This document is lecture content from Mandalay Technological University on embedded hardware design, covering analog and digital electronic components, their applications, and integrated circuit design principles. Key topics include the functions of resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors in embedded systems, as well as digital components like logic gates and output interfaces such as open collector and tri-state outputs. It provides foundational knowledge essential for understanding embedded system design using various electronic elements and tools.

1. Introduction to
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
(2nd Edition)
SHIBU K V
Dr Moe Moe Myint
Department of Computer Engineering & Information Technology
Mandalay Technological University
www.slideshare.net/MoeMoeMyint
moemoemyint@mtu.edu.mm
drmoemoemyint.blogspot.com
IT-52061
Chapter 8
Embedded Hardware Design and Development

2. Learning Objectives
 Learn about the various elements of Embedded Hardware and their design principles
 Refresh knowledge on the basic Analog Electronic components and circuits – Resistor, Capacitor, Diode,
Inductor, Transistor etc. and their use in embedded applications
 Refresh knowledge on the basic Digital Electronic components and circuits – Logic Gates, Buffer Ics, Latch
ICs, Decoder and Encoder ICs, Multiplexer (MUX) and De-multiplexer (D-MUX), Combinational and
Sequential Circuits and their use in embedded applications
 Learn about Integrated Circuits (ICs), the degree of integration in various types of Integrated Circuits,
Analog, Digital and Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits, the steps involved in IC Design
Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018

3. Outlines
 Analog Electronic Components 229 (Roll no.1)
 Digital Electronic Components 230 (Roll no. 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11)
 VLSI and Integrated Circuit Design 243 (Roll no. 12, 13,14)
 Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Tools 248
 How to use the Eagle EDA Tool? 249
 Schematic Design using Eagle Capture CIS 249
 The PCB Layout Design 267
 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication 288
Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
3
Finished

4. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
8.1 Analog Electronic Components
 Resistors, capacitors, diodes, inductors, operational amplifiers (OpAmps), transistors, etc.
are the commonly used analog electronic components in embedded hardware design.
Resistor
 A resistor limits the current flowing through a circuit.
 Interfacing of LEDs, buzzer, etc. with the port pins of microcontroller through current
limiting resistors is a typical example for the usage of resistors in embedded application.

5. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Cont’d
Capacitors & Inductors
 Capacitors and inductors are used in signal filtering and resonating circuits.
 Reset circuit implementation, matching circuits for RF designs, power supply decoupling,
etc. are examples for the usage of capacitors in embedded hardware circuit.
 Electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, etc. are the commonly used
capacitors in embedded hardware design.
 Inductors are widely used for filtering the power supply from ripples and noise signals.
 Inductors with inductance value in the microhenry (𝜇𝐻) range are commonly used in
embedded applications for filter and matching circuit implementation.

6. Diodes
 P-N Junction diode, Schottky diode, Zener diode, etc. are the commonly used diodes in
embedded hardware circuits.
 A schottky diode is same as a P-N Junction diode except that its forward voltage drop
(voltage drop across diode when conducting) is very low (of the order of 0.15V to 0.45)
when compared to ordinary P-N junction diode (of the order of 0.7V to 1.7V).
 Also the current switching time of schottky diode is very small compared to the ordinary
P-N junction diode.
Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Cont’d

7. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
 A zener diode acts as normal P-N junction diode when forward biased.
It also permits current flow in the reverse direction, if the voltage is greater than the junction
breakdown voltage.
 It is normally used for voltage clamping applications.
 Reverse polarity protection, voltage rectification (AC-DC converters), freewheeling of
current produced in inductive circuits, clamping of voltages to a desired level (e.g., Brown-
out protection circuit implementation using zener diode), etc. are examples for the usage of
diodes in embedded applications.
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Cont’d

8. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Cont’d
Transistors
 Transistors in embedded applications are used for either switching or amplification purpose.
 In switching application, the transistor is in either ON or OFF state.
 In amplification operation, the transistor is always in the ON state (partially ON).
The common emitter configuration of NPN transistor is widely used in switching and driving
circuits in embedded applications.
 Relay, buzzer and stepper motor driving circuits are examples for common emitter
configuration based driver circuit implementation using transistor.

9.  Digital electronics deal with digital or discrete signals.
 Microprocessors, microcontrollers and system on chips (SoCs) work on digital principles.
 Embedded systems employ various digital electronic circuits for ‘Glue logic’
implementation.
 ‘Glue logic’ is the custom digital electronic circuitry required to achieve compatible
interface between two different integrated circuit chips.
 Address decoders, latches, encoders/decoders, etc. are examples for glue logic circuits.
 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL), Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
logic etc. are some of the standards describing the electrical characteristics of digital signals
in a digital system.
Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
8.2 Digital Electronic Components

10. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Open Collector and Tri-State Output
Open Collector
 Open collector is an I/O interface standard in digital system
design and a common type of output found on many Integrated
Circuit (IC) chip which behaves like a switch that is either
connected to ground or disconnected.
 Instead of outputting a signal of a specific voltage or current, the
output signal is applied to the base of an internal NPN transistor
whose collector is externalized (open) on a pin of the IC.
 The emitter of the transistor is connected internally to the ground
pin.
 Figure illustrates an open collector output configuration.
Figure. Open collector output configuration

11. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Cont’d
 For the output pin to function properly, the output pin should be pulled, to the desired voltage for
the o/p device, through a pull-up resistor.
 The output signal of the IC is fed to the base of an open collector transistor.
 When the base drive to the transistor is ON and the collector is in open state, the o/p pin floats.
This state is also known as ‘high impedance’ state. Here the output is neither driven to logic ‘high’
nor logic ‘low’.
 If a pull-up resistor is connected to the o/p pin, when the base drive is ON, the o/p pin becomes at
logic 0 (0 V).
 With a pull-up resistor, if the base driver is 0, the o/p will be at logic high (Voltage = 𝑉𝑐𝑐).

12. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Cont’d
The advantages of open collector output in embedded system design are listed below:
i. It facilitates the interfacing of devices, operating at a voltage different from the IC, with
the IC. Thereby, it eliminates the need for additional interface circuits for connecting
devices at different voltage levels.
ii. An open collector configuration supports multi-drop connection, i.e., connecting more
than one open collector communication interfaces like I2C, 1-Wire, etc. Please refer to
the various interfaces described in Chapter 2 under the section ‘Onboard Communication
Interfaces’.
iii. It is easy to build ‘Wired AND’ and ‘Wired OR’ configuration using open collector
output lines.

13. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Tri-State Output
 The output of a standard logic device has two states, namely ‘Logic 0 (LOW)’ and
‘Logic 1 (HIGH)’ whereas tri-state devices have three states for the output, namely,
‘Logic 0 (LOW)’, ‘Logic 1 (HIGH)’, and the ‘High Impedance (FLOAT)’.
 A tri-state logic device contains a device activation line called ‘Device Enable’.
 When the ‘Device Enable’ line is activated (set at ‘Logic 1’ for an active ‘HIGH’
enable input and at ‘Logic 0’ for an active ‘LOW’ enable input), the device acts like a
normal logic device and the output will be in any one of the logic conditions, ‘Logic 0
(LOW)’ or ‘Logic 1 (HIGH)’.
When the ‘Device Enable’ line is de-activated (set at ‘Logic 0’ for an active ‘HIGH’
enable input and at ‘Logic 1’ for an active ‘LOW’ enable input), the output of the logic
device enters in a high impedance state and the device is said to be in the floating state.
Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology

14. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Logic Gates
 Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits.
 Logic gates control the flow of digital information by performing a logical operation of the input
signals.
 Depending on the logical operation, the logic gates used in digital design are classified into-AND, OR,
XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR.
 The logical relationship between the output signal and the input signals for a logic gate is represented
using a truth table.
 Figure illustrates the truth table and symbolic representation of each logic gate.

15. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Objective Questions (1 Mark for each)
1. Which of the following analog electronic component is used for clamping of voltage in electronic
circuits.
(a) Schottky diode (b) Transistor (c) TRIAC (d) Zener diode
2. Which of the following analog electronic component(s) is (are) used for noise signal filtering in
electronic circuits.
(a) Capacitor (b) Transistor (c) Inductor (d) All of these
(e) Only (a) and (c)
3. Which of the following is (are) true about Open Collector configuration?
(a) The emitter of the transistor is grounded (b) The emitter of the transistor is open
(c) The collector of the transistor is open (d) The collector of the transistor is grounded
(e) (a) and (c) (f) (b) and (d)

16. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Review Questions
1. Explain the role of the analog electronic components resistor, transistor, capacitor and diode
in embedded hardware design. (5 Marks)
2. What is open collector? State its significance in embedded hardware development. (5 Marks)
3. Explain the role of logic gates in embedded hardware design. (2 Marks)

17.  Only Original Owner has full rights reserved for copied images.
 This PPT is only for fair academic use.
 Coming soon for chapter 8 (3rd portion)
17
Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018

18. 18

19. Mandalay Technological University
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
Pin configured as input
 pinMode()ဖန်ရှင်ဖဖင့်် Arduino တခုခုကု input အဖဖစ် သတ်မှတ်လုက်ပါက ထုငုတ်သည် high
impedance state တွင် ရှသည်ဟုဆုသည်/ ထုအခါ ထုငုတ်တွင် ဆက်သွယ်ထ ားသည့်် sensor ကု
ဖတ်ယူနုင်သည်/ အကယ်၍ ငုတ်တစ်ခုကု input အဖဖစ် သတ်မှတ်ထ ားပပား ထုငုတ်တွင်
ဆက်သွယ်ထ ားသည့်် ခလုတ်တစ်ခု၏ အခဖခကု ဖတ်မည် ဆုပါစု ့်/ ထုအခါ ခလုတ်သည်် open ဖြစ်နေပါက
floating ဖြစ်နေသည််ဟု ဆုသည်/ ဤအခဖခအခနတွင် ဖတ်ယူရရှမည့်် data သည် မခမ ်မှန်ားနုင်သည့််
တန်ဖုားဖဖစ်ခနလမ့််မည်/ ထု ို့န ကြောင်ို့ ခလုတ်သည်် open ဖြစ်နေသည််ို့အခါ မှေ်ကေ်သည််ို့ တေ်ြုိုးကု
ြတ်ယူရရှနုင်နစရေ် အတွက် pull up သညု ို့မဟုတ် pull down resistor ကု သညုိုးရမ််/ မ ြောိုးနသညြောအြောိုးဖြင်ို့ 10k
resistors ကု သညုိုးနလို့ရှသည််/
Pull down resistor ကု သုားမည်ဆုပါက ခလုတ်သည် open ဖဖစ်ခနလ င် အ၀င်ငုတ်သည် low state တွင်
ရှခနမည်/ ခလုတ်နှပ်လုက်သည့််အခါ ထုငုတ်သည် high state သု ့်ခရ က်ရှမည်/
Pull up resistor ကု သုားခ့်လ င် ခလုတ်သည် open ဖဖစ်ခနသည့််အခါ တွင် high state ရှခနမည် ဖဖစ်ပပား
ခလုတ်ကု နှပ်လုက်လ င် low state သု ့်ခရ က်ရှသွ ားမည်/