La digestión de los carbohidratos involucra la degradación de polisacáridos a monosacáridos en la boca y el estómago. En el intestino delgado, los monosacáridos se absorben y se transportan a otras partes del cuerpo. La glucosa se transporta a las células mediante transportadores GLUT y se regula en la sangre a través de la insulina y el glucagón secretados por el páncreas.
This document discusses chromosomal inheritance and meiosis. It provides tasks for drawing a cell undergoing meiosis, including the stages of metaphase I, anaphase I, metaphase II, anaphase II, and the resulting gametes. Examples are given showing normal meiosis and nondisjunction occurring during meiosis I or meiosis II. Diagrams from a biology textbook are also referenced.
This document contains a bingo game about mitosis with 33 squares numbered 1 through 33. The game provides an educational yet fun way to learn about the process of mitosis through playing bingo.
The document describes the process of mitosis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mitosis allows a parent cell to divide into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. The stages of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis - are outlined and described. The end result is two new daughter cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes to the original parent cell.
The document depicts the process of transcription and translation. RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into messenger RNA, which is then translated into a protein by ribosomes. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, adding amino acids specified by tRNA molecules to form a polypeptide chain. Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, releasing the completed protein.
Energy is stored and released in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is produced through cellular respiration and broken down to release energy for metabolic reactions, powering all activities in the cell from chemical synthesis to active transport of ions. Gummy bears are a sugary snack that provide a small amount of calories and energy when consumed.
Mammalian lactation allows mothers to nourish their young with milk produced by mammary glands. Milk is synthesized in the mammary epithelial cells and contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals essential for infant growth and development. The milk is released from the mammary glands through a process called exocytosis where secretory vesicles containing the milk components fuse with the apical plasma membrane and release their contents to the outside.
La digestión de los carbohidratos involucra la degradación de polisacáridos a monosacáridos en la boca y el estómago. En el intestino delgado, los monosacáridos se absorben y se transportan a otras partes del cuerpo. La glucosa se transporta a las células mediante transportadores GLUT y se regula en la sangre a través de la insulina y el glucagón secretados por el páncreas.
This document discusses chromosomal inheritance and meiosis. It provides tasks for drawing a cell undergoing meiosis, including the stages of metaphase I, anaphase I, metaphase II, anaphase II, and the resulting gametes. Examples are given showing normal meiosis and nondisjunction occurring during meiosis I or meiosis II. Diagrams from a biology textbook are also referenced.
This document contains a bingo game about mitosis with 33 squares numbered 1 through 33. The game provides an educational yet fun way to learn about the process of mitosis through playing bingo.
The document describes the process of mitosis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mitosis allows a parent cell to divide into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. The stages of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis - are outlined and described. The end result is two new daughter cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes to the original parent cell.
The document depicts the process of transcription and translation. RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into messenger RNA, which is then translated into a protein by ribosomes. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, adding amino acids specified by tRNA molecules to form a polypeptide chain. Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, releasing the completed protein.
Energy is stored and released in the chemical bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is produced through cellular respiration and broken down to release energy for metabolic reactions, powering all activities in the cell from chemical synthesis to active transport of ions. Gummy bears are a sugary snack that provide a small amount of calories and energy when consumed.
Mammalian lactation allows mothers to nourish their young with milk produced by mammary glands. Milk is synthesized in the mammary epithelial cells and contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals essential for infant growth and development. The milk is released from the mammary glands through a process called exocytosis where secretory vesicles containing the milk components fuse with the apical plasma membrane and release their contents to the outside.
The cell membrane is a thin structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane describes the structure as a fluid bilayer with cholesterol molecules and proteins diffusing freely within it. The membrane selectively regulates what enters and exits the cell through integral membrane proteins and transport vesicles during endocytosis and exocytosis.
The document provides an overview of cell theory and the key characteristics of different cell types. It discusses the origins of cell theory with Schleiden and Schwann in 1839 and outlines the basic principles of cell theory. It then describes the defining features of animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and bacterial cells including whether they have cell walls, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other structures.
The document describes the process of photosynthesis. It discusses the light reactions where photosystem I and photosystem II use energy from light to transfer electrons and produce ATP. NADP+ is the final electron acceptor for photosystem I. Electrons are replaced by taking them from the electron transport chain in photosystem II. Water is split during the light reactions to replace electrons lost from photosystem II, releasing oxygen. The light reactions produce ATP that is then used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2.
Early development in Dendraster
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
The document discusses early development stages in the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus based on images taken by George von Dassow. It features micrographs that illustrate interesting features of the cleavage stages in this local sea creature.
This document discusses different types of organisms. It mentions green plants and land plants. It also references fungi and the specific fungus Entomophthoracoronata.
This document discusses the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - and traces the development of cells from the first cell that formed 3.6 billion years ago. It also references Lynn Margulis' contributions to understanding early cell evolution and includes links to related videos.
The document summarizes the history of discoveries related to DNA. It describes the early work of Gregor Mendel in genetics and Frederick Griffith's discovery of transformation. It then discusses Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty's work proving that DNA holds genetic information. Later, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to take the first images of DNA, while James Watson and Francis Crick determined DNA's double helix structure. Erwin Chargaff also found DNA composition patterns.
Gregor Mendel performed experiments breeding pea plants that showed traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable patterns. When true-breeding white flowers were crossed with true-breeding red flowers, all the offspring had pink flowers, disproving the idea that blending inheritance alone determined offspring traits. Through many generations of crossing different pea varieties, Mendel established that traits are determined by discrete inherited factors that may be dominant or recessive.
Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian monk who conducted breeding experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s. Through these experiments, he discovered the basic principles of heredity now known as Mendel's laws of inheritance. The document includes an image from a biology textbook showing Gregor Mendel and describing his experiments with pea plants that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
The document provides links to videos and blogs about various parasites that infect insects and crustaceans. It lists parasites such as the sacculina crab parasite, Entomophthora fungus that infects flies, Leucochloridium parasite of snails, Dicrocoelium liver fluke of sheep, tongue-eating louse of fish, and Spinochordodes worm of tellins. The links provide further information about the unusual lifecycles and host-parasite relationships of these different species.
The document discusses meiosis and genetic diversity. Meiosis involves cell division that results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes from the original cell. It includes two divisions and involves crossing over of chromosomes, which increases genetic variation. Fertilization of gametes can result in new combinations of alleles in offspring. Meiosis increases genetic diversity that helps populations adapt to changing environments.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place and they contain chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight, and membranes that facilitate the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The process was further elucidated by the work of Melvin Calvin and his colleagues who uncovered the Calvin cycle that fixes atmospheric carbon into organic carbon during photosynthesis.
This document contains links to information about gummy bears and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It lists the calorie count for one gummy bear as 8.7 calories and includes links to Wikipedia pages about gummy bears and the structure of ATP, as well as pages on using ATP as an energy source in biology and a page advertising the world's largest gummy bear.
The document discusses the cell theory and the hierarchical organization of life. It outlines that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic functional units of life. Cells come from pre-existing cells and have a basic chemical composition including DNA that is passed on to new cells. The cell theory was developed in the 1800s by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden. The document also lists the levels of biological organization from atoms to biosphere and includes some images related to cells.
This document contains links to various resources about chemistry concepts related to life, including the chemistry of fats and oils, protein structure and function. It includes links to pages that describe palmitic acid and linoleic acid, whether they are saturated or unsaturated, animations of molecular motion and protein structure levels, and pages from NIH publications explaining protein structure and functions.
This document contains 16 statements about science followed by links to additional resources. It discusses how science aims to understand the natural world through creative and evidence-based means, but has limitations in what it can study and explain. It also notes that scientific knowledge and understanding nature of science is important, and that scientists may disagree and test various explanations.
The cell membrane is a thin structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane describes the structure as a fluid bilayer with cholesterol molecules and proteins diffusing freely within it. The membrane selectively regulates what enters and exits the cell through integral membrane proteins and transport vesicles during endocytosis and exocytosis.
The document provides an overview of cell theory and the key characteristics of different cell types. It discusses the origins of cell theory with Schleiden and Schwann in 1839 and outlines the basic principles of cell theory. It then describes the defining features of animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells, and bacterial cells including whether they have cell walls, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other structures.
The document describes the process of photosynthesis. It discusses the light reactions where photosystem I and photosystem II use energy from light to transfer electrons and produce ATP. NADP+ is the final electron acceptor for photosystem I. Electrons are replaced by taking them from the electron transport chain in photosystem II. Water is split during the light reactions to replace electrons lost from photosystem II, releasing oxygen. The light reactions produce ATP that is then used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2.
Early development in Dendraster
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
The document discusses early development stages in the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus based on images taken by George von Dassow. It features micrographs that illustrate interesting features of the cleavage stages in this local sea creature.
This document discusses different types of organisms. It mentions green plants and land plants. It also references fungi and the specific fungus Entomophthoracoronata.
This document discusses the three domains of life - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - and traces the development of cells from the first cell that formed 3.6 billion years ago. It also references Lynn Margulis' contributions to understanding early cell evolution and includes links to related videos.
The document summarizes the history of discoveries related to DNA. It describes the early work of Gregor Mendel in genetics and Frederick Griffith's discovery of transformation. It then discusses Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty's work proving that DNA holds genetic information. Later, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins used X-ray crystallography to take the first images of DNA, while James Watson and Francis Crick determined DNA's double helix structure. Erwin Chargaff also found DNA composition patterns.
Gregor Mendel performed experiments breeding pea plants that showed traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable patterns. When true-breeding white flowers were crossed with true-breeding red flowers, all the offspring had pink flowers, disproving the idea that blending inheritance alone determined offspring traits. Through many generations of crossing different pea varieties, Mendel established that traits are determined by discrete inherited factors that may be dominant or recessive.
Gregor Mendel was an Augustinian monk who conducted breeding experiments with pea plants in the 1850s and 1860s. Through these experiments, he discovered the basic principles of heredity now known as Mendel's laws of inheritance. The document includes an image from a biology textbook showing Gregor Mendel and describing his experiments with pea plants that laid the foundation for modern genetics.
The document provides links to videos and blogs about various parasites that infect insects and crustaceans. It lists parasites such as the sacculina crab parasite, Entomophthora fungus that infects flies, Leucochloridium parasite of snails, Dicrocoelium liver fluke of sheep, tongue-eating louse of fish, and Spinochordodes worm of tellins. The links provide further information about the unusual lifecycles and host-parasite relationships of these different species.
The document discusses meiosis and genetic diversity. Meiosis involves cell division that results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes from the original cell. It includes two divisions and involves crossing over of chromosomes, which increases genetic variation. Fertilization of gametes can result in new combinations of alleles in offspring. Meiosis increases genetic diversity that helps populations adapt to changing environments.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place and they contain chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight, and membranes that facilitate the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The process was further elucidated by the work of Melvin Calvin and his colleagues who uncovered the Calvin cycle that fixes atmospheric carbon into organic carbon during photosynthesis.
This document contains links to information about gummy bears and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It lists the calorie count for one gummy bear as 8.7 calories and includes links to Wikipedia pages about gummy bears and the structure of ATP, as well as pages on using ATP as an energy source in biology and a page advertising the world's largest gummy bear.
The document discusses the cell theory and the hierarchical organization of life. It outlines that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic functional units of life. Cells come from pre-existing cells and have a basic chemical composition including DNA that is passed on to new cells. The cell theory was developed in the 1800s by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden. The document also lists the levels of biological organization from atoms to biosphere and includes some images related to cells.
This document contains links to various resources about chemistry concepts related to life, including the chemistry of fats and oils, protein structure and function. It includes links to pages that describe palmitic acid and linoleic acid, whether they are saturated or unsaturated, animations of molecular motion and protein structure levels, and pages from NIH publications explaining protein structure and functions.
This document contains 16 statements about science followed by links to additional resources. It discusses how science aims to understand the natural world through creative and evidence-based means, but has limitations in what it can study and explain. It also notes that scientific knowledge and understanding nature of science is important, and that scientists may disagree and test various explanations.