This document discusses the basics of computer organization including the stored program concept, how main memory is organized, and the input/output system. It explains that computers are based on the stored program design with a CPU and memory that manages the fetch-decode-execute instruction cycle to coordinate other devices. Memory is divided into words that each have a unique address for storage and retrieval of binary data and instructions. The document also outlines the fetch-decode-execute cycle and types of operations computers can perform like data movement, arithmetic, and program control.

1. Subject: Basic Computer organization

2.  the basics of computer system organization
 the stored program concept
 how computer’s main memory is organized

3.  based on stored
program design
 processor system
◦ CPU
◦ memory
 input/output
system
◦ input/output
devices
◦ secondary storage

4.  manages the instruction-execution cycle
 FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
 coordinates the activities of other devices

5.  (fast access) storage device for preserving
binary data and instructions
 memory is divided into units or words
 each is usually a standard size or fixed-
length
 each memory word has a unique address for
random access

6.  Random Access
Memory (RAM)
◦ readable
◦ writeable
◦ usually volatile (e.g.,
Dynamic RAM or
DRAM)
◦ general storage
 Read Only Memory
(ROM)
◦ readable
◦ permanent
◦ nonvolatile
◦ special-purpose
storage for data and
instructions

7. 1. address of the
next instruction is
transferred from
PC to MAR
2. the instruction is
located in memory

8. 3. instruction is
copied from
memory to MDR

9. instruction is
transferred to
and decoded in
the IR

10. control unit
sends signals
to appropriate
devices to cause
execution of the
instruction

11.  Data Movement
Operations
◦ moving data from
memory to the CPU
◦ moving data from
memory to memory
◦ input and output
 Arithmetic and
Logical Operations
◦ integer arithmetic
◦ comparing two
quantities
◦ shifting, rotating bits
in a quantity
◦ testing, comparing,
and converting bits

12.  Program Control
◦ starting a program
◦ halting a program
◦ skipping to other
instructions
◦ testing data to decide
whether to skip over
some instructions

13. Thanks