The document discusses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) which broadcasts packets containing the IP address of the host it wants to communicate with. Hosts maintain an ARP table to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. ARP works within a local area network (LAN) through bridges and switches but not routers. It then provides examples of ARP tables and the encapsulation and decapsulation process for sending data between hosts on a LAN.

1. 1

2. 2
• Address Resolution Protocol
• ARP works by broadcasting packets to all hosts
attached to the LAN
• ARP packet contains IP address in which sender is
interested in communicating with hosts keep a list of
ARP responses in an ARP table
• ARP is propagated through Bridges/Switches but not
through Routers
ARP

3. 3
192.168.1.1
00-20-18-C0-07-71
192.168.1.3
00-20-18-C0-07-73
192.168.1.2
00-20-18-C0-07-72
192.168.1.4
00-20-18-C0-07-74
1.1 wants to send the data to 1.31.1 wants to send the data to 1.3
Source IP
192.168.1.1
Destination IP
192.168.2.1
Segment
ource MAC
-18-C0-07-71
ination MAC
-18-C0-07-73

4. 4
192.168.1.1
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Packet
Data
Data
Data
Bits
Data
Segment
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation
Packet
ApplicationApplication
PresentationPresentation
SessionSession
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
PhysicalPhysical
DH DT
NH
THSegment
Packet
Frame

5. 5
192.168.1.1
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation
ApplicationApplication
PresentationPresentation
SessionSession
TransportTransport
NetworkNetwork
Data LinkData Link
PhysicalPhysical
THSegment

6. 6
• It is a Physical layer device (Layer 1)
• It is Dummy Device
• It works with 0’s and 1’s (Bits)
• It works with broadcasting
• It works with shared bandwidth
• It is has 1 Broadcast Domain and 1 Collision Domain
• Collisions are identified using Access Methods called
CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA
Hub

7. 7
Broadcast Domain & Collision Domain
• Broadcast Domain
Set of all devices that receive broadcast frames
originating from any device within the set.
• Collision domain
In Ethernet, the network area within which frames that
have collided are propagated is called a collision
domain.
Repeaters and hubs propagate collisions, LAN switches,
bridges, and routers do not.

8. 8
• Active Hubs uses power supply and
regenerates the data (i.e.) strengthens the
signals in case of disturbances.
• Passive Hubs doesn’t use power supply and it will not
not regenerates the data (i.e.) strengthens the signals in
case of disturbances. It is used only to share the physical
media
• Intelligent Hubs are sometimes called as smart hubs.
These devices basically function as active hubs, but also
include a microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities
and are useful in troubleshooting situations.
Types of Hubs

9. 9
• It is Datalink layer device (Layer 2)
• Its is An Intelligent device
• It works with Physical addresses (i.e. MAC addresses)
• It works with fixed bandwidth
• It works with Flooding and Unicast
• It has 1 Broadcast domain and Number of Collision
domains depends upon the number of ports.
• It maintains a MAC address table
Switch

10. 10
Types of Switches
• Manageable switches
On a Manageable switch an IP address can be assigned
and configurations can be made. It has a console port .
• Unmanageable switches
On an Unmanageable switch configurations cannot be
made, an IP address cannot be assigned as there is no
console port.