In the fifth year of its activities CARS focused on the pursuit of a number of
goals set in its founding documents. It was a particularly busy year for its Publishing
Programme which saw the issue of 6 separate titles: two monographs, an Englishlanguage
textbook, a collective works and two volumes of the ‘Yearbook of Antitrust
and Regulatory Studies’ [a special edition vol. 4(4) and the yearly vol. 4(5)]. 2011 was
also a very active period for the CARS Open PhD Seminar series with four meetings
taking place throughout the year. Several CARS members engaged also in the second
edition of a research project dedicated to regulatory and antitrust aspects of airport
activities (first phase of the project completed in 2010).
New Amendments Introduced to European Union Competition Law Due to the Expira...Michal
On 7 June 2010, a conference under the title New Amendments Introduced to
European Union Competition Law Due to the Expiration of Block Exemption Regulations
took place at the Lazarski University in Warsaw.
The conference was opened by Professor Zbigniew Lasocik, the Dean of the Law
Faculty of the Lazarski University, who started his speech by introducing the University
and emphasizing the Faculty of Law’s aim to ensure high quality legal education.
Exchange of Information and Evidence between Competition Authorities and Entr...Michal
This article concentrates on the exchange of information and evidence between
competition authorities. The issue is analyzed from the perspective of both antitrust
and merger cases. The level, scope and intensity of cooperation between competition
authorities differs in respect to these two kinds of cases and, to an extent, the applicable legal framework varies as well. Our analysis is based on EU law, national
legislation, and relevant case law, with attention also given to other sources of law
such as bilateral and multilateral agreements, best practices, recommendations etc.
In addition the problem of exchange of information is examined through the prism
of the Polish Competition Act. Regulation 1/2003 and the ECN, created upon
its provisions, provide detailed rules applicable for the exchange of evidence and
information between competition authorities in antitrust cases at the European
level. With respect to mergers, the provisions of Regulation 139/2004 do not have
the same high degree of influence, hence considerable attention is given to soft law
acts, such as recommendations of OECD and ICN, or best practices and informal
agreements adopted by national competition authorities.
Sieci szerokopasmowe w polityce telekomunikacyjnej a book reviewMichal
A new book from Professor Stanisław Piątek, an established authority on
telecommunications law, brings the reader closer to the inner workings of broadband
technology in its legal environment. The title reflects the focus of telecoms policy
on access whereby the only access that matters is to the broadband network in its
many variations. The subject matter itself makes the book worth reading, particularly
in the absence of other major Polish works on this topic. Even if some authors
regarded broadband technologies as obsolete years ago1, in reality it still represents
a lion’s share of the telecoms business. Professor Piątek himself is well aware of the
historical and transitory nature of the subject matter when he defines broadband not
by association with any particular technology but as the ability of whatever technology
available at any given moment to provide a certain minimum transmission speed.
Thus the central notion is open to absorb technologies nonexistent as of yet. This in
turn may pose serious regulatory issues as to what future industries will be subject to
regulation, particularly since the distinction between content and carrier regulation
is becoming increasingly blurred.
The Autonomy of Sector-Specific Regulation – Is It Still Worth Protecting? Fu...Michal
This article sets out to contribute to the on-going discussion regarding the
relationship between competition law and sector-specific regulation, as well as the
parallel application of competition law and regulatory instruments. Thus, this article
attempts to provide a systematic outline of arguments which are conclusive for the
proposition that sector-specific regulation must remain fully autonomous, while
taking a critical stance with respect to the views of both the Supreme Court and
academic lawyers who advocate the supremacy of competition law.
Sławomir Dudzik, Współpraca Komisji Europejskiej z organami ochrony konkurenc...Michal
Sławomir Dudzik seminal work, Cooperation between the Commission and national
competition policy agencies in enterprise concentration control, was published and issued
in 2010 by Wolters Kluwer. It consists of a Preface, six chapters, and a separate
Conclusion, totalling 355 pages. Mr. Dudzik’s work is devoted to a very important
element of competition law, which while theoretically complicated is of great practical
significance. Already in the Preface the author relates, in a convincing fashion,
that as a result, inter alia, of the processes of globalisation ‘cooperation between
governmental competition policy agencies in various jurisdictions in the matter of
control over enterprise concentration has assumed a special significance in recent
years’ (p. 16). They have assigned to themselves the difficult task of defining the
‘principles governing the division of competences between the European Commission
and the national competition policy agencies of the member states of the EU with
regard to enterprise concentration control, as well as delineation of the scope of EU
jurisdiction in this area and related matters with regard to non-EU states’ (p. 17).
In the opinion of this reviewer, Mr. Dudzik fully realises the difficult task he set for
himself.
Openlaws.eu is funded by JUST/2013/ACTION GRANTS Grant Agreement Number 4562, led by the University of Amsterdam during the period March 2014-2016. The case study is of the European institutions' provision of free access to European Union law, in terms of cases, legislation, regulatory instruments and academic-expert analysis. The analysis explains how and whether the environment (institutions, policies and the legal community) is finally developing in which open access models such as openlaws.eu can take root and flourish. The key functionalities of the existing legal publishing system are summarized and described. This activity involves a review of the existing information systems and legal databases already in use and will produce a specification of the requirements of the system on the basis of the analysis of social, legal and market requirements. The case studies represent the key socio-economic and legal aspects of the services and illustrate the main functionalities, structure and operation of the proposed services. The findings are informed by key informant interviews and form a working assumption. The interviews are supported by the literature review, and the insights of workshops (including the LASPSI workshop on 3 September 2014).
The breadth of stakeholders interviewed is broad and includes experts from: academia, Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPB), trading funds, private entrepreneurs, corporations, standards bodies, non-governmental organizations and government policy officials with both domestic and international responsibilities. Note that the case studies rely on a Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) framework in order to identify the key components of the problem and provide the key specifications for the system that is to be built, while the third activity will rely on a combination of desk research, in-depth interviews, and focus groups.
Argument (598 words):
We argue that the European legal informatics space is unique in seven respects compared to national case studies.
1. The decision to make access to documentation freely available at production and then no charge was made in the context of no developed market actors to challenge the decision to ‘super-nationalise’ the state provision of legal information and case law reportage. There was no precedent for a multilingual economic and political area such as this, with four original languages and a precedent setting ‘Supreme Court’.
2. The essential role of European law in creating the ‘acquis communitaire’ led to a political decision to make law as widely available as possible. The benefits in creating an essential knowledge of European law amongst a critical mass of advocates at national levels was considered so important from the 1950s onwards that there was no serious resistance beyond basic budgetary questions.
As a result, it may be argued that European legal data is so open to reuse and access that it is the ‘exception that proves the rule’.
Agenda of the regional conference organised by SIGMA on Public procurement review bodies, which took place in Ohrid, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9-10 June 2016.
Can the Right To Be Heard Be Respected without Access to Information about th...Michal
This article analyses Polish competition procedure from the perspective of a) the right
to be heard, and b) the right to receive information about the proceedings. It points out
problems with access to information about competition proceedings which influence the
level of protection of the right to be heard in these proceedings. In order to appraise
this issue, the article embarks upon an examination of the rules governing the right to
be heard in Polish competition enforcement proceedings. It then focuses on the extent
of the competition authority’s obligation to inform undertakings about the actions
addressed to them. The article includes discussion of the rules that circumscribe the
parties’ right of access to evidence in the proceedings. Finally, proposals for changes
in the practice of the competition authority, as well as in the Polish legal framework,
are put forth. The new rules governing competition proceedings before the European
Commission serve as an example for improvements in Polish competition procedures.
Published regularly, this newsletter reports on the activities of the OECD/GVH Regional Centre for Competition. It provides information about recent cases and developments in the participating economies in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. News, case studies and articles from this region are welcome. If you have material that you wish to be considered for publication, please contact Renato Ferrandi (Renato.Ferrandi@oecd.org) and Andrea Dalmay (Dalmay.Andrea@gvh.hu). Also available in Russian. Past issues can be accessed at: http://oe.cd/comp-rcc-news
Agata Jurkowska-Gomułka (ed.), Orzecznictwo sądów wspólnotowych w sprawach ko...Michal
The publication under review here edited by Dr. Agata Jurkowska–Gomułka from
the University of Warsaw (Centre for Antitrust and Regulatory Studies) is a collection of
case studies concerning European competition law prepared by a number of individual
authors both academics and practitioners. As a presentation of landmark judgments
of EU courts, it is a continuation of the 2007 publication entitled: Jurisprudence of
the European Community Courts in competition matters in years 1964- 2004 edited
by Professor Tadeusz Skoczny and Dr. Agata Jurkowska (hereafter, Volume I). The
current book (hereinafter, Volume II), commences with 1 May 2004 – an important
date for this publication for two key reasons: first, because of its correlation with
Poland’s EU accession and second, because of its correlation with the entry into force
of Regulation 1/2003. However, the presented judgments do not refer to Regulation
1/2003 primarily due to the lengthy nature of judicial proceedings. There was thus
no chance, before the publication of Volume II, to discuss any jurisprudence based
on this act.
Procedural Autonomy of Member States and the EU Rights of Defence in Antitrus...Michal
The general rule concerning the application of EU law in the Member States is
that, unless the procedural issues are directly regulated in EU primary or secondary
law, the Member States possess a so-called ‘procedural autonomy’. This rule applies
fully to national antitrust proceedings, where the presumed infringement may
affect trade between EU Member States (decentralised EU antitrust proceedings). However, the procedural guarantees offered to undertakings in EU antitrust
proceedings before the European Commission, often referred to the undertakings’
‘rights of defence’, also form a part of the procedural acquis of EU law. This article
examines the question whether that procedural acquis, stemming mainly from EU
courts’s jurisprudence and formulated with regard to the proceedings before the
European Commission, should be applied as a standard in national (i.e. Polish)
antitrust proceedings where EU law applies.
To regulate or not to regulate – economic approachMichal
The aim of this paper is to present an Indefeasible Right of Use (IRU) as a possible
remedy for telecom infrastructure EU projects that (in Poland) have been lagged
behind the time. Thanks for IRU, Beneficiaries of these EU projects will be able
to save both: time and money and will finish projects successfully. The author
discusses two possible methods of implementing IRU: via regulatory obligation and
via incumbent’s goodwill. The author proposes a game theory model with payoffs
depending on regulator’s and incumbent’s strategies. Using a game theory tree,
the author shows that if only the incumbent is willing to offer his own network,
IRU may be signed and most delays in EU projects disappear. The success is not
so obvious while implementing IRU as an obligation – in this case EU projects
will probably fail.
The European Commission published a White Paper on 2 April 2008 on damages
actions for breach of EU antitrust rules. The content of the White Paper is since
then being prepared to be converted into EU legislation on private antitrust
enforcement. This paper presents the developments in private antitrust enforcement
in Poland after 2 April 2008. It commences with an outline of EU actions in
this field which act as an introduction to the more detailed analysis of recent
jurisprudential and legislative developments in Poland. The latter part of the paper
covers, in particular, the 2009 Act on the Pursuit of Claims in Group Proceedings
and the 2011 Act Amending the Civil Procedure Code and Some Other Acts which
abolishes all specific elements of commercial proceedings, including the statutory ‘non-admission of evidence’ principle. These two legal acts are assessed in order
to establish whether their introduction is likely to help facilitate private antitrust
enforcement in Poland and to consider to what an extent are these developments
responding to the challenges outlined by the European Commission.
New Amendments Introduced to European Union Competition Law Due to the Expira...Michal
On 7 June 2010, a conference under the title New Amendments Introduced to
European Union Competition Law Due to the Expiration of Block Exemption Regulations
took place at the Lazarski University in Warsaw.
The conference was opened by Professor Zbigniew Lasocik, the Dean of the Law
Faculty of the Lazarski University, who started his speech by introducing the University
and emphasizing the Faculty of Law’s aim to ensure high quality legal education.
Exchange of Information and Evidence between Competition Authorities and Entr...Michal
This article concentrates on the exchange of information and evidence between
competition authorities. The issue is analyzed from the perspective of both antitrust
and merger cases. The level, scope and intensity of cooperation between competition
authorities differs in respect to these two kinds of cases and, to an extent, the applicable legal framework varies as well. Our analysis is based on EU law, national
legislation, and relevant case law, with attention also given to other sources of law
such as bilateral and multilateral agreements, best practices, recommendations etc.
In addition the problem of exchange of information is examined through the prism
of the Polish Competition Act. Regulation 1/2003 and the ECN, created upon
its provisions, provide detailed rules applicable for the exchange of evidence and
information between competition authorities in antitrust cases at the European
level. With respect to mergers, the provisions of Regulation 139/2004 do not have
the same high degree of influence, hence considerable attention is given to soft law
acts, such as recommendations of OECD and ICN, or best practices and informal
agreements adopted by national competition authorities.
Sieci szerokopasmowe w polityce telekomunikacyjnej a book reviewMichal
A new book from Professor Stanisław Piątek, an established authority on
telecommunications law, brings the reader closer to the inner workings of broadband
technology in its legal environment. The title reflects the focus of telecoms policy
on access whereby the only access that matters is to the broadband network in its
many variations. The subject matter itself makes the book worth reading, particularly
in the absence of other major Polish works on this topic. Even if some authors
regarded broadband technologies as obsolete years ago1, in reality it still represents
a lion’s share of the telecoms business. Professor Piątek himself is well aware of the
historical and transitory nature of the subject matter when he defines broadband not
by association with any particular technology but as the ability of whatever technology
available at any given moment to provide a certain minimum transmission speed.
Thus the central notion is open to absorb technologies nonexistent as of yet. This in
turn may pose serious regulatory issues as to what future industries will be subject to
regulation, particularly since the distinction between content and carrier regulation
is becoming increasingly blurred.
The Autonomy of Sector-Specific Regulation – Is It Still Worth Protecting? Fu...Michal
This article sets out to contribute to the on-going discussion regarding the
relationship between competition law and sector-specific regulation, as well as the
parallel application of competition law and regulatory instruments. Thus, this article
attempts to provide a systematic outline of arguments which are conclusive for the
proposition that sector-specific regulation must remain fully autonomous, while
taking a critical stance with respect to the views of both the Supreme Court and
academic lawyers who advocate the supremacy of competition law.
Sławomir Dudzik, Współpraca Komisji Europejskiej z organami ochrony konkurenc...Michal
Sławomir Dudzik seminal work, Cooperation between the Commission and national
competition policy agencies in enterprise concentration control, was published and issued
in 2010 by Wolters Kluwer. It consists of a Preface, six chapters, and a separate
Conclusion, totalling 355 pages. Mr. Dudzik’s work is devoted to a very important
element of competition law, which while theoretically complicated is of great practical
significance. Already in the Preface the author relates, in a convincing fashion,
that as a result, inter alia, of the processes of globalisation ‘cooperation between
governmental competition policy agencies in various jurisdictions in the matter of
control over enterprise concentration has assumed a special significance in recent
years’ (p. 16). They have assigned to themselves the difficult task of defining the
‘principles governing the division of competences between the European Commission
and the national competition policy agencies of the member states of the EU with
regard to enterprise concentration control, as well as delineation of the scope of EU
jurisdiction in this area and related matters with regard to non-EU states’ (p. 17).
In the opinion of this reviewer, Mr. Dudzik fully realises the difficult task he set for
himself.
Openlaws.eu is funded by JUST/2013/ACTION GRANTS Grant Agreement Number 4562, led by the University of Amsterdam during the period March 2014-2016. The case study is of the European institutions' provision of free access to European Union law, in terms of cases, legislation, regulatory instruments and academic-expert analysis. The analysis explains how and whether the environment (institutions, policies and the legal community) is finally developing in which open access models such as openlaws.eu can take root and flourish. The key functionalities of the existing legal publishing system are summarized and described. This activity involves a review of the existing information systems and legal databases already in use and will produce a specification of the requirements of the system on the basis of the analysis of social, legal and market requirements. The case studies represent the key socio-economic and legal aspects of the services and illustrate the main functionalities, structure and operation of the proposed services. The findings are informed by key informant interviews and form a working assumption. The interviews are supported by the literature review, and the insights of workshops (including the LASPSI workshop on 3 September 2014).
The breadth of stakeholders interviewed is broad and includes experts from: academia, Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPB), trading funds, private entrepreneurs, corporations, standards bodies, non-governmental organizations and government policy officials with both domestic and international responsibilities. Note that the case studies rely on a Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) framework in order to identify the key components of the problem and provide the key specifications for the system that is to be built, while the third activity will rely on a combination of desk research, in-depth interviews, and focus groups.
Argument (598 words):
We argue that the European legal informatics space is unique in seven respects compared to national case studies.
1. The decision to make access to documentation freely available at production and then no charge was made in the context of no developed market actors to challenge the decision to ‘super-nationalise’ the state provision of legal information and case law reportage. There was no precedent for a multilingual economic and political area such as this, with four original languages and a precedent setting ‘Supreme Court’.
2. The essential role of European law in creating the ‘acquis communitaire’ led to a political decision to make law as widely available as possible. The benefits in creating an essential knowledge of European law amongst a critical mass of advocates at national levels was considered so important from the 1950s onwards that there was no serious resistance beyond basic budgetary questions.
As a result, it may be argued that European legal data is so open to reuse and access that it is the ‘exception that proves the rule’.
Agenda of the regional conference organised by SIGMA on Public procurement review bodies, which took place in Ohrid, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9-10 June 2016.
Can the Right To Be Heard Be Respected without Access to Information about th...Michal
This article analyses Polish competition procedure from the perspective of a) the right
to be heard, and b) the right to receive information about the proceedings. It points out
problems with access to information about competition proceedings which influence the
level of protection of the right to be heard in these proceedings. In order to appraise
this issue, the article embarks upon an examination of the rules governing the right to
be heard in Polish competition enforcement proceedings. It then focuses on the extent
of the competition authority’s obligation to inform undertakings about the actions
addressed to them. The article includes discussion of the rules that circumscribe the
parties’ right of access to evidence in the proceedings. Finally, proposals for changes
in the practice of the competition authority, as well as in the Polish legal framework,
are put forth. The new rules governing competition proceedings before the European
Commission serve as an example for improvements in Polish competition procedures.
Published regularly, this newsletter reports on the activities of the OECD/GVH Regional Centre for Competition. It provides information about recent cases and developments in the participating economies in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. News, case studies and articles from this region are welcome. If you have material that you wish to be considered for publication, please contact Renato Ferrandi (Renato.Ferrandi@oecd.org) and Andrea Dalmay (Dalmay.Andrea@gvh.hu). Also available in Russian. Past issues can be accessed at: http://oe.cd/comp-rcc-news
Agata Jurkowska-Gomułka (ed.), Orzecznictwo sądów wspólnotowych w sprawach ko...Michal
The publication under review here edited by Dr. Agata Jurkowska–Gomułka from
the University of Warsaw (Centre for Antitrust and Regulatory Studies) is a collection of
case studies concerning European competition law prepared by a number of individual
authors both academics and practitioners. As a presentation of landmark judgments
of EU courts, it is a continuation of the 2007 publication entitled: Jurisprudence of
the European Community Courts in competition matters in years 1964- 2004 edited
by Professor Tadeusz Skoczny and Dr. Agata Jurkowska (hereafter, Volume I). The
current book (hereinafter, Volume II), commences with 1 May 2004 – an important
date for this publication for two key reasons: first, because of its correlation with
Poland’s EU accession and second, because of its correlation with the entry into force
of Regulation 1/2003. However, the presented judgments do not refer to Regulation
1/2003 primarily due to the lengthy nature of judicial proceedings. There was thus
no chance, before the publication of Volume II, to discuss any jurisprudence based
on this act.
Procedural Autonomy of Member States and the EU Rights of Defence in Antitrus...Michal
The general rule concerning the application of EU law in the Member States is
that, unless the procedural issues are directly regulated in EU primary or secondary
law, the Member States possess a so-called ‘procedural autonomy’. This rule applies
fully to national antitrust proceedings, where the presumed infringement may
affect trade between EU Member States (decentralised EU antitrust proceedings). However, the procedural guarantees offered to undertakings in EU antitrust
proceedings before the European Commission, often referred to the undertakings’
‘rights of defence’, also form a part of the procedural acquis of EU law. This article
examines the question whether that procedural acquis, stemming mainly from EU
courts’s jurisprudence and formulated with regard to the proceedings before the
European Commission, should be applied as a standard in national (i.e. Polish)
antitrust proceedings where EU law applies.
To regulate or not to regulate – economic approachMichal
The aim of this paper is to present an Indefeasible Right of Use (IRU) as a possible
remedy for telecom infrastructure EU projects that (in Poland) have been lagged
behind the time. Thanks for IRU, Beneficiaries of these EU projects will be able
to save both: time and money and will finish projects successfully. The author
discusses two possible methods of implementing IRU: via regulatory obligation and
via incumbent’s goodwill. The author proposes a game theory model with payoffs
depending on regulator’s and incumbent’s strategies. Using a game theory tree,
the author shows that if only the incumbent is willing to offer his own network,
IRU may be signed and most delays in EU projects disappear. The success is not
so obvious while implementing IRU as an obligation – in this case EU projects
will probably fail.
The European Commission published a White Paper on 2 April 2008 on damages
actions for breach of EU antitrust rules. The content of the White Paper is since
then being prepared to be converted into EU legislation on private antitrust
enforcement. This paper presents the developments in private antitrust enforcement
in Poland after 2 April 2008. It commences with an outline of EU actions in
this field which act as an introduction to the more detailed analysis of recent
jurisprudential and legislative developments in Poland. The latter part of the paper
covers, in particular, the 2009 Act on the Pursuit of Claims in Group Proceedings
and the 2011 Act Amending the Civil Procedure Code and Some Other Acts which
abolishes all specific elements of commercial proceedings, including the statutory ‘non-admission of evidence’ principle. These two legal acts are assessed in order
to establish whether their introduction is likely to help facilitate private antitrust
enforcement in Poland and to consider to what an extent are these developments
responding to the challenges outlined by the European Commission.
Media audiovizualne. konflikt regulacyjny w dobie cyfryzacji a book reviewMichal
The book under review here is entitled Audiovisual Media: regulatory conflict in
the digitalisation era by Katarzyna Chalubinska- Jentkiewicz. As the title suggests,
I expected it to be a monograph on new regulatory problems in the increasingly
digital audiovisual field. The sector itself is well known to cause competence conflicts
between the as many as three different regulatory bodies overseeing it in Poland: the
national telecoms regulator (the UKE President), the audiovisual media supervisory
body (the KRRiT) and the competition authority (the UOKiK President). The impact
of the European Commission can also not be overlooked. The book does indeed
deal in great detail with what is seen as the ‘regulatory conflict’ in the audiovisual
field but the approach applied therein is that of the theory of administration and
administrative/constitutional law rather than that of market regulation. As a result,
the analysis focuses primarily on the perceived ‘conflict’ between Poland’s interests
and regulatory competences and the impact exercised by the European Union as
a whole, rather than on any existing or potential internal conflicts. Key to the entire
analysis is the contraposition of the notion of ‘public interest of a nation’ (State) and
the ‘general interest of the EU’ whereby the special characteristics of ‘national’ public
interest are associated with the notion of ‘public morality’ and also, ‘public mission’.
Legislative developments in the aviation sector in 2011 in polandMichal
The Polish Aviation Law Act of 3 July 2002 was amended six times in
2011. The only major change introduced in this period resulted from the
Amendment Act to the Aviation Law Act of 30 June 2011, most of which
entered into force 30 days after its publication1. In fact, changes introduced
thereby were so widespread and crucial to the entire aviation sector that it
can easily be referred to as a completely new law. Considerable effort went
into the preparation of this Act – its first draft was presented as early as 2009
followed by long consultations and the ultimate introduction of a number of
further changes.
Legislative developments in rail transport in 2011 in polandMichal
Most amendments of the Polish rail transport law in 2011 concerned the
organisation of rail transport including: improvements in timetable changing
procedures; mechanisms to ensure the observance and early publication of
timetables; interoperability of the rail system and; certification of train drivers.
Introduced were also some changes meant to restructure the incumbent state
rail operator (in Polish: Polskie Koleje Państwowe; hereafter PKP).
Legislative and jurisprudential developments in the telecommunications sector...Michal
The Telecommunications Law Act1 (in Polish: Prawo Telekomunikacyjne,
hereafter: PT) was subject to a number of amendments in 2011 introduced by
the Amendment Act of 14 April 2011 and the Amendment Act of 16 September
2011 as well as by the separate Act of 30 June 2011 on the implementation of
digital terrestrial television.
In response to the reservations expressed by the European Commission
regarding the compatibility of the way in which regulatory obligations
concerning the setting of wholesale prices are imposed in Poland, the
Amendment Act of 14 April 2011 changed Articles 39 and 40 PT2. The direct
reason for this amendment was set out in a reasoned opinion prepared by the
Commission in October 2010 under Article 258 TFEU3. It was stated therein
that Polish rules regarding the establishment of wholesale prices may give
rise to legal uncertainty and may be discriminatory towards certain telecoms
operators.
Legislative and jurisprudential developments in the postal sector in 2011 in ...Michal
Postal services in Poland are governed by the Postal Law Act of 2003 (in
Polish: Prawo Pocztowe)1 which maintains the monopoly of the public operator
Poczta Polska with respect of letters weighing up to 50 grams. However, Poland
will have to fully liberalize its postal services market by 31 December 2012.
For this reason, the Government adopted on 5 October 2010 Assumptions
for the Draft Postal Law Act as proposed by the Minister of Infrastructure2.
However, the Draft was not placed on the Government’s legislative agenda
for 2011. Thus, the majority of legislative work will have to be completed in
2012, a fact that jeopardizes the implementation of Directive 2008/6/EC. The
latter indicates 31 December 2012 as the deadline beyond which Member
States must not maintain a privileged position of operators providing universal
postal services
Legislative and jurisprudential developments in the energy sector in 2011 in ...Michal
The year 2011 brought about fundamental changes to the legal framework
affecting energy markets in Poland. The most important of these changes
concerned rules on obligatory public trading of electric energy (so-called,
exchange obligation) and the implementation of Nuclear Facilities Projects
and Obligatory Natural Gas Reserve System Projects.
Key legislative and jurisprudential developments of Polish Antitrust Law in 2011Michal
The article presents key developments in Polish antitrust legislation and jurisprudence
of 2011. Its legislative part focuses on the renewal of Polish Group Exemption
Regulations for vertical agreements, specialization and R&D agreements as well as
cooperation agreements in the insurance sector. Noted is also the sole amendment
of the Competition Act introduced in 2011 which concerns the financial liability of
the Polish competition authority. The article covers also the new Guidelines of the
UOKiK President on the criteria and procedures of merger notifications. Presented
in its jurisprudential part is a number of 2011 rulings, mainly those rendered by
the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, divided according to their subject
matter with respect to particular types of restrictive practices and other problems
related to the decision-making process of the UOKiK President.
Is the parallel competence set out in regulation 12003 totally clear. case co...Michal
With a motion dated 28th of April 2005 submitted to the President of the Office of
Competition and Consumer Protection (in Polish: Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji
i Konsumentów; hereafter, UOKiK President), Tele2 Polska Sp. z o.o. (currently:
Netia S.A., hereafter, Applicant) requested the initiation of antitrust proceedings
against Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. (hereafter, TP). The Polish incumbent, TP, was
alleged to have engaged in practices restricting competition covered by Article 8(1)
and 8(2)(5) of the Act on Competition and Consumer Protection of 15th December
2000 (hereafter, Competition Act 2000) and in Article 82 of the Treaty establishing
European Community (hereafter, TEC), presently, Article 102 of the Treaty on the
functioning of the European Union (hereafter, TFEU).
How to facilitate damage claims private enforcement in croatiaMichal
Ever since the Croatian Competition Agency started functioning in 1997, public
enforcement of competition law has been the norm. Civil actions for breaches of
competition law have been the exception in Croatia. The existing legislation in the
area of competition law makes no effort to incentivise private enforcement. There
are no specific rules in the Competition Act 2009 dedicated to civil actions, except a
single provision that assigns jurisdiction over damages claims to commercial courts.
General tort law is applicable in order to prove damages. A number of issues arise
here mostly due to the complexity of competition cases. These issues were described
in the European Commission’s White Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of
EC Antitrust Rules (2008). The level of uncertainty as regards the outcome of the
claim is high. It seems that special rules need to be adopted in Croatia in order
to improve the position of the injured side. The paper deals with a number of
procedural and substantive law issues relevant to the facilitation of civil proceedings
for antitrust damages. A domestic law perspective is applied taking into account
recent developments in EU competition law and policy.
European audiovisual sector – where business meets society’s needs a book r...Michal
The Centre for Antitrust and Regulatory Studies (CARS), responsible for this
yearbook, also prepares the publication of textbooks and monographs. An Englishlanguage
textbook European Audiovisual Sector: Where business meets society’s needs
written by Dr. Ewelina D. Sage is one of the latest publication in this series
Differentiation between entrepreneurs and its legal consequences. case commentMichal
The discussed judgment was rendered in relation to the dispute between the
President of the Polish Competition Authority (hereafter, UOKiK President) on the
one hand and the Polish Football Association and the broadcaster Canal+ on the
other hand. These two undertakings were party to an agreement on exercising media
rights to football games of the two highest classes of the Polish league. The core of
the dispute consisted of the possibility of deeming the pre-emption right reserved
for Canal+ as a contractual provision restricting competition. The Courts involved
were also forced to answer the question whether performing tasks of a public service
character justified a decrease in the fine imposed by the competition authority
Development of the judicial review of the decisions in slovakiaMichal
The article provides an analysis of the most important judgments rendered by
Slovak courts at the end of 2010, in the course of 2011 and at the beginning of 2012.
The article focuses solely on judicial review of decisions issued by the National
Competition Authority of the Slovak Republic.
Slovak courts dealt with several key issues concerning public enforcement
of competition law such as: the application of the so-called ‘general clause’;
competences of the Slovak competition authority in regulated sectors; and the
application of the economic continuity test. Some of the conclusions resulting from
these judgments may be considered disputable. It may be argued, in particular, that
they may jeopardize the effective enforcement of competition law in the Slovak Republic. At the same time, the discussed jurisprudence has managed to clarify
a number of key issues which had been subject to debate for a number of years. The
article presents a review of these judgments, summarizes their key conclusions and
considers their possible impact on the system of public enforcement of competition
law in the Slovak Republic. The article is divided into a number of parts, each of
which covers an individual case, the titles of which refers to the main topic that was
under discussion in the presented judgment.
Commission guidelines on assessment of significant market power. case commentMichal
The ruling of the Court of Justice (hereafter, CJ) in the PTC case concerns the
interpretation of Article 58 of the Treaty of Accession1 establishing an obligation
to publish EU legal acts in the languages of Member States which accessed the EU
on 1 May 2004. A controversy emerged in this context whether the said obligation
also applied to European Commission Guidelines on relevant market analysis and
the assessment of significant market power in the field of electronic communication
(hereafter, 2002 Guidelines)2. In general, guidelines issued by the Commission are
regarded as acts of soft law, also called innominate acts or sui generis acts.
What do limitation periods for sanctions in antitrustMichal
Limitation periods represent a legal safeguard for a person who has once
broken the law in order not to be put at risk of sanctions and other legal liabilities
for an indefinite amount of time. By contrast, public interest can sometimes require
that a person who has committed a serious breach of law cannot benefit from
limitation periods and that it is necessary to declare that the law had indeed been
infringed and that legal liability shall be expected irrespective of the passage of
time.
Universal service obligation and loyalty effectsMichal
In network industries, a Universal Service Obligation (USO) is often seen as a burden
on an incumbent, which requires compensation for the net cost of such service
provision. This paper estimates the effects of consumer loyalty as an intangible
benefit of USO in the postal sector. In doing so, the agent-based modelling (ABM)
approach is applied, which makes it possible to model the behaviour of boundedly
rational consumers and is thus particularly appropriate for taking into account
intangibles considerations. The analysis shows that loyalty is crucial to whether
the USO uniform pricing constraint results in loss-making or profitability. Under
certain conditions and in the presence of a loyalty parameter, uniform pricing gives
a USO provider an advantage, when the size of the rural area is sufficiently big
and a disadvantage, if its size is too small. This finding is counterintuitive as USO
providers in countries with sparsely populated areas are typically expected to incur
a significant net cost of USO.
2010 and 2011 eu competition law and case law developments with a nexus to po...Michal
This third overview of EU competition and sector-specific regulatory jurisprudential
and case law developments with a nexus to Poland covers the years 2010 and 2011.
This period of time is worth noting for several reasons. First, EU courts delivered
a significant number of judgments in ‘Polish’ cases including an increased number of
preliminary rulings. Second, 2010-2011 developments were dominated by judgments
and decisions concerning telecoms. Finally, the Commission adopted only a handful
of Polish State aid decisions following a formal investigation procedure under
Article 108(2) TFEU.
EU Courts’ Jurisdiction over and Review of Decisions Imposing Fines in EU Com...Michal
The aim of this article is to analyse the extent of judicial review exercised by the EU
courts over the European Commission’s decision imposing fines in EU competition law. When considering appeals against fines in competition law, the position of
the EU courts are limited to a review of imposed fines in respect of the European
Commission’s Guidelines instead of an exercise of a more comprehensive appellate
review. The review should not only be a control of legality but it has to be an unlimited
merits control. An appeal control should be directed to review fully the facts and to
control proportionality of the imposed fines. The article analyses also the question
of the protection of fundamental rights in the scope of the review over decisions
imposing fines. For that purpose, the article provides also a comparative analysis of
the selected judgments of the EU courts and the European Court of Human Rights.
Rights of an Undertaking in Proceedings Regarding Commitment Decisions under ...Michal
The purpose of this article is to present and define the rights of the undertakings
concerned, which are parties to commitment decision proceedings, and to
discuss whether the rights granted to the undertakings are exercised. As regards
commitment decisions the main right of an undertaking/a party to the proceedings
is the right to defend its own interests in negotiations with the Commission. Other rights, such as the right to a transparent procedure, the rights resulting from the
principle of legal certainty and legality of sanctions, and the right to appeal, are also
analyzed. The article argues that these rights are not adequately enforced in EU
competition law. This is a result of a strong negotiating position of the Commission
and the fact that it acts both as a prosecutor and decision-renderer. Additionally,
the scope of European courts’ review is so narrow that it does not guarantee that an
undertaking is protected against offering excessive and unreasonable commitments.
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Cars activity report 2011
1. VOL. 2012, 5(7)
A C T I V I T I E S O F C A R S
CARS Activity Report 2011
1. General information
In the fifth year of its activities CARS focused on the pursuit of a number of
goals set in its founding documents. It was a particularly busy year for its Publishing
Programme which saw the issue of 6 separate titles: two monographs, an English-
language textbook, a collective works and two volumes of the ‘Yearbook of Antitrust
and Regulatory Studies’ [a special edition vol. 4(4) and the yearly vol. 4(5)]. 2011 was
also a very active period for the CARS Open PhD Seminar series with four meetings
taking place throughout the year. Several CARS members engaged also in the second
edition of a research project dedicated to regulatory and antitrust aspects of airport
activities (first phase of the project completed in 2010).
2. Open PhD Seminar
2.1. Procedural fairness in proceedings before the competition authority –
identified problems
The tenth meeting of the CARS Open PhD Seminar took place on 24 January
2011 and focused on the question if procedural fairness is respected to a satisfactory
degree in the proceedings held before Polish and EU competition authorities. Maciej
Bernatt, a PhD candidate at the Jean Monnet Chair on European Economic Law,
gave an introductory speech based on the results of his individual research concerning
this field. The speaker focused on guarantees of procedural fairness including the right
to be heard, right to equal participation, right of defense, right to protect business
secrets and other confidential information, right to a court review and judicial control
of the proceedings before the competition authority.
2.2. Patent pools and competition law
The eleventh seminar concerned antitrust assessment of patent pools and was
held on 9 May 2011. An introductory speech was delivered by Dr Rafał Sikorski
from the Chair of European Law at the Faculty of Law and Administration, Adam
Mickiewicz University in Poznan. His presentation was commented on by Dr Dawid
Miasik (researcher at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences).
YEARBOOK
of ANTITRUST
and REGULATORY
STUDIES
www.yars.wz.uw.edu.pl
Centre for Antitrust and Regulatory Studies,
University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management
www.cars.wz.uw.edu.pl
Peer-reviewed scientific periodical,
focusing on legal and economic
issues of antitrust and regulation.
Creative Commons Attribution-No
Derivative Works 3.0 Poland License.
2. YEARBOOK OF ANTITRUST AND REGULATORY STUDIES
312 ACTIVITIES OF CARS
Following contributions focused on the relation between competition law and
competition authorities and the costs and gains (for competition) resulting from the
activities of patent pools. The discussion was accompanied by the presentation of a
number of European and US case studies.
2.3. Evaluation of the competitiveness of telecoms markets for regulatory purposes
The twelth meeting of the CARS Open PhD Seminar was held on 3 November
2011 and concerned the process of evaluating the competitiveness of telecoms markets.
The speaker, Ewa Kwiatkowska, presented the key thesis of her PhD dissertation
concerning this research field. In her view, despite many disparities in antitrust
protection and sector-specific regulation, it is possible to identify a set of common rules
in their decision making process as well as in the preceding market evaluation process.
Although the instruments used for antitrust and regulatory evaluation are different,
both types of proceedings consider a similar stage of evaluating competitiveness.
2.4. Exchange of information between competitors from the point of view of regulators:
between pro-competitive cooperation and anti-competitive coordination
The last seminar of 2011 was held on 7 December. Antoni Bolecki, a PhD
candidate from the Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, presented here
the key arguments of his PhD dissertation dedicated to antitrust aspects of horizontal
information exchange. One of the problems discussed during the seminar was how
elements such as: form, features or set up of information exchanged and market
structure, determine the anti- or pro-competitive nature of information exchange. The
speaker emphasized the interdependencies between information exchange in vertical
relations and a potential impact on competition of horizontal information exchange.
3. Publications
3.1. ‘Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies’ (YARS)
A special edition of YARS [vol. 4(4)] was published in May 2011 dedicated to
antitrust problems and sector specific regulation in the energy market. The next
regular volume of YARS [vol. 4(5)] was published in December 2011. YARS vol. 4(4)
contains, among others: a preface by Prof. Jerzy Buzek, the President of the European
Parliament, two guest articles and nine ‘ordinary’ scientific papers, two case comments
to judgments of the Polish Supreme Court, a book review on national energy
monopolies and a list of legislation, sectorial regulation and competition protection
cases concerning energy markets between 2007-2010.
The 2011 regular volume of YARS [vol.4(5)] contains: seven scientific papers on
legal and economic aspects of antitrust protection and sector specific regulation in
Poland, legislation reviews concerning competition protection and sector specific
3. VOL. 2012, 5(7)
CARS Activity Report 2011 313
regulation in regulated sectors (telecoms, energy, rail transport, air transport, postal
services), case comments to a number of important court judgments and a key decision
of the UOKiK President, book reviews, conference reports and a bibliography (Polish
publications of 2010 dedicated to competition and sector specific regulation).
3.2. ‘Airports services in the European Union and in Poland II – selected problems’
(ISBN: 978-83-61276-78-4)
The sixth title of the CARS Publishing Programme is a collective work edited by
Prof. Tadeusz Skoczny and Filip Czernicki concerning airport services. The publication
was created on the basis of a number of reports prepared by researchers from the
Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, and professionals from the ‘Polish
Airports’ State Enterprise, within the second edition of a research project concerning
this issue completed in 2011 (first edition completed in 2010). The resulting book
consists of six chapters focusing on: assumptions and results of the project (chapter 1);
current jurisprudential and case-law problems relating to the functioning of airports in
the EU and Poland (chapter 2); regulatory requirements for airport services provision
in the EU and Poland concerning airport infrastructure access and airports fees
(chapter 3); regulatory requirements for security of airport operations (chapter 4);
regulatory requirements for airport safety (chapter 5) and; comparative analysis of
efficiencies of selected airports in the EU (chapter 6).
This publication is addressed to those involved in airport management, enterprises
providing airport and air transport services, employees of public administration
related to airport travel as well as researchers and students interested in competition
protection and sector specific regulation.
3.3. ‘Broadband networks in telecommunication policy’ (ISBN: 978-83-61276-67-8)
The seventh title of the CARS Publishing Programme is a monograph by Prof.
Stanisław Piątek dedicated to problems associated with access to broadband networks
from the perspective of formulating and implementing telecoms policy. The book
focuses on the influence exercised by public institutions on the development of
broadband communications. The author analysis two aspects of telecoms policy
within broadband networks: institutional aspect and regulatory aspect whereby the
latter concern the decision-making process of public institutions as far as defining the
conditions of conducting telecoms activities in cases of market failure.
3.4. ‘Procedural fairness in the proceedings before the competition authority’
(ISBN: 978-83-61276-76-0)
The eight title of the CARS Publishing Programme is a monograph by Dr Maciej
Bernatt dedicated to problems surrounding the need to respect procedural fairness
in proceeding before the Polish and the EU competition authority. The book tackles
4. YEARBOOK OF ANTITRUST AND REGULATORY STUDIES
314 ACTIVITIES OF CARS
the question whether existing procedural institutions are capable of guaranteeing
an appropriate level of protection of key values of procedural fairness. The author
examines if the identified values correspond with appropriate guarantees, that is,
procedural rights of participants of antitrust proceedings and the duties of the
competition authority conducting the proceedings as well as the duties of the courts
reviewing the activities of that authority. Competition procedure is analyzed from
the perspective of distinguished guarantees of procedural fairness covering: the right
to be heard, the right to equal participation in proceedings; the right of defense; the
right to protect business secrets and other confidential information and; the right to
judicial review and judicial control over administrative proceedings.
3.5. ‘European Audiovisual Sector: Where business meets society’s needs’
(ISBN: 978-83-61276-77-7)
The ninth title published by the CARS Publishing Programme is also its first
English-language book directed at both Polish as well as foreign readers. The textbook
by Ewelina D. Sage, D.Phil., offers a comprehensive overview of the various efforts
undertaken by the EU in order to facilitate an inclusive, safe, and efficient European
Audiovisual Sector. The textbook is primarily addressed to international business
and journalism students in line with the cross-border nature of the topic. The book
covers: diverse socio-economic goals pursued by the EU in the audiovisual sector; EU
actions meant to strengthen the overall economic basis of the internal market and; EU
efforts undertaken in order to ensure the continuing competitiveness of its audiovisual
sphere. Discussed in particular are the Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its
relationship to the legislation of individual Member States as well as EU support
schemes (such as the MEDIA programme) made available in this field. Also covered is
the impact on the internal development of the sector and the formulation of business
practices exercised by the European Commission through the individual application
of state aid provisions and competition law rules.
4. Research
A group of researchers associated with CARS completed in 2011, in close
co-operation with the ‘Polish Airports’ State Enterprise, a major research project
entitled ‘Airports services in the European Union and Poland II – selected problems’.
The project was designed as a continuation of an extensive research effort undertaken
in 2009 and summed up in a collective work published in 2010 under the title ‘Airports
services in the European Union and Poland – competition law and airports regulations’
(fifth title of the CARS Publishing Programme). The research team engaged in the
second edition consisted once again of researchers from the Faculty of Management,
University of Warsaw, and a number of professionals from the ‘Polish Airports’ State
Enterprise. Representatives of the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency were also
involved.
5. VOL. 2012, 5(7)
CARS Activity Report 2011 315
Two topics considered in the 2011 project build on the research efforts of 2009:
application of EU and national competition rules to airports and regulatory conditions
for providing airports services. Completely new issues covered by the 2011 research
project covered: regulatory requirements for providing security of airport operations;
regulatory requirements for ensuring airport safety and; a comparative analysis of
efficiencies of selected European airports (Warsaw, Budapest, Prague, Copenhagen,
Vienna and Zurich). The results of the project were published in a book form entitled
‘Airports services in the European Union and Poland II – selected problems’ edited
by Prof. Tadeusz Skoczny and Filip Czernicki (see point 3.2. above).
Dr. Agata Jurkowska-Gomułka
CARS Scientific Secretary