C++ how to program 10 edition Harvey Deitel

Chapter 1 Dr. Ali Al-Hamdi 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to C++

Chapter Topics
 About C++
 Input/Output and Operators
 Introduction to Classes, Objects and Strings

1.1 About C++
(chapter 1 in textbook)

1.1.1 Data Hierarchy
(sections: 1.4 in the textbook )
 Bit
 Byte
 Field
 Record
 File
 Database
 Big data

1.1.2 Programming Languages levels
(sections: 1.5 in the textbook )
 Programming Languages Types
 Machine language
 Assembly language
 High-level languages
 Translator types
 Assemblers
 Compilers
 Interpreters

1.1.3 C and C++: Historical Facts
(section 1.6 in textbook )
 Developed from C, which was developed by Dennis
Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972.
 C is available for most computers and is H/W
independent (portable language).
 C was standardized by ANSI/ISO. So, ANSI/ISO 9899:
1990 was published in 1990.
 C11 was developed to evolve C to keep pace with
increasingly powerful H/W and ever more demanding
user requirements. C11 also makes C more consistent
with C++.

 C++, an extension of C, was developed by Bjarne
Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs. Originally called “C with
class”, it was renamed C++ in the early 1980s.
 C++ provides a number of features that “spruce up” C,
most importantly it provides capabilities for OOP.
 C++ versions
 C++11: was published by ISO/IEC in 2011. It extends C++
Standard Library added several language features and
enhancements to improve performance and security.
(section 1.6 and 1.14 in textbook )

 C++ versions
 The current C++ standard, C++14, was published by ISO/IEC in
2014. It added several language features and C++ Standard
Library enhancements, and fixed bugs from C++11.
 The next version of the C++ standard, C++17, is currently under
development. For a list of proposed features, see:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B17
 Some C++ compilers
 Visual Studio 2015 Community Edition (Microsoft Windows)
 GNU C++ (Linux)
 Clang/LLVM in Xcode (Mac OS X)
(section 1.6 and 1.14 in textbook )

 Two approaches of programming (development
perspective)
 Creating from scratch,
 Reusing available classes and functions.
 Avalable reused classes and functions deals
with:
 Commonly used algorithms,
 Data structure,
1.1.3 C++ Standard Library

 C++ Standard library has a rich of collection
of classes and functions.
 Software Engineering observations



 Performance
 Portability
 The advantage of creating your own functions and classes is that you’ll know exactly how
they work.
 The disadvantage is the time-consuming and complex effort that goes into designing,
developing and maintaining new functions and classes that are correct and operate efficiently.

1.1.4 Popular Programing Languages

 Earlier technology (S/W nature perspective)
 Motivation
 Goals
 Concept
 Advantages
 Objects examples: automobile, bank account
 Hiding mechanisms: examples
1.1.5 Introduction to Object Technology

 Member functions and classes
 Example
 Instantiation, instance
 Example
 Reuse concept and advantages
 Example
 Messages and member class calls
 Example

 Attributes and data members
 Example
 Encapsulation
 Example
 Inheritance
 Examples
 Polymorphism
 Example

 Programming in SDLC
Program size and relation
with SDLC
 Small
 Large

 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
 Analysis (what?)
 Design (How?)
 OOAD
 OOPL
 Unified Modeling Language (UML)
 Used in?
 Used for?

 C++ system programming parts:
 A program development environment,
 The language, and
 The C++ Standard Library.
1.1.6 Typical C++ development
environment (section 1.9)

 A C++ program typically go through six
phases:
 Edit,
 Preprocess,
 Compile,
 Link,
 Load, and
 Execute.

 Phase 1: Editing a C++ program
 A source file is created with .cpp, .cxx, .cc, or .C
extension.
 C++ Editors examples
 2 editors on Linux: vi and emacs.
 Microsoft Windows: Microsoft visual C++.
 Simple text editors: notepad in Windows.

 Phase 1: Editing a C++ program
 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
 Function: supports the software-development process,
including editors for writing and editing programs and
debuggers for locating logic errors.
 Popular IDEs include Microsoft® Visual Studio 2012
Express Edition, Dev C++, NetBeans, Eclipse, Apple’s
Xcode and CodeLite.

 Phase 2: Preprocessing a C++ programs
 The C++ preprocessor obeys commands called
preprocessing directives, which indicate that certain
manipulations are to be performed on the program
before compilation.
 These manipulations usually include other text files
to be compiled, and perform various text
replacements.

 Phase 3: Compiling a C++ program
 The compiler translates the C++ program into
machine-language code—also referred to as object
code.

 Phase 4: Linking a C++ program
 C++ programs typically contain references to
functions and data defined elsewhere, such as in the
standard libraries or in the private libraries of groups
of programmers working on a particular project.

 Phase 4: Linking a C++ program
 The object code produced by the C++ compiler
typically contains “holes” due to these missing parts.
 A linker links the object code with the code for the
missing functions to produce an executable program
(with no missing pieces).
 If the program compiles and links correctly, an
executable image is produced.

 Phase 5: Loading a C++ program
 Before a program can be executed, it must first be
placed in memory by the loader, which takes the
executable image and components from shared
libraries from disk and transfers it to memory.

 Phase 6: Executing a C++ program
 Finally, the computer’s CPU, executes the program
one instruction or several instructions in parallel at a
time.

 Problems that may occur during time
execution:
 Programs might not work successfully on the first
try of execution due to any type of errors that may
exist in any of 6 phases discussed so far.
 Type of errors?
 Test-Driving C++ Application: read section 1.10 for Lab. tutorials.

1.2 Input/Output and Operators

 Example (1): Printing a line of text
 Remarks?
 Questions?
1.2.1 First program in C++
(section 2.2)

 Programming tips
 Comments
 Including program u
updating
 Compiler error
 Syntax errors
 Good practices

 The Stream Insertion Operator
 Espace Sequences

1.2.2 Modifying first program
(Section 2.3)
 Example (2)
 Remarks?
 Questions?
 Example (3)
 Remarks?
 Questions?

1.2.3 Another C++ programs
(Section 2.4)
 Example (4)


 Programming Notes
and Tips
 Variables declaration
 Identifiers writing
 Placement of variables
declaration
 Placement of binary
operators
 Cascading stream
insertion operations
 Stream manipulator
1.2.3 Another C++ programs

 C++ Operators
1.2.4 Arithmetic
(section 2.6)

 Rules of operator precedence
1.2.4 Arithmetic
(section 2.6)

1.2.5 Decision Making (sections 2.8)
(section 2.8)

 Example (6)
 Remarks?
 Questions?
1.2.5 Decision Making (sections 2.8)
(section 2.8)

 Programming notes and tips
 Using declarations
 Using directive namespace
 Statement indentation
 Logic error
 Statement splitting
1.2.5 Decision Making
(section 2.8)

 Operator prececdence
1.2.6 Decision Making
(section 2.8)

1.3 Introduction to Classes, Objects
Member Functions, and Strings

 Structure
 Definition
 Structure Syntax (Definition)
struct struct_name {
DataType member1_name;
…
};
1.3.1 Structure and class: syntax
C and C++ comparison

 Structure
 Declaration
struct struct_name var_name;
 Assigning value
 Accessing
var_name.memeber_name = value;

#include <stdio.h>
/* Created a structure here. The name of the structure is StudentData.*/
struct StudentData{
char *stu_name;
int stu_id;
int stu_age;
};
int main()
{
/* student is the variable of structure StudentData*/
struct StudentData student;
/*Assigning the values of each struct member here*/
student.stu_name = "Sami";
student.stu_id = 1234;
student.stu_age = 22;
/* Displaying the values of struct members */
printf("Student Name is: %s", student.stu_name);
printf("nStudent Id is: %d", student.stu_id);
printf("nStudent Age is: %d", student.stu_age);
return 0;
 Structure
 Example
Output:
Student Name is: Sami
Student Id is: 1234
Student Age is: 22
1.3.1 Structure and class: example

 Class
 Definition
 Calss Syntax (Creation or Definition)

 Class
 Declaration
 Assigning value
 Accessing
ClassName ObjectName;
ObjectName. MemberFunction;
ObjectName. DataMember;
ObjectName. DataMember=Value or string;
1.3.1 Structure and class

1.3.2 Test-Driving an Account
Object

1.3.3 Account Class with a Data Member
and Set and Get Member Functions

1.3.4 Account Class: Initializing Object
with Constructor

with Constructor

1.3.5 Software Engineering with Set and
Get Member Functions

1.3.6 Account Class with a Balance; Data
Validation

Validation

C++ how to program 10 edition Harvey Deitel

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