Boston has a strong technology start-up scene due to its intellectual capital from top universities like MIT and Harvard, access to venture capital funding, and concentration of technology companies, entrepreneurs, and resources. The region leads in patents, NIH funding, and has a dense cluster of life sciences, energy, and mobile technology companies. While smaller in overall venture capital funding than California, Boston outpaces other major cities on a per capita basis. Its academic institutions contribute over $7 billion annually to the economy through research and development.