This document discusses domestic water treatment in Malaysia. It provides information on water sources, the water treatment process, common water treatment methods including screening, aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and storage. It also discusses issues with water management in Malaysia such as the Klang Valley water crisis of 2014 which was caused by dry weather and water treatment plant shutdowns. Recommendations are provided to improve water treatment including implementing localized water treatment systems.

1. Domestic Water Treatment
Yee Algel 0315890
Chin Tze Wei 0315767
Bo Yong Khong 0316317
Hoo Bung Jiat0316092
Lee Kit Hung0315722
Yeoh Pooi Ching0315540

2. Water
• One of the precious elements in the Earth.
• Water is closely related to human health.
• About 70% of water found in human bodies.

3. Water comes from…
 Mostly are from surface water and ground water.
 Begins with rainwater falls in lakes and rivers which
interact with ground water.

5. Water polluted

6. As the country grows so does the
problem of providing sufficient clean
water to the population. Malaysia’s waste
disposal system was no different from
what is still found in many developing
countries.

7. Thus….
 The treatment plant is designed to allowing
operators, technicians or staff operating and
maintaining water treatment system, emphasizing
safe practices and procedures.
 They treat the water that goes down our drains
before releasing it back into the environment.
 Most important purpose is to clear the water we use
in our homes of solid materials.

8. • To ensure long-term sustainability of quality of water
and sewerage services through continued capital
works development

9. MALAYSIA
Comprised of 13
states and 3
federal territories.
Equatorial climate
with seasonal
monsoon between
the months of
November to
January.
Population of 28
million according
to 2010 census.
Around 450 water
treatment plants
being operated.
Rivers and
streams are the
main sources

10. PROCESS
 Aeration
 Coagulation & Flocculation
 Sedimentation
 Filtration
 Disinfection

12. SCREENING
 Simple screening to remove large solids
 A coarse screen with openings of about 75mm is
used to prevent large objects from reaching the
intake

13. AERATION
The water from the river is pumped up to a reservoir or plain
sedimentation tank to be aerated for the purpose of:
 Increasing oxygen content
 Reducing carbon dioxide content
 Removing hydrogen sulfide, methane and various volatile organic
compounds responsible for taste and odour

14. COAGULATION & FLOCCULATION
Coagulation – to remove the dirt and other
particles by treating raw water with chemicals
usually aluminium sulfate to coagulate the
particles. This will cause the tiny particles of dirt
called flocs to stick together .
Flocculation - the growth of coagulated particles by
uniting the colloidal and larger particles of
suspended matter together, leading to an easier
settlement and a more effective filtration.

15. SEDIMENTATION
There are two sedimentation processes occurring:
 after the intake from the river where the settling of
suspended matter without the aid of chemical
coagulation.
 after coagulation/flocculation where the flocs settles to
the bottom and clear water moves to filtration with the aid
of chemical coagulation. The flocs accumulated at the
bottom of the basin is needed to be removed from time to
time.

16. FILTRATION
The basic principal of filtration is to filter out the tiny floating particles which escape
the opportunity to settle at the basin. The best single process that can effect an
improvement in the physical, chemical and bacteriological quality side of normal
surface water is the slow sand filters.
The advantages of slow sand filter in developing countries are:
 The cost of construction is low.
 Simplicity of design and operation means that filters can be built and used with
limited technical supervision. No special pipework, equipment or instruments are
needed.
 The labour required for maintenance can be incompetent as major job such as
cleaning the beds can be done by hand.
 Imports of materials and equipment can be negligible and no chemicals are
needed.
 Variation in raw water quality and temperature can be accommodated, provided
turbidity does not become excessive and overloading for short periods does no
harm.
 Water is saved because of no backwashing.
 Sludge is less troublesome as its quantity is small and easily dewatered.

17. DISINFECTION
 Water is disinfected before it enters the distribution
system to ensure that any disease-causing bacteria,
viruses, and parasites are destroyed.
 Chlorine is used because it is a very effective
disinfectant.

18. STORAGE
 Water is then stored in a closed tank or reservoir.
 Flows through pipes then to homes and businesses
in the community.

19. Advantages and Disadvantages

20. advantages
 -supply clean water
 -Waterborne Diseases
 Waterborne disease are transmitted in contaminated
fresh water and infected during drinking, washing,
preparation of food and many others.

21. disadvantages
 inefficient water treatment management system
which leads to water crisis 2014
 Construction of new water treatment plants do
impact to the ecosystem
 Lack of Microfiltration, Reverse Osmosis and
Ultraviolet Disinfection
 Thus malaysia citizen offen install private water filter
machine

22. KLANG VALLEY WATER CRISIS

23. WHEN OCCUR??
• 1998 – When the three dams (Klang Gates Dam, Batu Dam and
Semenyih Dam) experienced a drop in water level due to the El Nino
phenomenon.
• 2014 – Due to hot and dry seasons in Peninsula Malaysia.
CONSEQUENCES:
Almost all the residents residing there were affected from the shortage of
water leading to water rationing being imposed.

24. CAUSES
• Internal causes arising from the organization itself
• External cause

25. INTERNAL CAUSES
 political issue in the intergovernmental relationship between the state
government and Selangor waterworks Department
 Lack of manpower in Selangor Waterworks Department (SWD)

26. EXTERNAL CAUSES
 Dry weather season
 Offline of water treatment

27. Dry weather season
 extreme hot and dry weather in our country and lack
of rainfall in the water catchment area

28. Offline of water treatment
 offline of water treatment plant in selangor because
of ammonia pollution which causess the water to be
unsafe to be consumed.
 Source of ammonia are natural, from the decaying of
organic matter.
 It also can manufactured by man and is used for
bleaching and cleaning, production of fertilisers,
plastic and many more.

29. SOLUTIONS
 Organizational structure
 Reduction in water pollution
 Increase efficiency in agricultural water uses
 Reduce Deforestation

30. Organizational structure
 The three elements of responsiveness,
accountability and representatives must be put into
practice to deal with water supply issues within the
organizational structure.
 This will ensure that future water crisis can be solved
faster and efficiently.

32. Reduction in water pollution
 Water pollution can have a negative impact on the
sustainability of water resources.
 Cost of treating polluted waters are expensive.
 Enforcement in form of penalties and punishment
should be enforced to make sure the irresponsible
person or community will get the appropriate
punishments due to their actions.

33. Increase efficiency in agricultural water
uses
 By recycling the irrigated water using the high
technology system, it can help the agricultural
industry to reduce the usage of water.

34. Reduce Deforestation
 stop the development around the catchment area.
 We should stop develop buildings in Kuala Lumpur
and Petaling Jaya and establish satellite city to
disperse the crowded population around this areas.

35. Management of Water Treatment
Plant
 authority is responsible to provide, operate and
maintaining a treatment plant
 our country has privatized the water treatment plant
to a few companies

38. Installation of the Water Treatment Plant
inspect the
water
demand
Durable
structure
Near to
water
sources

39. Possible Problem to the system
Issues that may cause problem to water system:
-Garbage
-Industries wastes
-Shortage of water filtration system
-overpopulation

40. Garage
 The garbage as paper, aluminum, elastic, glass,
plastic, sustenance are gathered and deposited into
the water reservoir.
 take from 2 weeks to 200 years to break down.
 At reservoir, they cause water contamination as well
as damage creatures in the capacity.
 influence the quality and also the taste and odour of
the water.

41. Industrial waste
 Industries produce enormous measure of waste
which contains harmful chemicals and contamination
which can bring about air pollution and harm to us
and our surroundings.

42. Shortage of Water Filtrations Systems
 The primary reason that makes people sick from
waterborne diseases is that the water was
inadequately filtered.
 In Malaysia, compare to the rural areas that are still
using water wells as their water resources. The
source of water is contaminated with unwanted
elements because it is not properly filtered.

43. Overpopulation
 An inevitable fact of life is that when more people are
born, nurtured and sustained, the more amount of
water it is going to take to quench their thirst.
 Due to the increasing percentage of people on Earth,
it will strain our combined ecosystems ability to
provide clean water supply not just for drinking but
for food, hygiene and industry.
 Add in the fact that only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh
water and a large portion of it are trapped as glaciers
and ice masses.

44. Recommendation to future
improvement
To improve and enhance our water quality, several
improvement procedures must be applied and
implemented not only in our water treatment system
but also reduces our human activities that threaten
the natural environment. The following procedures
are:
-Localized water treatment system

45. Localized Water Treatment Sysytem
 localized water treatment service- produces the highest quality
drinking water at a cost-effective price point from a renewable
energy-source
 improve access to potable water, encourage the development
and diffusion of innovations
 reduced financial and technical risks, lower the potential of
system failure, and provide easier trial and replacement of
specific innovations and greater organizational capacity.
 can be tailored to minimize environmental damage and could
enhance or encourage the deployment of in situ power
generation.
 require a paradigm shift by the government agencies around
the world responsible for public health, safety, and welfare and
for protecting natural ecosystems. Only by changing the
methods of water-treatment system procurement and
management can deliver equitable access to potable water.

46. Concept
 increases respond to changes in demand and
supply, improves capital efficiency, increases
disaster resiliency, reduces impact on natural
systems, and the potential to complement and be
enhanced by the growing use of on-site energy
generation systems.
 to ensure quality, life safety, and system operation,
ensure equitable access to potable water, protect
natural systems, and build local community capacity