Bright Futures Guidelines For Infants, Children, Adolescents

BRIGHT FUTURES
Guidelines for Health Supervision of
Infants, Children, and Adolescents
THIRD EDITION

POCKET GUIDE
Editors
Joseph F. Hagan, Jr, MD, FAAP
Judith S. Shaw, RN, MPH, EdD
Paula M. Duncan, MD, FAAP

FUNDED BY
US Department of Health and Human Services
Health Resources and Services Administration
Maternal and Child Health Bureau

PUBLISHED BY
The American Academy of Pediatrics

CITE AS
Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan P, eds. 2008. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and
Adolescents, Third Edition. Pocket Guide. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
Copyright © 2008 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-
copying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007929964
ISBN-13: 978-1-58110-224-6
ISBN-10: 1-58110-224-0
BF0027
PUBLISHED BY
American Academy of Pediatrics
141 Northwest Point Blvd
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098
USA
847-434-4000
AAP Web site: www.aap.org
Bright Futures Web site: http://brightfutures.aap.org

Additional copies of this publication are available from the American Academy of Pediatrics Online Bookstore at
www.aap.org/bookstore.

This publication has been produced by the American Academy of Pediatrics under its cooperative agreement
(U06MC00002) with the US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration
(HRSA), Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB).

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Bright Futures at the American Academy of Pediatrics. . . . . . . . . v 15 Month Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
How to Use This Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii 18 Month Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Core Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 2 Year Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Building Effective Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 2 1 Year Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2

Fostering Family-Centered Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 3 Year Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Promoting Health and Preventing Illness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii 4 Year Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Managing Time for Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 5 and 6 Year Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Educating Families Through Teachable Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv 7 and 8 Year Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Advocating for Children, Families, and Communities . . . . . . . . . . . xv 9 and 10 Year Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Supporting Families Successfully . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Early Adolescence (11 to 14 Year Visits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Middle Adolescence (15 to 17 Year Visits). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Cultural Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Late Adolescence (18 to 21 Year Visits) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Complementary and Alternative Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bright Futures Themes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Developmental Milestones at a Glance — Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Bright Futures Health Supervision Visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Developmental Milestones at a Glance — Early Childhood . . . . . . 55
Acronyms Used in the Bright Futures Health Supervision Visits. . . . . 1 Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood . . . . . . . . 56
Prenatal Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Domains of Adolescent Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Newborn Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Recommended Medical Screening — Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
First Week Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Recommended Medical Screening — Early Childhood . . . . . . . . . . 59
1 Month Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Recommended Medical Screening — Middle Childhood . . . . . . . . 60
2 Month Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Recommended Medical Screening — Adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 Month Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Tooth Eruption Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6 Month Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Sexual Maturity Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9 Month Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Useful Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
iii
12 Month Visit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Bright Futures at the American What Is Bright Futures?
Bright Futures is a set of principles, strategies, and tools
Academy of Pediatrics that are theory based, evidence driven, and systems
oriented that can be used to improve the health and

F
ounded in 1930, the American Academy of
Pediatrics (AAP) is an organization of 60,000 pedia- well-being of all children through culturally appropriate
tricians who are committed to the attainment of interventions that address their current and emerging
optimal physical, mental, and social health and well- health promotion needs at the family, clinical practice,
being for all infants, children, adolescents, and young community, health system, and policy levels.
adults.
The Bright Futures initiative was launched in 1990 Goals of Bright Futures
under the leadership of the Federal Maternal and Child Enhance health care professionals’ knowledge, skills,
Health Bureau (MCHB) of the Health Resources and and practice of developmentally appropriate health care
Services Administration (HRSA) to improve the quality of in the context of family and community.
health services for children through health promotion and Promote desired social, developmental, and health
disease prevention. In 2002, the MCHB selected the AAP outcomes of infants, children, and adolescents.
to lead the Bright Futures initiative. With the encourage- Foster partnerships between families, health care pro-
ment and strong support of the MCHB, the AAP and its fessionals, and communities.
many collaborating partners set out to update the Bright Increase family knowledge, skills, and participation in
Futures Guidelines as a uniform set of recommendations health-promoting and prevention activities.
for health care professionals. The Bright Futures Address the needs of children and youth with special
Guidelines are the cornerstone of the Bright Futures initia- health care needs through enhanced identification and
tive and the foundation for the development of all Bright services.
Futures materials. For more information about Bright Futures and
available materials and resources, visit http://
v
brightfutures.aap.org.

How to Use This Guide Developmental Observation: Includes observation of
parent-child interaction, developmental surveillance, and

T
he Pocket Guide is based on Bright Futures: school performance questions.
Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants,
Children, and Adolescents, Third Edition. Presenting Physical Exam: Recommends a complete physical exam,
key information from the Guidelines, the Pocket Guide including specific issues for each visit.
serves as a quick reference tool and training resource for Screening: Includes universal and selective screening
health care professionals. procedures and risk assessment.
Sections of the Pocket Guide Immunizations: Provides Centers for Disease Control
Themes: Highlights 10 cross-cutting child health topics and Prevention/National Immunization Program and
that are discussed in depth in the Guidelines. These American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book Web sites for
themes are important to families and health care profes- current schedules.
sionals in their mission to promote the health and well- Anticipatory Guidance: Presents guidance for
being of all children. The Pocket Guide lists these themes; families, organized by the 5 priorities of each visit.
see the Guidelines for the full text. Sample questions also are provided for selected topics.
The Health Visit: Focuses on specific age-appropriate Guidance and questions in black type are intended for
health and developmental issues. the parent; guidance and questions in green type are
intended for the child/adolescent/young adult. These can
Visit Priorities: The Bright Futures Expert Panels be modified to match the health care professional’s
acknowledge that the most important priority is to communication style.
attend to the concerns of the parent or youth. In addi-
tion, they have developed 5 priority health supervision
topics for each visit.
vii

Appendices: Includes developmental milestones at-a-
glance charts for infancy and early childhood, a chart on
social and emotional development in middle childhood,
a chart on domains of adolescent development,
recommended medical screening tables, a tooth eruption
chart, a sexual maturity ratings chart, and a list of useful
Web sites.

viii

Core Concepts All 6 core concepts rely on the health care profession-
als’ skills in using open-ended questions to communicate

I
n today’s complex and changing health care system, effectively, partner with and educate children and their
health care professionals can improve the way they families, and serve as their advocates to promote health
carry out each visit by using an innovative health and prevent illness in a time-efficient manner.
promotion curriculum developed specifically to help
professionals integrate Bright Futures principles into Open-ended questions
clinical practice. Help to start a conversation
This unique curriculum, developed by a health promo- Ask: “Why?” “How?” “What?”
tion work group supported by the Maternal and Child Are interpretive
Health Bureau, includes 6 core concepts: Have a wide range of possible answers
Partnership Stimulate thinking
Communication Promote problem solving
Health promotion/illness prevention EXAMPLES:
Time management • How do you and your partner manage the baby’s behavior?
What do you do when you disagree?
Education • (To a child) Tell me about your favorite activities at school.
Advocacy
A summary of each of these core concepts is present- Techniques
ed on the following pages to help all professionals, both Begin with affirming questions.
those in training and experienced practitioners, bring EXAMPLE:
Bright Futures alive and make it happen for children and •“What are some games you’re really good at?”
families. For more information about this unique health Wait at least 3 seconds to allow the family to respond
promotion curriculum, visit www.pediatricsinpractice.org. to the question.
Ask questions in a supportive way to encourage ix
communication.

Building Effective Partnerships 4. Identify shared goals.
A clinical partnership is a relationship in which participants Promote view of health supervision as partnership
join together to ensure health care delivery in a way that between child, family, health care professional, and
recognizes the critical roles and contributions of each part- community.
ner (child, family, health care professional, and communi- Summarize mutual goals.
ty) in promoting health and preventing illness. Following Provide links between stated goals, health issues, and
are 6 steps for building effective health partnerships: available resources in community.
1. Model and encourage open, supporting commu- 5. Develop joint plan of action based on stated
nication with child and family. goals.
Integrate family-centered communication strategies. Be sure that each partner has a role in developing the
Use communication skills to build trust, respect, and plan.
empathy. Keep plan simple and achievable.
Set measurable goals and specific timeline.
2. Identify health issues through active listening and
Use family-friendly negotiation skills to ensure
“fact finding.”
agreement.
Selectively choose Bright Futures Anticipatory Guidance
Build in mechanism and time for follow-up.
questions.
Ask open-ended questions to encourage more com- 6. Follow up to sustain the partnership.
plete sharing of information. Share progress, successes, and challenges.
Communicate understanding of the issues and provide Evaluate and adjust plan.
feedback. Provide ongoing support and resources.
3. Affirm strengths of child and family.
Recognize what each person brings to the partnership.
Acknowledge and respect each person’s contributions.
Commend family for specific health and developmental
x achievements.

Fostering Family-Centered Communication Offer supportive comments.
Effective Behaviors Restate in the parent’s or child’s words.
Greet each family member and introduce self. Offer information or explanations.
Use names of family members.
Active Listening Skills: Nonverbal Behaviors
Incorporate social talk in the beginning of the interview.
Nod in agreement.
Show interest and attention.
Sit down at the level of the child and make eye contact.
Demonstrate empathy.
Interact with or play with the child.
Appear patient and unhurried.
Show expression, attention, concern, or interest.
Acknowledge concerns, fears, and feelings of child and
Convey understanding and empathy.
family.
Touch child or parent (if appropriate).
Use ordinary language, not medical jargon.
Draw pictures to clarify.
Use Bright Futures Anticipatory Guidance questions.
Demonstrate techniques.
Give information clearly.
Query level of understanding and allow sufficient time
for response.
Encourage additional questions.
Discuss family life, community, and school.
Active Listening Skills: Verbal Behaviors
Allow child and parents to state concerns without
interruption.
Encourage questions and answer them completely.
Clarify statements with follow-up questions.
Ask about feelings.
Acknowledge stress or difficulties.
Allow sufficient time for a response (wait time
>3 seconds). xi

Promoting Health and Preventing Illness EXAMPLES:
Because families often hesitate to begin discussion, it is • Take time for self and partner for leisure and exercise.
essential that health care professionals identify and focus • Encourage partner to help care for child.
on the individual needs of the child and family. • Accept support from friends, family.
1. Identify relevant health promotion topics. 3. Incorporate family and community resources.
Ask open-ended, nonjudgmental questions to obtain Approach child within context of family and
information and identify appropriate guidance. community.
Ask specific follow-up questions to communicate Identify each family member’s role.
understanding and focus the discussion. EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLE: • “Tell me about your child’s bedtime routine.”
• “How often and for how long do you breastfeed the baby? How • “Who’s responsible for household chores?”
do you know when he wants to be fed?” Identify community resources, such as a lactation
Listen for verbal, and observe nonverbal, cues to consultant or local recreation centers.
discover underlying or unidentified concerns. Develop working relationships with community profes-
EXAMPLE: sionals and establish lines of referral.
• “How do you balance your roles of partner and parent? When
Create a list of local resources with contact information.
do you make time for yourself?”
4. Come to closure.
Note:
Be sure that the health message is understood.
If parent hesitates with an answer, try to determine the
EXAMPLES:
reason. • “Have I addressed your question?”
If parent brings in child multiple times for minor • “Do you have any other concerns about your teen’s health?”
problems, explore the possibility of another unresolved Identify possible barriers.
concern. EXAMPLE:
2. Give personalized guidance. • “What problems do you think you might have in following
Introduce new information and reinforce healthy through with what we discussed today?”
xii practices.

Managing Time for Health Promotion 4. Work with the family to prioritize goals for the
1. Maximize time for health promotion. visit.
Use accurate methods that minimize documentation Explain purpose of visit (identify and address specific
time. concerns and overall health and development).
Ask family to complete forms in waiting area. Identify family’s and health care professional’s shared
Organize chart in consistent manner. goals.
Scan chart before meeting with child and family. Prioritize needs through family-friendly negotiation.
Train staff to elicit information and provide follow-up EXAMPLE:
with family. • “I appreciate your concerns about _____. While you are here, I
would also like to talk about ____.”
2. Clarify health care professional’s goals for visit.
Review screening forms and other basic health data. 5. Suggest other options for addressing unmet
Observe parent-child interaction. goals.
Identify needs, then rank them in order of importance. Acknowledge importance of issues that could not be
Clarify visit priorities. fully addressed during the visit.
Offer additional resources (handouts, CDs, videotapes/
Note: DVDs, Web-based materials).
The Pocket Guide organizes each visit’s Anticipatory Suggest a follow-up visit or phone call.
Guidance by designated priorities. Provide referral to professional or community resource.
3. Identify family’s needs and concerns for visit.
Selectively use Bright Futures Anticipatory Guidance
sample questions.
Include open-ended questions to draw family into visit.
EXAMPLE:
• “Tell me about the baby’s sleeping habits. What position does she
sleep in? (Elicits more than yes/no answer and presents “teach-
able moment” on “back to sleep” and sudden infant death syn- xiii
drome.)

Educating Families Through Teachable Moments 5. Seek and provide feedback.
Teachable moments occur multiple times each day, but 6. Evaluate effectiveness of teaching.
often go unrecognized. Health supervision visits present
opportunities for the health care professional to teach Four characteristics of the teachable moment
the child and family. Provides “information bites” (small amounts of informa-
1. Recognize teachable moments in health visit. tion)
2. Clarify learning needs of child and family. Is directed to the child’s or family’s specific needs
3. Set a limited agenda and prioritize needs together. Is brief (eg, a few seconds)
4. Select teaching strategy. Requires no preparation time

TEACHING STRATEGIES ADVANTAGES
•Telling (explain, provide information, give direction) Works well when giving initial explanations or clarifying concepts
•Showing (demonstrate, model, draw) Illustrates concepts for visual learners
•Providing resources (handouts, videos/DVDs, Web sites) Serves as a reference after family leaves the office/clinic
•Questioning (ask open-ended questions, allow time for response) Promotes problem solving, critical thinking; elicits better information; stimulates recall
•Practicing (apply new information) Reinforces new concepts
•Giving constructive feedback (seek family’s perspective, restate, clarify) Affirms family’s knowledge; corrects misunderstandings

xiv

Advocating for Children, Families, and Communities 2. Assess the situation.
Health care professionals can be involved in advocacy Determine existing community resources.
either at an individual level (eg, obtaining services for a Learn about existing laws that address the issue.
child or family) or at a local or national level (eg, speaking Review the data and resources to be sure they support
with the media, community groups, or legislators). the issue.
1. Identify family needs or concerns. Assess political climate to determine support or
Use open-ended questions to identify specific needs or opposition.
concerns of the family. EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE: • Is this issue of interest to anyone else (eg, school/early interven-
• “What are some of the main concerns in your life right now?” tion teacher, local policy makers)? Who (or what) might oppose
Choose a specific area of focus. the advocacy efforts? Why?
EXAMPLE: 3. Develop a strategy.
• Obtaining special education services for a child. Limit efforts to a specific issue.
Clarify family’s beliefs and expectations about the issue. EXAMPLE:
Determine what has been done to date, and what has • Obtaining special education services for one child rather than
(or hasn’t) worked. changing the laws for all.
EXAMPLE: Use existing resources.
• Parents may have tried unsuccessfully to obtain services for their Start with small steps, then build upon successes.
child.
Obtain data through some initial “fact finding.” 4. Follow through.
EXAMPLE: Be passionate about the issue, but willing to negotiate.
• Contact board of education or local public health department. Review the outcome.
Talk with others; determine progress. Evaluate your efforts.
EXAMPLE: Determine next steps with family.
• Do any local school coalitions address this issue? Recognize that health care professionals and families
can learn from one another about effective advocacy.
xv

Supporting Families Successfully The child or youth with special health care needs shares
most health supervision requirements with her peers.

U
nderstanding and building on the strengths of Bright Futures uses screening, ongoing assessment,
families requires health care professionals to com- health supervision, and anticipatory guidance as essential
bine well-honed clinical interview skills with a will- interventions to promote wellness and identify differ-
ingness to learn from families. Families demonstrate a ences in development, physical health, and mental health
wide range of beliefs and priorities in how they structure for all children.
daily routines and rituals for their children and how they
use health care resources. This edition of the Bright Cultural Competence
Futures Guidelines places special emphasis on 3 areas of Cultures form around language, gender, disability, sexual
vital importance to caring for children and families. orientation, religion, or socioeconomic status. Even peo-
ple who have been fully acculturated within mainstream
Children and Youth With Special Health Care Needs society can maintain values, traditions, communication
As of 2000, more than 9 million children in the United patterns, and child-rearing practices of their original cul-
States have special health care needs. This means that 1 ture. Immigrant families, in particular, face many cultural
of every 5 households includes a child with a develop- stressors.
mental delay, chronic health condition, or some form of It is important for health care professionals who serve
disability. Family-centered care that promotes strong children and families from backgrounds other than their
partnerships and honest communication is especially im- own to listen and observe carefully, learn from the family,
portant when caring for children and youth with special and work to build trust and respect. If possible, the pres-
health care needs. These children and youth now live ence of a staff member who is familiar with a family’s
normal life spans and tend to require visits with health community and fluent in the family’s language is helpful
care professionals more frequently than other children. during discussions with families.
At the same time, the impact of specialness or exten-
sive health care needs should not overshadow the child. xvii

Complementary and Alternative Care
Families must be empowered as care participants. Their
unique ability to choose what is best for their children
must be recognized. The health care professional must
be aware of the disciplines or philosophies that are cho-
sen by the child’s family, especially if the family chooses a
therapy that is unfamiliar or outside the scope of stan-
dard care. Such therapies are not necessarily harmful or
without potential benefit. Providers of standard care need
not be threatened by such choices. Therapies can be safe
and effective, safe and ineffective, or unsafe.
The use of complementary and alternative care is par-
ticularly common when a child has a chronic illness or
condition. Parents are often reluctant to tell their health
care professional about such treatments, fearing disap-
proval. Health care professionals should ask parents
directly, in a nonjudgmental manner, about the use of
complementary and alternative care.
Consultation with colleagues who are knowledgeable
about complementary and alternative care might be nec-
essary. Discussion with a complementary and alternative
care therapist also may be useful.

xviii

Bright Futures Themes context of their child’s health and support their child’s
and family’s development.

A
number of themes are of key importance to fam- Because of the overwhelming importance to overall
ilies and health care professionals in their com- health and well-being of mental health and healthy
mon mission to promote the health and weight, and the prevalence of problems in these areas,
well-being of children from birth through adolescence. the Bright Futures authors have designated Promoting
These themes are: Mental Health and Promoting Healthy Weight as
Promoting Family Support Significant Challenges to Child and Adolescent
Promoting Child Development Health for this edition.
Promoting Mental Health
Promoting Healthy Weight
Promoting Healthy Nutrition
Promoting Physical Activity
Promoting Oral Health
Promoting Healthy Sexual Development and Sexuality
Promoting Safety and Injury Prevention
Promoting Community Relationships and Resources
The Bright Futures Guidelines provide an in-depth,
state-of-the-art discussion of these themes, with evidence
regarding effectiveness of health promotion interventions
at specific developmental stages from birth to early adult-
hood. Health care professionals can use these compre-
hensive discussions to help families understand the
xix

Bright Futures Health Supervision Visits
T
his section presents all the Bright Futures Visits from
the Prenatal Visit to the 21 Year Visit. The Table
below lists the acronyms used in this section.

ACRONYMS USED IN THE BRIGHT FUTURES HEALTH SUPERVISION VISITS

AAP American Academy of Pediatrics
ATV All-terrain vehicle
BMI Body mass index
CBE Clinical breast examination
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
DVD Digital Versatile Disc
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
IEP Individualized Education Program
OTC Over-the-counter
SMR Sexual maturity rating
STI Sexually transmitted infection
TV Television
WIC The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children

1

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Who asks Screening
questions and who provides responses to questions? Discuss the purpose and importance of the newborn
(Observe parent with partner, other children, other family screening tests (metabolic, hearing) that will be done in
members.) Do the verbal and nonverbal behaviors/ the hospital before the baby is discharged.
communication among family members indicate support
and understanding, or differences of opinion and conflicts? Immunizations
Discuss routine initiation of immunizations.

PA R E N TA L ( M AT E R N A L ) W E L L - B E I N G
Anticipatory Guidance
INFANCY | PRENATAL VISIT

Physical/mental/oral health; nutritional status; medication
FA M I LY R E S O U R C E S use; pregnancy risks
Family support systems, transition home (assistance after
• Maintain your health (medical appointments, vitamins,
discharge), family resources, use of community resources
diet, sleep, exercise, personal safety).
• Your family’s health values/beliefs/practices are impor- What have you been doing to keep yourself and your baby
tant to the health of your baby. healthy? Do you always feel safe with your partner? Would you like
What health practices do you follow to keep your family healthy? information on where to go or who to contact if you ever need
help?
• Anticipate challenges of caring for new baby.
• Ensure support systems at home (friends, relatives). • Know your HIV status.
• Contact community resources for help, if needed. • Consider your feelings about the pregnancy.
How do you, your family, the father feel about your pregnancy?
Tell me about your living situation. How are your resources for
What works for communicating with each other/making decisions?
caring for the baby?

2
Key= Guidance for parents, questions

BREASTFEEDING DECISION • Don’t use alcohol/drugs.

INFANCY | PRENATAL VISIT
Breastfeeding plans, breastfeeding concerns (past experi- • Keep home/vehicle smoke-free; check home for lead,
ences, prescription or nonprescription medications/drugs, mold.
family support of breastfeeding), breastfeeding support • Remove guns from home; if gun necessary, store
systems, financial resources for infant feeding unloaded and locked with ammunition separate.
Do you keep guns at home? Are there guns in homes you visit
• Choose breastfeeding if possible; use iron-fortified (grandparents, relatives, friends)?
formula if formula feeding. • Set home water temperature <120°F; install smoke
What are your plans for feeding your baby? detectors, carbon monoxide detector/alarm.
• Tell me about supplement/OTC use.
• Contact WIC/community resources if needed. NEWBORN CARE
Are you concerned about having enough money to buy food or
Introduction to the practice, illness prevention, sleep (back to
infant formula? Would you be interested in resources that would
help you afford to care for you and your baby? sleep, crib safety, sleep location), newborn health risks (hand
washing, outings)
SAFETY
• Ask for information about practice.
Car safety seats, pets, alcohol/substance use (fetal effects, 3
• Put baby to sleep on back; choose crib with slats <2 8"
driving), environmental health risks (smoking, lead, mold),
apart; have baby sleep in your room, in own crib.
guns, fire/burns (water heater setting, smoke detectors),
• Wash hands frequently (diaper changes, feeding).
carbon monoxide detectors/alarms
• Limit baby’s exposure to others.
• Use safety belt.
• Install rear-facing car safety seat in back seat.
• Learn about pet risks.
Do you have pets at home? If you have cats, have you been tested
for toxoplasmosis antibodies?

3

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Do parents Assess/Observe pinnae, patency of auditory canals, pits or
recognize and respond to the baby’s needs? Are they tags; nasal patency, septal deviation; cleft lip or palate,
comfortable when feeding, holding, or caring for the natal teeth, frenulum; heart rate/rhythm/sounds, heart
baby? Do they have visitors or other signs of a support murmurs. Palpate femoral pulses. Examine/Determine
network? umbilical cord/cord vessels; descended testes, penile
anomalies, anal patency. Note back/spine/foot deformi-
Surveillance of Development: Has periods of wakeful-
ties. Perform Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers. Detect
ness, is responsive to parental voice and touch, is able to
primitive reflexes.
be calmed when picked up, looks at parents when
awake, moves in response to visual or auditory stimuli. Screening (See p 58.)
INFANCY | NEWBORN VISIT

Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and Universal: Metabolic and Hemoglobinopathy; Hearing
plot length, weight, head circumference; plot weight-for- Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision
length. Assess/Observe alertness, distress, congenital
anomalies; skin lesions or jaundice; head shape/size, Immunizations
fontanelles, signs of birth trauma; eyes/eyelids, ocular CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
mobility. Examine pupils for opacification, red reflexes. AAP: www.aapredbook.org

• Take care of yourself; make time for yourself, partner.
Anticipatory Guidance • Feeling tired, blue, or overwhelmed in first weeks is
FA M I LY R E A D I N E S S normal. If it continues, resources are available for help.
Family support, maternal wellness, transition, sibling • Community agencies can help.
relationships, family resources Tell me about your living situation. What are your resources for
caring for the baby?
• Accept help from family, friends.
• Never hit or shake baby. I N FA N T B E H AV I O R S

4 What makes you get upset with the baby? What do you do when Infant capabilities, parent-child relationship, sleep (location,
you get upset? position, crib safety), sleep/wake states (calming)

• Learn baby’s temperament, reactions. SAFETY

INFANCY | NEWBORN VISIT
• Create nurturing routines; physical contact (holding, Car safety seats, tobacco smoke, falls, home safety (review of
carrying, rocking) helps baby feel secure. priority items if no prenatal visit was conducted)
• Put baby to sleep on back; don’t use loose, soft
bedding; have baby sleep in your room, in own crib. • Rear-facing car safety seat in back seat; never put baby
in front seat of vehicle with passenger air bag. Baby
FEEDING must remain in car safety seat at all times during travel.
Feeding initiation, hunger/satiation cues, hydration/jaundice, • Always use safety belt; do not drive under the influence
feeding strategies (holding, burping), feeding guidance of alcohol or drugs.
(breastfeeding, formula) • Keep home/vehicle smoke-free.
• Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months pro- • Keep hand on baby when changing diaper/clothes.
vides ideal nutrition, supports best growth and develop- • Keep home safe for baby.
What changes have you made in your home to ensure your baby's
ment; iron-fortified formula is recommended substitute; safety?
recognize signs of hunger, fullness; develop feeding
routine; adequate weight gain = 6-8 wet diapers a day, ROUTINE BABY CARE
no extra fluids; cultural/family beliefs. Infant supplies, skin care, illness prevention, introduction to
• If breastfeeding: 8-12 feedings in 24 hours; continue practice/early intervention referrals
prenatal vitamin; avoid alcohol.
• Use fragrance-free soap/lotion, avoid powders; avoid
• If formula feeding: Prepare/store formula safely; feed
direct sunlight.
every 2-3 hours; hold baby semi-upright; don’t prop
• Change diaper frequently to prevent diaper rash.
bottle.
• Cord care: “air drying” by keeping diaper below; call if
• Contact WIC/community resources if needed.
Are you concerned about having enough money to buy food for bad smell, redness, fluid from the area.
yourself or infant formula? • Wash your hands often.
What suggestions have you heard about things you can do to keep
your baby healthy?
• Avoid others with colds/flu. 5

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Do parents Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
and newborn respond to each other? Do parents appear plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-
content, depressed, angry, fatigued, overwhelmed? Are length. Assess/Observe rashes, jaundice, dysmorphic fea-
parents responsive to newborn’s distress? Do the parents tures; eyes/eyelids, ocular mobility. Examine pupils for
appear confident in caring for newborn? What are the opacification, red reflexes. Assess dacryocystitis. Ascult for
parents’ and newborn’s interactions around comforting, heart murmurs. Palpate femoral pulses. Inspect umbilical
dressing/changing diapers, and feeding? Do parents sup- cord/cord vessels. Perform Ortolani/Barlow maneuvers.
port each other? Assess/Observe posture, neurologic tone, activity level,
symmetry of movement, state regulation.
INFANCY | FIRST WEEK VISIT

Surveillance of Development: Is able to sustain peri-
ods of wakefulness for feeding, will gradually become Screening (See p 58.)
able to establish longer stretch of sleep (4-5 hours at
Universal: Metabolic and Hemoglobinopathy; Hearing
night); turns and calms to parent’s voice, communicates
Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision
needs through behaviors, has undifferentiated cry; is able
to fix briefly on faces or objects, follows face to midline; Immunizations
is able to suck/swallow/breathe, shows strong primitive CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
reflexes, lifts head briefly in the prone position. AAP: www.aapredbook.org
How is the adjustment to the new baby going? Are there times
Anticipatory Guidance when you feel sad, hopeless, or overwhelmed?
PA R E N TA L ( M AT E R N A L ) W E L L - B E I N G • Accept help from partner, family, friends.
Health and depression, family stress, uninvited advice, parent • Maintain family routines; spend time with your other
roles children.
• Handle unwanted advice by acknowledging, then
• Recognize fatigue, “baby blues.” Rest and sleep when changing subject.
baby sleeps.
6

NEWBORN TRANSITION • If formula feeding: Prepare/store formula safely; feed 2

INFANCY | FIRST WEEK VISIT
Daily routines, sleep (location, position, crib safety), state oz every 2-3 hours and more if still seems hungry; hold
modulation (calming), parent-child relationship, early baby semi-upright; don’t prop bottle.
developmental referrals • Contact WIC/lactation consultant if needed.
• Help baby to develop sleep and feeding routines. Put SAFETY
3
baby to sleep on back; choose crib with slats <2 8" Car safety seats, tobacco smoke, hot liquids (water
apart, keep sides up; don’t use loose, soft bedding; temperature)
have baby sleep in your room, in own crib. • Use rear-facing car safety seat in back seat; never put
• Help baby wake for feeding by patting/diaper baby in front seat of vehicle with passenger air bag.
change/undressing. • Always use safety belt; do not drive under the influence
• Calm baby with stroking head or gentle rocking. of alcohol or drugs.
NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY • Don’t smoke; keep home/vehicle smoke-free.
Feeding success (weight gain), feeding strategies (holding, • Avoid drinking hot liquids while holding baby; set
burping), hydration/jaundice, hunger/satiation cues, feeding home water temperature <120ºF.
guidance (breastfeeding, formula) NEWBORN CARE

• Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months pro- When to call (temperature taking), emergency readiness
vides ideal nutrition, supports best growth and develop- (CPR), illness prevention (hand washing, outings), skin care
ment; iron-fortified formula is recommended substitute; (sun exposure)
recognize signs of hunger, fullness; develop feeding • Take temperature rectally, not by ear.
routine; adequate weight gain = 6-8 wet diapers a day, What thermometer do you use? Do you know how to use it?
no extra fluids; cultural/family beliefs. • Create emergency preparedness plan (first-aid kit, list of
How do you know if your baby is hungry? Had enough to eat?
telephone numbers).
• If breastfeeding: Avoid own allergens; wait 1 month • Wash hands often; avoid crowds.
before offering pacifier. • Avoid sun, use children’s sunscreen; ask if rash is a concern. 7
How is breastfeeding going? What concerns do you have?

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Do reflexes, eye color/intensity/clarity, opacities, clouding of
parents appear content, depressed, angry, fatigued, cornea. Ascult for heart murmurs. Palpate femoral pulses.
overwhelmed? Do parents appear uncertain or nervous? Search for abdominal masses. Note umbilicus healing.
How do the parent and infant interact? How do parents Perform Ortolani/Barlow maneuvers. Assess neurologic
respond to the infant’s cues? Do they appear to be com- tone, attentiveness to visual and auditory stimuli.
fortable with each other and with the baby?
Screening (See p 58.)
Surveillance of Development: Responsive to calming
actions when upset; able to follow parents with eyes,
Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision; Tuberculosis
recognizes the parents’ voices; has started to smile; is
INFANCY | 1 MONTH VISIT

able to lift his head when on tummy. Immunizations
Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for- AAP: www.aapredbook.org
length. Assess/Observe positional skull deformities; red

Anticipatory Guidance FA M I LY A D J U S T M E N T
Family resources, family support, parent roles, domestic
violence, community resources
Health (maternal postpartum checkup, depression, substance
abuse), return to work/school (breastfeeding plans, child care) • Contact community resources if needed.
Tell me about your living situation. How are your resources for
• Have postpartum checkup; recognize “baby blues.” caring for your baby (heat, appliances, housing, knowledge, insur-
How are your spirits? What are your best and most difficult times ance, money)? Who helps you with the baby?
of day with the baby? Do you find you’re drinking, using herbs, or • Take time for self, partner.
taking drugs to help you feel better?
• Make back-to-work/school plans; plan for breastfeed-
8
ing, child care.

• Ask for help with domestic violence. • Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months is

Do you always feel safe in your home? Has your partner or ex- ideal; iron-fortified formula is recommended substitute;
partner ever hit you? Are you scared that you or other caretakers recognize signs of hunger, fullness; develop feeding
may hurt the baby? Would you like information on where to go
and who to contact for help?
routine; adequate weight gain = 5-8 wet diapers a day,
3-4 stools a day; burp at natural breaks; no extra fluids,
• Learn infant first-aid/CPR/temperature taking; know
food; recognize growth spurts.
emergency telephone numbers; wash hands often. How do you know if your baby is hungry?
I N FA N T A D J U S T M E N T • If breastfeeding: Continue prenatal vitamin; wait until
Sleep/wake schedule, sleep position (back to sleep, location, 4-6 weeks before offering pacifier/bottle.
crib safety), state modulation (crying, consoling, shaken • If formula feeding: Prepare/store formula safely; feed 2
baby), developmental changes (bored baby, tummy time), oz every 2-3 hours and more if still seems hungry; hold
early developmental referrals baby semi-upright; don’t prop bottle.
• Develop consistent sleep/feeding routines. SAFETY
3
• Put baby to sleep on back; choose crib with slats <2 8" Car safety seats, toys with loops and strings, falls, tobacco
apart; don’t use loose, soft bedding; have baby sleep in smoke
your room, in own crib; choose mesh playpen with
1 • Use rear-facing car safety seat in back seat; never put
weave < 4 "; never leave baby in with drop side down.
baby in front seat of vehicle with passenger air bag.
• Hold, cuddle, talk to baby often; calm baby by talking,
• Always use safety belt; do not drive under the influence
patting, stroking, rocking; never shake baby.
of alcohol or drugs.
• Start “tummy time” when awake.
• Keep hand on baby when changing diaper/clothes;
FEEDING ROUTINES keep bracelets, toys with loops, strings/cords away
Feeding frequency (growth spurts), feeding choices (types of from baby.
foods/fluids), hunger cues, feeding strategies (holding, • Don’t smoke; keep home/vehicle smoke-free.
burping), pacifier use (cleanliness), feeding guidance
(breastfeeding, formula) 9

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: How Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
responsive are parents and infant to each other? Do plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-
parents appear content, depressed, angry, fatigued, over- length. Assess/Observe rashes or bruising, fontanelles;
whelmed? Are parents comfortable and confident with eyes/eyelids, ocular mobility, pupil opacification, red
the infant? What are the parent-infant interactions reflexes; heart murmurs, femoral pulses. Perform
around feeding/eating, comforting, and responding to in- Ortolani/Barlow maneuvers. Assess torticollis, neurologic
fant cues? Do parent and partner support each other? tone, strength and symmetry of movements.
Surveillance of Development: Attempts to look at Screening (See p 58.)
parent, smiles, is able to console and comfort self; begins

to demonstrate differentiated types of crying, coos, has
Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision
clearer behaviors to indicate needs. Indicates boredom; is
able to hold up head and begins to push up in prone Immunizations
position, has consistent head control in supported sitting CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
position, shows symmetrical movements of head, arms, AAP: www.aapredbook.org
and legs, shows diminishing newborn reflexes.

• Take time for self, partner; maintain social contacts.
Anticipatory Guidance • Engage other children in care of baby, as appropriate.
I N FA N T B E H AV I O R
Health (maternal postpartum checkup and resumption of
activities, depression), parent roles and responsibilities, family Parent-child relationship, daily routines, sleep (location,
support, sibling relationships position, crib safety), developmental changes, physical
activity (tummy time, rolling over, diminishing newborn
• Have postpartum checkup; talk with partner about reflexes), communication and calming
family planning.
10

• Hold, cuddle, talk/sing to baby. • Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months is

What do you and your partner enjoy most about your baby? What ideal; iron-fortified formula is recommended substitute;
is challenging? recognize signs of hunger, fullness; burp at natural
• Maintain regular sleep/feeding routines. breaks; no extra fluids or food.
3
• Put baby to sleep on back; choose crib with slats <2 8" • If breastfeeding: Continue with 8-12 feedings in 24
apart, keep sides up; don’t use loose, soft bedding; hours; plan for pumping/storing breast milk if returning
have baby sleep in your room, in own crib. to work/school.
• Use “tummy time” when awake. • If formula feeding: Prepare/store formula safely; feed
• Learn baby’s responses, temperament, likes/dislikes. every 3-4 hours; hold baby semi-upright; don’t prop
• Develop strategies for fussy times. bottle; no bottle in bed.
How much is your baby crying? What are some ways you have
found to calm your baby? What do you do if that doesn’t work? SAFETY

I N FA N T- FA M I LY S Y N C H R O N Y
Car safety seats, water temperature (hot liquids), choking,
tobacco smoke, drowning, falls (rolling over)
Parent-infant separation (return to work/school), child care
• Use rear-facing car safety seat in back seat; never put
• Plan for return to school/work. baby in front seat of vehicle with passenger air bag.
• Choose quality child care; recognize that separation is • Always use safety belt; do not drive under the influence
hard. of alcohol or drugs.
How do you feel about leaving your baby with someone else?
• Don’t drink hot liquids while holding baby; set home
NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY water temperature <120°F.
Feeding routine, feeding choices (delaying complementary • Don’t smoke; keep home/vehicle smoke-free.
foods, herbs/vitamins/supplements), hunger/satiation cues, • Don’t leave baby alone in tub or high places (changing
feeding strategies (holding, burping), feeding guidance tables, beds, sofas); keep hand on baby.
(breastfeeding, formula) • Keep small objects, plastic bags away from baby.

11

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Are parents Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
and infant responsive to each other? Do parents comfort plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-
when infant cries? Are parents attentive to infant? Do length. Assess/Observe rashes, bruising; positional skull
parents and infant demonstrate reciprocal engagement deformities; ocular mobility for lateral gaze, pupil opacifi-
around feeding/eating? Do parents respond to infant’s cation, red reflexes. Ascult for heart murmurs. Palpate
cues and how does the infant respond? femoral pulses. Assess/Observe developmental hip dyspla-
sia; neurologic tone, strength, and movement symmetry.
Surveillance of Development: Smiles spontaneously,
elicits social interactions, shows solidified self-consolation Screening (See p 58.)
skills; cries in differentiated manner, babbles expressively
Universal: None

and spontaneously; responds to affection/changes in en-
Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision; Hearing; Anemia
vironment, indicates pleasure/displeasure; pushes chest to
elbows, has good head control, demonstrates symmetri- Immunizations
cal movements of arms/legs, begins to roll and reach for DC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
objects. AAP: www.aapredbook.org

Anticipatory Guidance What do you think your baby is trying to tell you when she cries,
looks at you, turns away, smiles?
FA M I LY F U N C T I O N I N G • Make quality child care arrangements.
Parent roles/responsibilities, parental responses to infant, I N FA N T D E V E L O P M E N T
child care providers (number, quality)
Consistent daily routines, sleep (crib safety, sleep location),
• Take time for self, partner; maintain social contacts; parent-child relationship (play, tummy time), infant self-
spend time with your other children. regulation (social development, infant self-calming)
• Hold, cuddle, talk/sing to baby.
• Continue regular feeding/sleeping routines; put baby to
• Learn baby’s responses, temperament, likes/dislikes.
12 bed awake but drowsy.


• Put baby to sleep on back; don’t use loose, soft bed- O R A L H E A LT H

ding; lower crib mattress before baby can sit up; Maternal oral health care, use of clean pacifier, teething/
1
choose mesh playpen with weave < 4 "; never leave drooling, avoidance of bottle in bed
baby in with drop side down.
• Use quiet (reading, singing) and active (“tummy time”) • Don’t share spoon or clean pacifier in your mouth;
playtime; provide safe opportunities to explore. maintain good dental hygiene.
• Continue calming strategies when fussy. • Avoid bottle in bed, propping, “grazing.”
What do you do to calm your baby? Do you ever feel that you or SAFETY
other caretakers may hurt the baby? How do you handle that feel-
ing? Car safety seats, falls, walkers, lead poisoning, drowning,
water temperature (hot liquids), burns, choking
NUTRITION ADEQUACY AND GROWTH
Feeding success, weight gain, feeding choices (complementary
• Use rear-facing car safety seat in back seat; never put
foods, food allergies), feeding guidance (breastfeeding,
baby in front seat of vehicle with passenger air bag.
formula)
• Always use safety belt; do not drive under the influence
• Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months is • Don’t leave baby alone in tub, high places (changing
ideal; iron-fortified formula is recommended substitute. tables, beds, sofas); keep hand on baby; don’t use
• Cereal can be introduced between 4-6 months, when infant walker.
child is developmentally ready. • Set home water temperature <120°F.
• If breastfeeding: Recognize growth spurts; plan for safe • Avoid burn risk to baby (hot liquids, cooking, ironing,
pumping/storing of breast milk. smoking).
• If formula feeding: Prepare/store formula safely; 8 to 12 • Keep small objects, plastic bags away from baby.
times in 24 hours; hold baby semi-upright; don’t prop • Check for sources of lead in home.
bottle; no bottle in bed; consider contacting WIC.

13

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Are the length. Assess/Observe rashes, bruising; ocular mobility,
parents and infant responsive to one another? Do the eye alignment, pupil opacification, red reflexes. Ascult for
parents show confidence with infant? Does the parent- heart murmurs. Palpate femoral pulses. Assess/Observe
infant relationship demonstrate comfort, adequate developmental hip dysplasia, neurologic tone, movement
feeding/eating, and response to the infant’s cues? strength and symmetry.
Do parents/partners support each other?
Surveillance of Development: Is socially interactive
with parent, recognizes familiar faces, babbles, enjoys Universal: Oral Health
vocal turn taking, starts to know own name; uses visual Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision; Hearing; Lead;
and oral exploration to learn about environment; rolls Tuberculosis

over and sits, stands and bounces; moves to crawling Immunizations
from prone; rocks back and forth; is learning to rotate in
sitting; will move from sitting to crawling. CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
AAP: www.aapredbook.org
Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-

Anticipatory Guidance I N FA N T D E V E L O P M E N T
Parent expectations (parents as teachers), infant develop-
FA M I LY F U N C T I O N I N G
mental changes (cognitive development/learning, playtime),
Balancing parent roles (health care decision making, parent
communication (babbling, reciprocal activities, early
support systems), child care
intervention), emerging infant independence (infant self-
• Use support networks. regulation/behavior management), sleep routine (self-
How are you balancing your roles of partner and parent? Who are calming/putting self to sleep, crib safety)
you able to go to when you need help with your family?
14 • Choose responsible, trusted child care providers; • Use high chair/upright seat so baby can see you.
consider playgroups.

• Engage in interactive, reciprocal play. Talk/sing to, O R A L H E A LT H

read/play games with baby. Fluoride, oral hygiene/soft toothbrush, avoidance of bottle in
How does your baby communicate or tell you what he wants and
bed
needs?
• Continue regular daily routines; put baby to bed awake • Assess fluoride source.
but drowsy. • Brush with soft toothbrush/cloth and water.
3
• Put baby to sleep on back; choose crib with slats <2 8" • Avoid bottle in bed, propping, “grazing.
”
apart; don’t use loose, soft bedding; lower crib mat- SAFETY
1
tress; choose mesh playpen with weave < 4 "; never
leave baby in with drop side down. Car safety seats, burns (hot water/hot surfaces), falls (gates at
stairs and no walkers), choking, poisoning, drowning
NUTRITION AND FEEDING: ADEQUACY/GROWTH
• Use rear-facing car safety seat in back seat until 1 year
Feeding strategies (quantity, limits, location, responsibilities),
AND 20 pounds; never put in front seat of vehicle with
feeding choices (complementary foods, choices of fluids/juice),
passenger air bag.
feeding guidance (breastfeeding, formula)
• Do home safety check (stair gates, barriers around
• Exclusive breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months is space heaters, cleaning products).
ideal; iron-fortified formula is recommended substitute; • Don’t leave baby alone in tub, high places (changing
recognize slowing rate of growth. tables, beds, sofas); don’t use infant walker.
• Determine whether baby is ready for solids; introduce • Keep baby in high chair/playpen when in kitchen.
single-ingredient foods one at a time; provide iron-rich • Set home water temperature <120°F.
foods; respond to baby’s cues. • Avoid burn risk to baby (stoves, heaters).
• Begin cup; limit juice (2-4 oz a day). • Keep small objects, plastic bags, away from baby.
• If breastfeeding: Continue as long as mutually desired. • To prevent choking, limit “finger foods” to soft bits.
• If formula feeding: Don’t switch to milk; contact
WIC/community resources for help.
15

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: Do parents Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
stimulate the infant with language, play? Do parents and plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-
infant demonstrate reciprocal engagement around length. Assess/Observe positional skull deformities; ocular
feeding/eating? Can infant move away from parent to mobility, eye alignment, pupil opacification, red reflexes.
explore and check back with parent visually and Ascult for heart murmurs. Palpate femoral pulses.
physically? Are parents’ developmental expectations Assess/Observe developmental hip dysplasia; neurologic
appropriate? How do parents respond to infant’s tone, movement strength and symmetry. Elicit parachute
independent behavior within a safe environment? reflex.
Surveillance of Development: Has developed Screening (See p 58.)

apprehension with strangers, seeks out parent; uses
Universal: Development; Oral Health
repetitive consonants and vowel sounds, points out
Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision; Hearing; Lead
objects; develops object permanence, learns interactive
games, explores environment; expands motor skills. Immunizations
CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
AAP: www.aapredbook.org

• Make time for self, partner, friends.
Anticipatory Guidance • Ask for help with domestic violence.
FA M I LY A D A P TAT I O N S Do you always feel safe in your home? Has your partner or ex-
Discipline (parenting expectations, consistency, behavior partner ever hit you? Are you scared that you or other caretakers
may hurt the baby? Would you like information on where to go
management), cultural beliefs about child-rearing, family
and who to contact for help?
functioning, domestic violence

• Use consistent, positive discipline (limit use of the word
16 “No,” use distraction, be a role model).

I N FA N T I N D E P E N D E N C E • Encourage use of cup; discuss plans for weaning.

Changing sleep pattern (sleep schedule), developmental • Continue breastfeeding if mutually desired.
mobility (safe exploration, play), cognitive development SAFETY
(object permanence, separation anxiety, behavior and
Car safety seats, burns (hot stoves, heaters), window guards,
learning, temperament versus self-regulation, visual
drowning, poisoning (safety locks), guns
exploration, cause and effect), communication
• Use rear-facing car safety seat in back seat until 1 year
• Keep consistent daily routines. AND 20 pounds; never put baby in front seat of vehicle
• Provide opportunities for safe exploration, be realistic with passenger air bag.
about abilities. • Always use safety belt; do not drive under the influence
How does your baby adapt to new situations, people, and places?
• Recognize new social skills, separation anxiety; be sensi-
• Don’t leave heavy objects, hot liquids on tablecloths.
tive to temperament.
• Do home safety check (stair gates, barriers around
• Play with cause-and-effect toys; talk/sing/read together;
space heaters, cleaning products, electrical cords).
respond to baby’s cues.
How do you think the baby is learning? How is he communicating
• Keep baby in high chair/playpen when in kitchen.
with you? • Install operable window guards on second- and higher-
• Avoid TV, videos, computers. story windows.
• Be within arm’s reach (“touch supervision”) near water,
FEEDING ROUTINE pools, bathtubs.
Self-feeding, mealtime routines, transition to solids (table- • Put Poison Control Center number at each telephone.
food introduction), cup drinking (plans for weaning)

• Gradually increase table foods; ensure variety of foods,
textures.
• Provide 3 meals, 2-3 snacks a day.
17

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: How does Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
parent interact with toddler? Does child check back with plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-
parent visually? Does toddler bring an object to show length. Examine for red reflexes. Perform cover/uncover
parent? How does parent react to praise of self or child test. Observe for caries, plaque, demineralization, stain-
by health care professional? How do siblings interact with ing. Observe gait. Determine whether testes fully de-
EARLY CHILDHOOD | 12 MONTH VISIT

toddler? Does parent seem positive about child? scended.
Surveillance of Development: Plays interactive games, Screening (See p 59.)
imitates activities, hands parent a book when wants a
Universal: Anemia; Lead (high prevalence/Medicaid)
story, waves “bye-bye,” has strong attachment with
Selective: Oral Health; Blood Pressure; Vision; Hearing;
parent and shows distress on separation; demonstrates
Lead (low prevalence/no Medicaid); Tuberculosis
protodeclarative pointing; imitates vocalizations/sounds;
speaks 1-2 words; jabbers with normal inflections; fol- Immunizations
lows simple directions, identifies people upon request; CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
bangs 2 cubes held in hands, stands alone. AAP: www.aapredbook.org

Anticipatory Guidance • Make time for self and partner; time with family; keep
ties with friends.
FA M I LY S U P P O RT • Maintain or expand ties to your community; consider
Adjustment to the child’s developmental changes and parent-toddler playgroups, parent education, or sup-
behavior, family-work balance, parental agreement/ port group.
disagreement about child issues Who do you talk to about parenting issues?

• Discipline with time-outs and positive distractions;
praise for good behaviors.
18 When your child is troublesome, what do you do?

Key= Guidance for parent, questions

E S TA B L I S H I N G R O U T I N E S SAFETY

Family time, bedtime, teeth brushing, nap times Home safety, car safety seats, drowning, guns
• Establish family traditions. • “Childproof” home (medications, cleaning supplies,
What do you all do together? Tell me about your family’s heaters, dangling cords, stairs, small or sharp objects).
traditions. • Use a rear-facing car safety seat until at least 1 year old
• Continue 1 nap a day; nightly bedtime routine with AND at least 20 pounds.
quiet time, reading, singing, a favorite toy. • It is best to use a rear-facing car safety seat until high-
• Establish teeth brushing routine. est weight or height allowed by manufacturer; make
FEEDING AND APPETITE CHANGES necessary changes when switching to forward facing;
never place rear-facing car safety seat in front seat of
Self-feeding, nutritious foods, choices, “grazing”
vehicle with passenger air bag; back seat is safest.
• Encourage self-feeding; avoid small, hard foods. • Stay within an arm’s reach (“touch supervision”) when
• Feed 3 meals and 2-3 nutritious snacks a day; be sure near water; empty buckets, pools, bathtubs immediate-
caregivers do the same. ly after use.
• Provide nutritious food and healthy snacks. • Remove guns from home; if gun necessary, store un-
• Trust child to decide how much to eat (toddlers tend to loaded and locked, with ammunition locked separately.
“graze”).
E S TA B L I S H I N G A D E N TA L H O M E
First dental checkup, dental hygiene

• Visit the dentist by 12 months or after first tooth.
• Brush teeth twice a day with plain water, soft
toothbrush.
• If still using bottle, offer only water.
19

Observation of Parent-Child Interaction: What is the Physical Exam. Complete, including: Measure and
emotional tone between parent and child? How does plot length, weight, head circumference. Plot weight-for-
parent support toddler’s need for safety and reassurance length. Examine red reflexes. Perform cover/uncover test.
in exam? Does toddler check back with parent visually? Observe for caries, plaque, demineralization, staining.
How does parent react to praise from health care profes- Observe for stranger avoidance.

sional? How do siblings react to toddler?
Surveillance of Development: Listens to a story, imi-
Universal: None
tates activities, may help in house; indicates wants by
Selective: Blood Pressure; Vision; Hearing
pulling/pointing/grunting, brings objects to show, hands
a book when wants a story; says 2-3 words with mean- Immunizations
ing; understands/follows simple commands, scribbles; CDC: www.cdc.gov/vaccines
walks well, stoops, recovers, can step backwards; puts AAP: www.aapredbook.org
block in cup, drinks from cup.

Anticipatory Guidance How does your child communicate what she wants? Does she
point to something she wants and then watch to see if you see
C O M M U N I C AT I O N A N D S O C I A L D E V E L O P M E N T what she’s doing?
Individuation, separation, attention to how child SLEEP ROUTINES AND ISSUES
communicates wants and interests, signs of shared attention Regular bedtime routine, night waking, no bottle in bed
• When possible, allow child to choose between 2 • Maintain consistent bedtime and nighttime routine;
options acceptable to you. tuck in when drowsy, but still awake.
• “Stranger anxiety” and separation anxiety reflect new • If night waking occurs, reassure briefly, give stuffed
cognitive gains; speak reassuringly. animal or blanket for self-consolation.
• Use simple, clear words and phrases to promote lan- • Do not give bottle in bed.
20 guage development and improve communication.
Key= Guidance for parent, questions

Bright Futures Guidelines For Infants, Children, Adolescents

Bright Futures Guidelines For Infants, Children, Adolescents

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (7)

Similar to Bright Futures Guidelines For Infants, Children, Adolescents

Similar to Bright Futures Guidelines For Infants, Children, Adolescents (20)

Bright Futures Guidelines For Infants, Children, Adolescents