The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in blocking harmful UV radiation, and how it has been damaged by CFC emissions. It also describes the Montreal Protocol, an international agreement that regulated CFC production and helped slow ozone depletion. The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects life on Earth by absorbing 95% of UVB and all UVC radiation. CFCs released the chlorine radicals that catalyzed ozone destruction in a cyclic reaction. The Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and has slowed but not yet reversed ozone layer depletion.
This document provides important guidelines for caring for bonsai plants, including avoiding choosing plants with large leaves, flowers, or fruits; using styles unsuitable for the species; using blunt cutting tools; unnatural decorations; being impatient for flowers or fruits before shaping; mixing chemicals and fertilizers; keeping bonsai on the ground; tying wire too tightly; retaining wires too long; hard pruning of conifers; heavy fertilization; and unnatural appearances.
Choose plants suitable for the local climate and position them correctly in containers with adequate drainage. Care for bonsai by pruning regularly, providing balanced nutrition with fertilizer, plenty of sunshine, and thorough watering until it drains. Inspect frequently for pests and diseases, and develop a natural-looking design that is well-balanced through constant care and affection.
Planting times for certain crops are February through March and July through August. Seeds can be sown in early spring from February to March or during the summer months from July to August.
The document discusses a demonstration on Juniper bonsai trees that will take place in Columbia. Juniper bonsai are a popular type of bonsai tree that can be styled and shaped through careful pruning and training. The demonstration will cover basic bonsai techniques for caring for and maintaining Juniper bonsai trees.
This document lists the essential equipments and tools needed for bonsai, which includes a plant, pots of various shapes with drainage holes, a potting mixture of soil, sand and leaf mould, potting sticks, sieves, copper wire of varying thickness, wire cutters, pruning knives and secateurs, and watering equipment like a can and tub.
This document lists important plant species for growing bonsai in hilly areas, including Araucaria, Aucuba, Azalea, Camellia, Chinese hat, Coral tree, Cryptomeria, Cypress, Flame of the forest, Ginkgo, Juniper, Koelreuteria, Maple, Magnolia, Plane tree, Peach, Pines, Podocarpus, Sal, Silver fir, Spruce, Taxus, Thuja, Willows, and Zanthoxylum.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in blocking harmful UV radiation, and how it has been damaged by CFC emissions. It also describes the Montreal Protocol, an international agreement that regulated CFC production and helped slow ozone depletion. The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects life on Earth by absorbing 95% of UVB and all UVC radiation. CFCs released the chlorine radicals that catalyzed ozone destruction in a cyclic reaction. The Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and has slowed but not yet reversed ozone layer depletion.
This document provides important guidelines for caring for bonsai plants, including avoiding choosing plants with large leaves, flowers, or fruits; using styles unsuitable for the species; using blunt cutting tools; unnatural decorations; being impatient for flowers or fruits before shaping; mixing chemicals and fertilizers; keeping bonsai on the ground; tying wire too tightly; retaining wires too long; hard pruning of conifers; heavy fertilization; and unnatural appearances.
Choose plants suitable for the local climate and position them correctly in containers with adequate drainage. Care for bonsai by pruning regularly, providing balanced nutrition with fertilizer, plenty of sunshine, and thorough watering until it drains. Inspect frequently for pests and diseases, and develop a natural-looking design that is well-balanced through constant care and affection.
Planting times for certain crops are February through March and July through August. Seeds can be sown in early spring from February to March or during the summer months from July to August.
The document discusses a demonstration on Juniper bonsai trees that will take place in Columbia. Juniper bonsai are a popular type of bonsai tree that can be styled and shaped through careful pruning and training. The demonstration will cover basic bonsai techniques for caring for and maintaining Juniper bonsai trees.
This document lists the essential equipments and tools needed for bonsai, which includes a plant, pots of various shapes with drainage holes, a potting mixture of soil, sand and leaf mould, potting sticks, sieves, copper wire of varying thickness, wire cutters, pruning knives and secateurs, and watering equipment like a can and tub.
This document lists important plant species for growing bonsai in hilly areas, including Araucaria, Aucuba, Azalea, Camellia, Chinese hat, Coral tree, Cryptomeria, Cypress, Flame of the forest, Ginkgo, Juniper, Koelreuteria, Maple, Magnolia, Plane tree, Peach, Pines, Podocarpus, Sal, Silver fir, Spruce, Taxus, Thuja, Willows, and Zanthoxylum.
This document lists important plant species that are suitable for bonsai, including trees, shrubs, and bamboo. Some recommended species are amaltas, araucaria, babul, bamboo, banyan, ber, bottle brush, bougainvillea, casuarina, cherry, Chinese orange, coranda, cryptomeria, deodar, duranta, excoecaria, gulmohar, hibiscus, ixora, jacaranda, Java fig-tree, murraya, malpighia, oleander, peach, pines, pilkhan, pipal, plum, prosopis, silver oak, tamarind.
Propagation of plants can be done through seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting, or buying seedlings from a nursery. Some plants can also be propagated through collection from seeds or cuttings found in forests or fields.
Selection of plants for bonsai requires choosing species that can thrive in confined spaces with minimal resources. Good options are plants with small flowers and fruits that allow foliage to reduce to a quarter of its normal size, or those bearing flowers on leafless branches. The selected plant must be able to withstand stress from a small pot and low nutrients.
Pruning and trimming helps develop trees into attractive shapes by restricting growth and maintaining a proper balance between roots and shoots. It involves regularly cutting no more than 1/3 of roots or shoots to reduce growth in a controlled manner. Proper pruning techniques help develop good structure and form for trees.
Ideal nutrition for bonsai includes sludge or well rotten cow dung slurry mixed with groundnut, cotton, or neem cake allowed to ferment for a month before diluting. This mixture is given twice a month along with bone meal and single super phosphate, which are also very beneficial.
Growing media for bonsai should be coarse and well-drained to provide water, oxygen, and nutrients. An ideal medium consists of equal parts soil, leaf mold, and crushed brick or sand. The top layer needs sufficient humus, while conifer plants do better in drier soil and fruit trees prefer more humus-rich soil.
This document discusses a landscaping style using cascading plants with variegated star jasmine. Cascade style landscaping features plants hanging over walls or spilling out of containers to create a sense of movement. Variegated star jasmine is recommended as it has green and white variegated leaves and fragrant white flowers that bloom throughout the summer. This combination provides visual interest and fragrance.
This half cascade style bouquet features gardenias as the primary flower. Gardenias are known for their highly fragrant white blooms and waxy green leaves. This elegant floral arrangement is perfect for spring and summer weddings or other celebrations where a fresh, romantic look is desired.
Azaleas are a flowering shrub with delicate blooms that come in a variety of colors. They thrive in partial shade and well-draining soil, and prefer more acidic conditions. When planted and cared for properly, azaleas can add beautiful floral displays and structural framing to gardens and landscapes throughout the spring months.
Structural bonsai style focuses on the overall structure and silhouette of the tree rather than fine details. The goal is to depict the essence of the species through its trunk, branches, and overall shape using minimal pruning and wiring. This style emphasizes the natural growth pattern and proportions that give the impression of an older, mature tree in miniature.
The Japanese maple is a delicate, ornamental tree known for its finely dissected leaves that change color in autumn. It has an irregular, often multi-stemmed structure that branches close to the ground, creating a rounded or vase-shaped silhouette. The Japanese maple is prized in landscapes for its graceful form and seasonal displays of foliage.
Lagerstroemia indica, commonly known as crape myrtle, is an informal, upright plant. It is a deciduous flowering shrub or small tree that is native to eastern Asia. Crape myrtles bloom in summer with clusters of frilly flowers in shades of pink, red, purple, or white.
There are several styles of bonsai trees including formal and informal upright styles, wind swept, slanting, semi-cascade, full-cascade, multiple trunks, group planting, raft, and broom styles as well as rock-grown bonsai.
This document lists important plant species that are suitable for bonsai, including trees, shrubs, and bamboo. Some recommended species are amaltas, araucaria, babul, bamboo, banyan, ber, bottle brush, bougainvillea, casuarina, cherry, Chinese orange, coranda, cryptomeria, deodar, duranta, excoecaria, gulmohar, hibiscus, ixora, jacaranda, Java fig-tree, murraya, malpighia, oleander, peach, pines, pilkhan, pipal, plum, prosopis, silver oak, tamarind.
Propagation of plants can be done through seeds, cuttings, layering, grafting, or buying seedlings from a nursery. Some plants can also be propagated through collection from seeds or cuttings found in forests or fields.
Selection of plants for bonsai requires choosing species that can thrive in confined spaces with minimal resources. Good options are plants with small flowers and fruits that allow foliage to reduce to a quarter of its normal size, or those bearing flowers on leafless branches. The selected plant must be able to withstand stress from a small pot and low nutrients.
Pruning and trimming helps develop trees into attractive shapes by restricting growth and maintaining a proper balance between roots and shoots. It involves regularly cutting no more than 1/3 of roots or shoots to reduce growth in a controlled manner. Proper pruning techniques help develop good structure and form for trees.
Ideal nutrition for bonsai includes sludge or well rotten cow dung slurry mixed with groundnut, cotton, or neem cake allowed to ferment for a month before diluting. This mixture is given twice a month along with bone meal and single super phosphate, which are also very beneficial.
Growing media for bonsai should be coarse and well-drained to provide water, oxygen, and nutrients. An ideal medium consists of equal parts soil, leaf mold, and crushed brick or sand. The top layer needs sufficient humus, while conifer plants do better in drier soil and fruit trees prefer more humus-rich soil.
This document discusses a landscaping style using cascading plants with variegated star jasmine. Cascade style landscaping features plants hanging over walls or spilling out of containers to create a sense of movement. Variegated star jasmine is recommended as it has green and white variegated leaves and fragrant white flowers that bloom throughout the summer. This combination provides visual interest and fragrance.
This half cascade style bouquet features gardenias as the primary flower. Gardenias are known for their highly fragrant white blooms and waxy green leaves. This elegant floral arrangement is perfect for spring and summer weddings or other celebrations where a fresh, romantic look is desired.
Azaleas are a flowering shrub with delicate blooms that come in a variety of colors. They thrive in partial shade and well-draining soil, and prefer more acidic conditions. When planted and cared for properly, azaleas can add beautiful floral displays and structural framing to gardens and landscapes throughout the spring months.
Structural bonsai style focuses on the overall structure and silhouette of the tree rather than fine details. The goal is to depict the essence of the species through its trunk, branches, and overall shape using minimal pruning and wiring. This style emphasizes the natural growth pattern and proportions that give the impression of an older, mature tree in miniature.
The Japanese maple is a delicate, ornamental tree known for its finely dissected leaves that change color in autumn. It has an irregular, often multi-stemmed structure that branches close to the ground, creating a rounded or vase-shaped silhouette. The Japanese maple is prized in landscapes for its graceful form and seasonal displays of foliage.
Lagerstroemia indica, commonly known as crape myrtle, is an informal, upright plant. It is a deciduous flowering shrub or small tree that is native to eastern Asia. Crape myrtles bloom in summer with clusters of frilly flowers in shades of pink, red, purple, or white.
There are several styles of bonsai trees including formal and informal upright styles, wind swept, slanting, semi-cascade, full-cascade, multiple trunks, group planting, raft, and broom styles as well as rock-grown bonsai.
1. Trường Đại Học Nông Lâm Nhóm I thực hiện
Biến Đổi Khí Hậu Trang 19/58
Một số sinh vật biển có khả năng tạo ra methyl chloride (hợp chất bền); tuy
nhiên, nó chỉ đóng góp một phần nhỏ vào tổng lượng chlorine ở tầng bình lưu
Con người thải các chất khí CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) và các chất ODS (Ozone
depleting substances) khác vào khí quyển. CFCs được sử dụng làm chất sinh
hàn, chất tạo bọt, dung môi, bình cứu hoả, bình xịt, nhựa xốp, chất làm sạch kim
loại.. Các chất ODS khác bao gồm: methyl bromide (làm thuốc trừ sâu), halons
(trong các bình chữa cháy), methyl chloroform (dùng làm dung môi trong nhiều
ngành công nghệ)... Mặc dầu CFC nặng hơn không khí, nhưng nó có thể lên đến
tầng bình lưu bằng một quá trình kéo dài từ 2 - 5 năm. Người ta đo nồng độ
CFC ở tầng bình lưu bởi các khinh khí cầu, phi cơ và các vệ tinh. Khi CFCs đến
được tầng bình lưu, dưới tác dụng của tia cực tím nó bị phân hủy tạo ra Chlor
nguyên tử, và Chlor nguyên tử có tác dụng như một chất xúc tác để phân hủy
Ozon. Một nguyên tử Chlor có thể phá hủy 100.000 phân tử ozon. Methyl
bromide khi lên đến tầng bình lưu sẽ bị tia cực tím phân hủy để cho ra brom
nguyên tử, một nguyên tử brom có khả năng phá hủy các phân tử ozone gấp 40-
50 lần một nguyên tử chlor.
Nguyên nhân chính của giảm sút ôzôn ở Nam Cực và các nơi khác là sự hiện
diện của các khí gốc có chứa clo (trước nhất là các CFC và các hợp chất clo với
các bon liên quan) bị phân giải khi có tia cực tím
tạo thành các nguyên tử clo trở thành chất xúc
tác phân hủy ôzôn. Sự giảm sút ôzôn do clo là
chất xúc tác có thể xảy ra ở trạng thái khí nhưng
sẽ tăng đột ngột khi có sự hiện diện của các đám
mây tầng bình lưu trên địa cực. Các quá trình
quang hóa tham gia tuy phức tạp nhưng đã được
tìm hiểu tốt. Quan sát chủ yếu là thông thường
phần lớn các clo trong tầng bình lưu ở trong các
"hợp chất chứa" bền, chủ yếu là các hydro clorua
(HCl) và clo nitrat (ClONO2). Mặc dù vậy trong
mùa Đông và Xuân Nam Cực các phản ứng trên
bề mặt của các phần tử mây chuyển hóa các hợp chất chứa này trở lại thành các
gốc tự do có hoạt tính cao, Cl và ClO. Các đám mây cũng có thể lấy đi NO2 từ
khí quyển bằng cách biến đổi chúng thành axít nitric, ngăn không cho ClO vừa
được tạo thành có thể bị biến đổi trở lại ClONO2. Ánh sáng cực tím gia tăng
trong mùa xuân tạo cho các hợp chất clo phản ứng hủy diệt trên 17% ôzôn trong
khi các hợp chất brôm làm giảm sút thêm 33%. Vai trò của ánh sáng mặt trời
trong giảm sút ôzôn chính là lý do tại sao giảm sút ôzôn ở Nam Cực lớn nhất
vào mùa xuân. Trong mùa đông, mặc dù có nhiều mây nhất, không có ánh sáng
trên địa cực để thúc đẩy các phản ứng hóa học. Phần lớn các ôzôn bị phá hủy ở
phía dưới của tầng bình lưu đối ngược với việc giảm sút ôzôn ít hơn rất nhiều
thông qua các phản ứng thể khí đồng nhất xảy ra trước hết là ở phía trên của
tầng bình lưu. Nhiệt độ sưởi ấm vào cuối xuân phá vỡ các gió xoáy vào trung