Timbuktu was a major center of knowledge and intellectual life, gathering information from across the Muslim world. Despite facing opposition from Malian kings, it grew strong and became notable for its universities, second only to Mogadishu in number. The document highlights Timbuktu's historical significance in the context of education and intellectual exchange.

1. As a center of intellectual life and learning, Timbuktu
a. had very little intellectual life.
b. was a major point of congregation, bringing together
knowledge from around the Muslim world. Correct
c. grew to be strong in spite of opposition from Malian kings.
d. was second only to Mogadishu in the number of universities.