tightening. At the same time, attitudes appear to be hardening among official bodies and especially creditor nations, with a growing reluctance to do “whatever it takes” to keep Greece in the European Monetary Union (EMU) and a growing willingness to contemplate the likelihood that one or more countries will exit EMU. There is a busy timetable of key meetings and events in the coming weeks that may clarify how this dilemma could play out. • September 6: ECB meeting and press conference, when the ECB is likely to present details of the Conditional Government Bond Purchase Programme (CGBPP). • Around September 11: EU Commissioner Michel Barnier will present the proposal for a single bank supervisor (the ECB) in the Euro Area. • September 12: German constitutional court will rule on the legality of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). If the court decides in favour, the German President can sign the ESM treaty immediately. Germany is the final signatory needed for the treaty to enter into effect. Once all ESM member states pay their obligations to the first capital tranche, the fund will become operational. However, the court may also require additional information, particularly on the ECB’s bond purchase plans under C existing ESM programmes, before making a final ruling. Anything other than a positive ruling from the court will prevent M Germany ratifying the treaty in the short term. Y • September 12: Dutch election, with polls pointing to an inconclusive result, which could inhibit approval of further EMU rescue CM measures. MY • September 13-14: Meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in Mexico. • September 14-15: Informal meeting of European Finance Ministers (ECOFIN) with Central Bank Governors. CY • During September: Troika assessment on Greece. CMY The precise timing of Grexit, if it happens, remains uncertain. But Citi analysts believe it could even occur as soon as K September/October, if the upcoming Troika report confirms that Greece’s programme is off-track and creditor nations are unwilling to provide Greece any funding extension or extra time. However, creditor nations may provide enough funding to delay Grexit to after theDecember review, for example to allow plans for common bank supervision to be finalised. This might ensure that if Grexit prompts wider bank recapitalisation needs (in the other Euro Area countries), these can be mutualised via the ESM (either immediately or at a later stage). A deferral beyond September also could be more likely if the German Constitutional Court causes a delay in ESM ratification. Or, the Greek establishment may accept at some stage that it will be unable (or unwilling) to implement the measures required to stay inside EMU and decide itself that Grexit is inevitable. …But the exact mechanics remain uncertain In the event Grexit happens, Citi analysts envisage an extended bank holiday and some form of capital controls and limits on deposit withdrawals in Greece (and perhaps some temporary restrictions in some other EMU countries as well). Prior examples highlight that currency redenomination need not be uniform: for example, when Argentina abandoned its currency peg to the US Dollar in 2002, the government decided to apply a 1-to-1 exchange rate for Bank loans and a 1.4-to-1 exchange rate to deposits. Moreover, when East Germany adopted the Deutsche Mark as legal tender on July 1 1990, just ahead of German unification in October of the same year, the East German mark was converted at par for wages, prices, pensions and savings up to a limit of 4000 East Mark/person. Financial claims, including corporate and housing loans, and savings in excess of 4000 East Mark were converted at a ratio of 2:1 into the Deutsche Mark. Citi analysts believe that a new Greek currency could fall by about 60%, pushing inflation markedly higher in 2013-16, but the scale of currency decline is highly uncertain.
  • 3. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 3 9/13/12 10:07 AM Possible Grexit looming With policymakers aware that Grexit could be a “Lehman” moment – that causes massive unanticipated disruption – Grexit (if it happens) is likely to prompt a huge policy response, with policymakers using conventional and unconventional tools. The approach may be to err on the side of being overly generous rather than emphasise long-run moral hazard or inflation concerns. Greece itself could probably receive financial assistance from the IMF and EU, while the ECB (and other central banks) may provide extensive extra liquidity and, in some cases, monetary policy easing as well. In addition, assistance for Italy and Spain is likely to be promptly activated (if it is not already in place) with little or no extra conditionality on top of what has already been agreed. Fiscal targets for other periphery EMU countries may also be eased, at least for 2012 and 2013. Grexit unlikely to be the end-game to the EMU crisis Even so, Citi analysts doubt that potential Grexit and the resultant policy responses would be a cathartic event that ends EMU strains. Indeed, they suspect that Grexit, if it happens, could intensify the withdrawal of private sector funds from periphery EMU countries. Grexit would fundamentally change the nature of EMU, establishing that exit can occur. Greece’s non-compliance with its programme is unique at present. But, there are echoes of Greece’s economic problems – persistent economic weakness, poor external competitiveness, fragile banking system and unsustainable fiscal trends – in a range of other periphery countries. In Citi analysts’ opinion, the EMU end-game is likely to be a mix of EMU exit (Greece), a significant amount of sovereign debt and bank debt restructuring (Portugal and, eventually, perhaps Ireland, Italy and Spain), with only limited official fiscal burden sharing (via the ESM, European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) and ECB losses) and ongoing liquidity support from the ESM and the ECB. C Portugal is still expected to get a second bailout (or a prolonged extension of the current programme), with no private sector M involvement (PSI) initially but a high chance of PSI and official sector involvement (OSI) over the next three years or so. Ireland may Y well also need some external assistance beyond the end of the current programme, although – with the deficit likely to undershoot CM official forecasts and evidence that the country has some access to markets – this may take the form of partial funding via the MY EFSF/ESM and the backstop of ECB market purchases if needed. CY Nevertheless, for Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Spain, the crisis looks set to leave a legacy of high unemployment and very high CMY government debt-to-GDP ratios (90%+, and, in most cases, well above that level). Citi analysts doubt that any of these countries will K be able to sustain normal market access at a tolerable yield without the backstop of official support in coming years. There are arguments in favour of implementing widespread debt restructuring early, to limit the extent to which restructuring risks hang over the system and paralyse decision-making. However, in practice the process is likely to be lengthy and drawn-out over several years, because of hopes that periphery countries can grow their way back to fiscal sustainability and widespread reluctance to inflict early losses on the already-weak banking system.
  • 4. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 4 9/13/12 10:07 AM Equity markets Chart 1 : Chart 2 : S&P 500 Index Dow Jones Stoxx 600 Index 40% 14% 37.82% 12.81% 35% 12.13% 12% 30% 10% 8.87% 25% 8% 20% 15.40% 6% 15% 11.85% 4% 10% 1.86% 5% 2% 1.98% 0% 0% 1-Mth YTD 1-Yr 3-Yr* 1-Mth YTD 1-Yr 3-Yr* *Denotes cumulative performance *Denotes cumulative performance Performance data as of August 31 2012 Performance data as of August 31 2012 Source: Bloomberg Source: Bloomberg United States Euro-Area C Near-term caution appears appropriate ECB likely to cut rates by 50 bps by year-end M  Rebounds in employment and consumer spending in July  Greece might manage to get some more months of funding have eased fears that the expansion might be at risk. from the Troika, however, the increasing unwillingness of some Y Although major downside threats remain due to scheduled creditor countries to expand support for Greece suggests that CM fiscal tightening next year and the ongoing financial crisis “Grexit” — to which Citi analysts attach a probability of about MY in Europe, the US recovery is proceeding on a modest 2% 90% — could happen as early as September/October. In track. particular, if the German constitutional court approves CY Germany’s ESM participation, this could increase the CMY  Citi’s base case expects further eventual accommodation probability of Grexit soon. but this vigil is likely to extend well beyond the next few K months and into 2013. For now, the improvement in key  If and when Spain or Italy has sought support from the early 3Q12 data is likely to forestall action at their next ESFS/ESM, the European Central Bank (ECB) is also expected meeting. In the meantime, Operation Twist has been to resume its multi-year LTRO programme. Likely backed by a extended and officials are likely to use public statements weaker growth outlook, the ECB could cut the refi rate to 0.5% to underscore their readiness to buoy financial conditions, in September and the deposit rate to -0.25%. During 4Q12, most likely through MBS purchases or a new lending Citi analysts expect a reduction of the main refi and the program. Action remains contingent on either a serious deposit rate to 0.25% and -0.5%, respectively. financial shock or more credible evidence that economic momentum, particularly in labour markets, is stalling.  Over the last decade, mega cap has been the weakest performing group eight out of the ten years. It has been the  A near 11% rally by the S&P 500 index off its June lows seem best performing twice, both years that the market fell, to have caught many within the investment community by highlighting defensive characteristics. Indeed, mega caps in surprise, as once again investors turned too defensive after Europe have performed much like the Japanese market, while May’s severe market correction. Going forward, while mid caps have delivered EM-type returns. sentiment and valuation still support additional gains, estimate revision momentum and intra-stock correlation  There are two similarities. One, lack of appetite for equity as no longer generate as much enthusiasm as before. an asset class, and two, no market for corporate control. Since the end of the Japanese bubble there has been a consistent  As such, with political and geopolitical uncertainty rising, switch out of equities, driving the derating. This pattern of possibly to a crescendo in the next couple of months, Citi outflows has also been seen in Europe. However, all other analysts believe that some caution may be appropriate. It things being equal, the flows out of equity should have also appears more prudent to stick with high quality impacted mid caps as much as mega caps. But mid cap has had dividend yielders at this juncture that also have moderate another buyer, the corporate sector though buy backs and growth characteristics than chasing high beta or M&A. While mega caps have also been buying back stock, there economically leveraged names. is very little chance of a cash bid for mega caps. They are effectively bid proof because of their size. This is where European mega caps are like Japan, where acquisitions are very rare.
  • 5. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 5 9/13/12 10:07 AM Equity markets Chart 3 : Chart 4 : Topix Index MSCI Asia ex Japan Index 5% 20% 0.42% 16.04% 0% 15% -0.63% -5% -5.06% 10% -10% 6.41% 5% -15% 0% -20% -0.80% -25% -5% -24.24% -4.67% -30% -10% 1-Mth YTD 1-Yr 3-Yr* 1-Mth YTD 1-Yr 3-Yr* *Denotes cumulative performance *Denotes cumulative performance Performance data as of August 31 2012 Performance data as of August 31 2012 Source: Bloomberg Source: Bloomberg Japan Asia Pacific C Growth may slow in 2014 due to tax hike Valuations suggest upside probability M  Economic growth in this year and next could be pushed up  Growth worries continue to dominate, with forecast to 2.7% and 1.8% respectively, by reconstruction demand downgrades in India, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Malaysia's and Y from the earthquake and frontloaded spending ahead of Indonesia's growth remained strong — in Indonesia’s case CM the consumption tax hike. But GDP growth in 2014 will this prompted a marked current account deterioration and MY inevitably slow sharply due to a payback to frontloaded earlier-than-expected rate hike. For others, benign inflation spending and erosion in real household disposable income still leaves a window for some cuts, notably Korea, Thailand CY driven by tax hikes. Citi expects a sharp contraction in GDP and Philippines, but sticky inflation likely mean delayed CMY right after the tax hike in April 2014, which could in turn easing room for India. make the second tax hike slated for October 2015 less K likely.  A slower Chinese economy and flat CNY has important implications for export/China-led Asian currencies. In  Citi analysts expect the Bank of Japan (BoJ) to take particular, the Korean Won (KRW), Taiwan Dollar (TWD) and additional easing action in late October when Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) are expected to face the largest policymakers publish a semiannual economic outlook downside risks in the medium term. report. The BoJ’s inflation forecasts could be revised down somewhat and this may lead to additional easing action,  Based on the last 37 years of price-to-book (PB), Asia ex most likely in the form of increasing purchases of Japan has traded on a higher multiple 73% of the time and short-term and long-term JGBs under the asset purchase delivered a return of 32% on a 12 month view versus a 27% program. probability of a 12% loss. Based on mid-cycle earnings, current valuations have led to 21% upside over six months  Citi analysts see two potential impacts from the and 44% over 12 months. strengthening of the Fed policy duration effect on Japanese equities: 1) a negative impact from JPY  Post more than a year of deceleration, balance sheets of appreciation versus USD stemming from lower US interest central banks are expanding again. Without this, we typically rates; and 2) a positive impact from higher stock prices in do not see multiple expansion. The average duration of the US and increased investor risk appetite. Overall, the expansion is 11 months, during which the market typically negative impact on Japanese equities from JPY strength adds 0.3 multiple points to PB which based on current levels is expected to be offset by the potential rise in US equities. is 20% upside. The summer has brought more earnings downgrades and this is likely to carry on into September.  It is possible that expectations could rise not only for a 2012 earnings-per-share (EPS) growth estimates has fallen strengthening of the policy duration effect, but also for from 16% to 11.8%, but already appears priced in given QE3. As expectations of QE3 mount, Citi analysts believe implied EPS growth to perpetuity of a mere 1% versus a the following sectors may be worth keeping an eye on: 1) historic average of 8% p.a. The current results season is also exporters with high US sales weightings, on mounting turning out better than expected. Moreover, both in the G10 expectations of a US economic recovery (Transport and EM world, economic data is generally coming out better Equipment, etc.); 2) Real Estate, on a decline in than expected. The same is also true in Asia and China. longer-term call rates; 3) resource-related sectors (Wholesale Trade, etc.), on higher resource prices; and 4) Brokers, on recovering share prices.
  • 6. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 6 9/13/12 10:07 AM Bond markets Chart 5 : MSCI Emerging Markets Index Positive on High-Grade Corporates and Emerging Market Debt 15% 12.85% US Treasuries Citi analysts expect yield curves to flatten, and for gains to be 10% potentially generated in the intermediate- to longer-dated maturity range. 5% 3.38% US Corporates 0% A strengthening technical backdrop, large cash balances, low -0.54% default rates, decreasing net issuance, and a smaller universe of -5% safe haven assets continue to remain supportive. Meanwhile, although high yield valuations have become more attractive, Citi -10% -8.31% analysts remain cautious due to festering concerns in Europe and 1-Mth YTD 1-Yr 3-Yr* expectations that global growth could continue to slow. As such, they selectively favour high quality, double-B rated issuers and *Denotes cumulative performance select single-B rated issuers with strong fundamentals. Performance data as of August 31 2012 Source: Bloomberg Euro Bonds As global growth slows further and heightened uncertainties persist, high quality government bonds in safe haven markets, Emerging Markets particularly UK Gilts are likely to be well-supported. C Outlook for CEEMA equities appears Emerging Market Debt challenging Increased corporate bond issuance in emerging markets may M present opportunities to pick up yield while benefiting from  CEEMEA1 remains hostage to growth and deleveraging risks stronger domestic growth. Y from the Eurozone. In particular, growth prospects in Poland CM appear to be rather gloomy plus the risk of further escalation MY in the conflict surrounding the Middle East is what Citi analysts would pay attention to. CY CMY  In Latam, stability appears to be still the name of the game when it comes to monetary policy (except in Brazil). Resilient K growth has kept most central banks in "wait-and-see" mode but Citi analysts continue to expect easing later in the year.  Performance of CEEMEA currencies, particularly Czech Koruna (CZK) and Hungarian Forint (HUF) are likely to remain generally weak, held back by association with EUR weakness. On the other hand, Latam currencies such as Mexican Peso (MXN), may perform relatively well short term but give back some gains medium term.  Citi analysts have an end-2012 target of 4,000 on the MSCI Latam index. Although earnings-per-share (EPS) growth appears to be slowing, policy flexibility implies that the region can weather the European economic slowdown. They favour Brazil and Peru, and prefer the Financials, Energy and Consumer Discretionary sectors.  While the CEEMEA region is attractively valued, there is reason for continued caution given relatively weak growth and higher exposure to the Euro Area. Under such conditions, Citi’s preferred market is South Africa thanks largely to its strong and resilient earnings growth outlook. Their end-2012 target for the MSCI EM EMEA index stands at 350. 1. CEEMEA is the collective term for Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa.
  • 7. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 7 9/13/12 10:07 AM Investment insights QE3 and Emerging Markets Though market talk of an imminent third round of quantitative easing (QE3) by the US Federal Reserve have been tempered by better-than-expected economic data out of the US of late, the general expectation remains for QE3 to be announced over the next couple of months. In this month’s issue, we take a look at the effects of previous rounds of QE on emerging markets. MSCI Global Emerging Markets (GEMs) Index and Quantitative Easing C M Y CM MY CY Source: MSCI, Datastream and Citi Research. As of August 15 2012. CMY Since the end of the 2007-8 bear market, periods of QE have been positive for emerging market equities, while post-QE periods have been negative. During QE1 (from mid-December 2008 to end-March 2010), MSCI GEMs shot up by 80%; during QE2 (from late-August 2010 to mid-2011), the rise was K a more modest 18.7%. GEMs Regions: Average performances during QE GEMs Sectors: Average performances during QE Source: MSCI, Datastream and Citi Research. As of August 15 2012. Source: MSCI, Datastream and Citi Research. As of August 15 2012. All regions have, on average, risen sharply during the two QE periods. The sector performance picture has been less clear. Three of the high-beta sectors outperformed during QE periods (Consumer Discretionary, Materials and IT). However, rather unexpectedly, other higher-beta sectors – Energy, Financials and Industrials – underperformed during QE. Most surprisingly, one of the classic defensive sectors (Consumer Staples) outperformed on average during the two QE periods. Source: Citibank N.A., Singapore Branch, Regional Wealth Management.
  • 8. L40523 281362 IPB Market Outlook Sep12.ai 8 9/13/12 10:07 AM GENERAL DISCLOSURE “Citi analysts” refers to investment professionals within Citi Research (“CR”), Citi Global Markets Inc. (“CGMI”) and voting members of the Citi Global Investment Committee. Citibank N.A. and its affiliates / subsidiaries provide no independent research or analysis in the substance or preparation of this document. The information in this document has been obtained from reports issued by CGMI. Such information is based on sources CGMI believes to be reliable. CGMI, however, does not guarantee its accuracy and it may be incomplete or condensed. All opinions and estimates constitute CGMI's judgment as of the date of the report and are subject to change without notice. This document is for general information purposes only and is not intended as a recommendation or an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security or currency. 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