Regional economic integration refers to agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade. There are various levels of integration including free trade areas, customs unions, common markets, economic unions, and political unions. The document discusses the case for and disadvantages of regional integration. Key benefits include increased specialization and economic growth from free trade, as well as greater political cooperation and foreign investment attraction. History and structures of economic unions like the EU, NAFTA, and ASEAN are also outlined.
Lecture slides on Regional Economic Integration and Levels of Integration
Bachelor of Social Science in International Relations, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences,
Taylor's University Malaysia
Lecture slides on Regional Economic Integration and Levels of Integration
Bachelor of Social Science in International Relations, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences,
Taylor's University Malaysia
Trade Blocs in International Marketing - European Union
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This lecture material looks at the Customs and Regional Trade with specific reference to regional integration between countries in Africa and the rest of the world.
Trade Blocs in International Marketing - European Union
What is a trade bloc? Why they are formed?
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. Regional Economic Integration
• Refers to agreements among countries in a
geographic region tor educe, and ultimately
remove, tariff and non tariff barriers to the free flow
of goods, services and factors of production
between each other.
• Regional economic integration also known as
trade blocs .
3. Levels of Economic Integration
1. Free Trade Area
2. Customs Union
3. Common Market
4. Economic Union
5. Political Union
• Free Trade Area: all barriers to the trade of
goods and services among member countries are
removed.
4. Levels of Integration
• Customs Union: eliminates trade barriers between
member countries and adopts a common external trade
policy.
• Common Market: Has no barriers to trade between
member countries, includes a common external trade
policy, and allows factors of production to move freely
between members.
• Economic Union: involves free flow of products and
factors of production between member countries and
adoption of a common external trade policy. It also
requires common currency, harmonization of members’
tax rates, and a common monetary and fiscal policy.
5. Levels of Integration
• Political Union: Moving toward economic union,
raises questions of how to coordinate bureaucracy
accountable to the citizens of member nations.
Political union in which a central political apparatus
coordinates the economic, social, and foreign policy
of the member states is the answer.
6. Case for regional integration
• Economic case:
• Unrestricted free trade will allow countries to
specialize in production of goods and services that
they can produce most efficiently.
• Allowing free trade stimulates econmic growth
• FDI can transfer technological, marketing and
managerial know-how to host nations
• It is easier to establish a free trade regional
agreement among a free countries than with say
WTO.
7. Case for regional integration
• Political case:
• Linking economies together and creating
dependencies forces them to resolve conflicts in an
amiable manner
• By grouping their economies, the regional countries
can enhance their political clout in the world
8. Disadvantages trade to integration
• Loss of sovereignty: giving up controls in fiscal
and monetary policy as well as tax rates
• Loss of jobs – in some sectors
o NAFTA – USA and Canada workers lost jobs in the textile and
other low-cost jobs
9. Advantages of regional trade integration
• Trade creation: occurs when high-cost domestic
producers are replaced by low-cost producers within
the free trade area.
• Trade diversion: Trade diversion, whereby
trade shifts from more efficient non-member
nations to less efficient member countries as a
result of preferential trade agreements,.
Fostering Regional Integration: push
member nations to collaborate on a range of
issues, including investment policy, regulatory
harmonization, and infrastructure development.
Greater regional integration, collaboration, and
stability may result from this.
10. Attracting Foreign Investment: RTAs can aid in
attracting foreign investment to member countries by
fostering a more stable and predictable business
climate. In turn, this might encourage employment
development, technology transfer, and economic
expansion.
Facilitating Access to New Markets: RTAs can
assist member nations in gaining access to new
markets and broadening their sphere of influence
internationally. Small and medium-sized businesses
(SMEs),
11. History of EU
• Forerunner of EU, the European Coal and Steel
Community was formed in 1951 by Belgium, France,
West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
• Treaty of Rome (1957): The European Community was
established. - Provided for COMMON MARKET
• Grew in 1973 with additions of UK, Ireland and
Denmark.
• Greece joined in 1981.
• 1986- Spain and Portugal
• 450 million people today with GDO of 11 Trillion dollars
12. Europe
• European commission: proposes EU legislation,
implementing and monitoring compliance with EU
laws by member states.
• European parliament: has 732 members directly
elected by the population of the member states.;
mostly consultative rather than legislative body
• Court of justice: supreme appeals court for EU law
– consists of one judge from each country.
13. Regional Trade Unions
• NAFTA: USA, Canada, Mexico
• Andean Pact: Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and
Peru (now operates as a customs union including
Venezuela but minus Chile)
• MERCOSUR – originated with Brazil and Argentina
0 includes Paraguay and Uruguay.
• ASEAN: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Vietnam
