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Animal Disease Control
- 1. Animal Disease Control Training on AppliedVeterinaryEpidemiology and Animal Disease Diagnosis for Animal Health Research Personnel, Central Luzon State University Science City of Munoz , Nueva Ecija, 23-27 May 2016 Noemi Diloy- Encarnacion, DVM, MVetEpi Assistant Professor 1 Cavite State University Don Severino Delas Alas Campus, Indang, Cavite
- 2. Session objectives At theend of this topic, the participants should be able to: • Assess the importance of local diseases based on selected criteria; • Distinguish prevention, control and eradication; and • Describe the various strategies for animal disease control.
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- 4. The Philippine economygrew faster than most other regions in Asia.
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- 6. ANIMAL DISEASE MANAGEMENT Reduction,elimination or eradication of livestock and poultry diseases and the prevention of the introduction or outbreak of foreign or domestic diseases.
- 7. Prevention - preventdisease occurrence Disease control - reduction of the prevalence of a disease to a level where it is no longer considered a major health and/or economic problem
- 8. Disease elimination –near eradication stage – WHO (1991) defines it as “reduction of prevalence to a level below one case per million population Eradication - total elimination of a disease – no further cases of a disease occurring anywhere, and continued control measures are unnecessary
- 9. OIE GUIDELINES FOROBTAINING RECOGNITION AS BEING FREE FROM AN EPIZOOTIC DISEASE • Stage 1: Provisional Freedom from Disease – Absence of disease from the country – No vaccination • Stage 2: Freedom from Disease – Ceased vaccination for a prescribed period – No outbreaks of the disease – Surveillance • Stage 3: Freedom from Infection – Absence of causative agent – Preventive measures
- 10. How do youknow a good disease control officer? 1. He/she knows how to make a “priority” list 2. He/she responds quickly 3. He/she can mobilize the right persons for the task: diagnose, control, and monitor disease problems. 4. He/she can control the disease with the least cost.
- 11. Choose the diseaseto control PublicHealthSignificance Impactonthelivestockindustry 1. What zoonotic diseases occur more frequently? 2. What zoonotic diseases cause severe sicknessinhumans? 3. Presentmortalityandmorbidityrates 1. How easily is the disease transmitted fromfarmtofarm? 2. Whatarethelossesduetomorbidity? 3. Whatarethelossesduetomortality? 4. What are the effects on trade and commerce?
- 12. Prioritization • Ranking ofitems based on their “perceived or measured importance or significance” • LIMITED RESOURCES
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- 15. Estimate the MonetaryValue Costof disease Cost of disease control Benefits of disease control Costs due to mortality costs due to morbidity Costs associated with treatment Extra labor to nurse the sick animals Prohibition of sales of animal products (ex. milk) Increase in food conversion index Impact on trade Diagnostic tests Vaccines Drugs Travel costs Staff costs Vehicles Equipment Genetic loss due to the slaughter policy etc. Benefit = Losses due to the disease without control project − Losses due to the disease with control project =
- 16. RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHINGA DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM 1. the disease situation 2. disease impacts (animal and public health, food safety, food security, biodiversity and socioeconomic impact) and how these are distributed among stakeholders 3. identity, level of interest and involvement of stakeholders
- 17. Stakeholder Interest Influence/ImportanceIssueswith thestakeholder Strategy CVMBS,CVSU Prestige. To be recognized as a veterinary institution that is not only capable of providing quality instruction but also promoting and providing relevant research and extension activities. Indirectly a form of promotion that will attract more enrollees and thus will increaseits incomeandbudget allocation. High Getting support fromtheuniversity Contributions in implementing a control program will be recognized by local executives andpublic Present a paper to the university on the program to include benefits, etc and the support university willget All activities will have the logo of the university, will be bannered as in cooperation with theuniversity,etc. PVO,MAO A good opportunity to promote and achieve one of their goals on safeguarding animal health from highly contagious diseases suchas rabies High Obtaining linkages Their offices will be highly recognized in theprogram implementation The fact that it is them who are primarily responsible in the control of animal diseases in the province or municipality and thus shall be the one initiating theproject A memorandum of understanding that shall lay out the ground rules of a positive cooperativeeffort. The names of their offices will be mentioned/ posted in all activities This issue will be considered/addressed in the memorandum ofagreement Collaborating Agencies (Provincial Health Officer, Animal BiteCenter) Rabies elimination in the human population High There is alack of mutual understanding of and accounting for differences in individual agency missions, of objectives and in the case of the health sector, differences in the approach of disease prevention, detection and control, and of the full range of impacts of disease control efforts in animal and human health. Formulate efficient communication system by bringing the heads of these agencies together to develop a sharedgoal for an integrated, coordinated disease control program and to define the roles ofeach collaborating agency
- 18. CONTROL PROGRAM GOALS •desired results or impacts that a control program envisions, plans and commits to achieve “As is” situation “To be” situation Control Program
- 20. a. Improve controlof swine respiratory diseases in Bulacan b. Control and management of surra in the Philippines
- 21. CONTROL PROGRAM OUTCOME, OUTPUTS,ACTIVITIES Outcome ___________ Output 1. ___________ Activity 1.1. __________ Activity 1.2. __________ Output 2. ___________ Activity 2.1. __________ Activity 2.2. __________ Output 3. ___________ Activity 3.1 __________ Etc. NOUN/ADJECTIVES Brief statement describing the change that the program is expected to generate in a target group at a specified time Something accomplished Something to be done VERBSORADVERBS
- 22. Examples: Outcome: The strategyprogramenvisions thePhilippines to control and manage surra by 2025 such that incidencewouldbenearly0bythatdate. ExpectedOutput:1. Greaterunderstandingontheepidemiologyofsurra CorrespondingActivities: 1.Trainingonsurrasurveillance 2.Conductsurveillance toestablishtrueprevalenceofsurra.
- 23. • Vaccination coverageof 80% of dog population – Establish vaccination SOPs/guidelines – Form teams and brief on SOPs and guidelines – Inform public about dog rabies vaccination – Etc… • Increased level of awareness on rabies based on established parameters – conduct a knowledge, attitudes, practices survey of the community folks on rabies – analyze the results – develop IEC campaign based on the KAP survey – Implement IEC campaign
- 24. RISKS and ASSUMPTIONS •plan for them and to mitigate their impact on the project Figure1: RiskMatrix Risk Impact Probability Mitigation 1. 2. Assumptions are the conditions needed to achieve results after the risks have been managed
- 25. VARIOUS STRATEGIES FORANIMAL DISEASE CONTROL
- 27. Determinants • factors orevents that are capable of bringing about a change in health • Influencing factor or characteristic – introduction, development, and spread of disease and other health-related conditions within and between animals
- 29. • On-Farm Biosecurity- measures adopted to keep diseases out of herds where they do not currently exist – Isolation of new animals brought to the farm – Restriction on movement of people, animals, and equipment – Use of safe feeds- Swill feeding can be dangerous – Hygiene. Effective combination of cleaning and disinfection
- 30. Border controls – borderentry/exit screening • National, provincial, municipal, farm levels – Quarantine – Isolation – Public awareness
- 31. Regulation of Importation •Pre-export testing, Quarantine and Animal Health Certification • Post-arrival inspection, testing and quarantine
- 32. Proper Disposal ofWastes Ex: • Ebola – On-Site Inactivation • Appropriate autoclaves, – On-Site Incineration • Environmental ComplianceCertificate (DENR-EMB)
- 33. Vaccination Purposes: • To preventdisease establishment – employed if there is an imminent or sustained threat of the disease arriving – what proportion of the susceptible population is vaccinated (ex: herd immunity) • To slow the spread of disease – undertaken in an attempt to prevent more animals becoming infected, thereby slowing or stopping the geographic spread of the disease
- 34. Herd Immunity >> formof indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population (70-80%) has become immune to an infection >> providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune
- 36. • Ring vaccination– animals surrounding an infected farm are vaccinated • Blanket vaccination - vaccination of all susceptible species/animals over a larger area
- 37. VaccinationTips • Choose thesafe and correct antigenic type. • Maintain vaccine quality- no contamination, potency, etc. • Follow the recommended vaccination coverage (preferably 70 %) • Mark vaccinated animals • Monitor proper storage temperatures for vaccines • Organize trained personnel into “clean” and “dirty” teams • Remember that gathering different herds together in one vaccination station maybe convenient but dangerous. • Count your needles and bottles before and after vaccination.
- 38. Strategies to reducethe magnitude of existing disease • case finding & isolation • contact tracing & quarantine • “Resting” of farm or premises- length is not less than the survival time of the pathogen. • Slaughter of susceptible animals • Closure of livestock markets and other congregations of susceptible species (e.g. livestock auction markets, race meetings and livestock exhibit/shows) • Removal of animals from areas with high insect population • Treatment, medication
- 39. Zoning and Compartmentalization •Procedures defining subpopulations of distinct health status within an area. • Disease control, international trade Zoning subpopulation defined primarily on a geographical basis (using natural, artificial or legal boundaries) Compartmentalization subpopulation defined primarily by management and husbandry practices related to biosecurity
- 40. STAMPING OUT • Destruction(quick and humane) of large number of animals • Serious risk of further spread of disease – animals in the infected zone are not well controlled – spillover to feral animals – inadequate resources are available for surveillance and imposition of quarantine and controls – public health risk
- 41. Factors to considerbefore implementing the “slaughter” strategy 1. LIVESTOCK OWNER 2. METHOD 3. COMPENSATION >>Way to ensure cooperation 4. COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE
Editor's Notes
- #4 Diseases are one of the major reasons of our existence as veterinarians and animal health practitioner as they are the primary constraint to a sustainable livestock and poultry production and trade. Disease is not a threat to farmers alone but also to the whole agricultural sector and the national economy. Diseases or disease agents are causing varying degrees of mortalities and morbidities which are affecting the overall animal productivity, farmers have their targets which they fail to achieve due to the losses related to diseases. Few days ago, according to the news…
- #5 Sadly, The main drag to the economic growth is the agricultural sector. In the hog industry and poultry industry and notable decrease in stocks were due to diseases.
- #6 Disease is considered a sturdy barrier to trade. Now that we are in the direction of globalization, with the implementation of the ASEAN FREE TRADE, there will be an expanded market for our agricultural products, however, this market may be limited by the presence of disease. Asean Free Trade will also allow an increase flow of goods to the country, including livestock and poultry and their by products, IMPLICATION: increase risk of disease
- #7 We as an epidemiologist must learn to manage risks.
- #8 Prevention is directed to diseases/disease agents that are not yet present in an area. The goal is to prevent disease occurrence. This may also imply early detection and rapid response in cases of emerging and reemerging disease.. Disease control on the other hand is applicable to diseases that are already present in an area, persistent, prevalent disease. The goal is the reduction of prevalence. Disease control also means disease containment and transmission control. In disease control the prevalence of a disease is decreased to a level that it is no longer considered a major health and or economic problem. Disease elimination and eradication have been used interchageably, but these are two different concepts.
- #9 Disease elimination is near eradication stage, it is somewhere between disease control and disease eradication. The goal of elimination is the reduction of disease prevalence to zero or low cases. Meaning, the disease may still occur sporadically and control measures must still be in place. Eradication on the other hand is the total elimination of disease. Freedom of disease. There are no further cases of disease occurring and therefore control measures are unneccessary. Freedom from disease is a very important status, especially when it comes to trade.
- #11 Qualities that each one of us should possess.
- #13 Prioritization is done to correctly or appropriately allocate limited resources, financial, time and effort to diseases that really requires control. Prioritizing diseases for control is not an easy process. It is a complex value judgement but has to be based on a scientific evidence.
- #14 Simplex, is a simple method where group perception is obtained with the use of a questionnaire. It is quick to do however the reliability of the result depends upon the quality of the formulated questions and the target repospondents. The nominal group planning on the other hand, makes use of a panel of experts, whose individual judgements are sought.
- #17 The rationale is the platform to present the problem. It is the justification of the disease control program and must explain the epidemiological situation of the disease.
- #19 Goals are also referred to as IMPACTS and this is the desired result or outcome of a disease control program. Traditionally eradication has been the goals of many disease control program, however it is not always achievable in a given time frame at a given cost. Goals may be any of the following: PREVENTION, CONTROL, ELIMINATION OR ERADICATION or a combination of these. Goal or impact is also a statement of the perceived contribution of the program to broader society.
- #20 The goal of a control program must be carefully crafted taking into consideration: the epidemiology of the disease, availability of technical tools, control measures and socio economic situation.
- #22 Outcome has previously been described as objectives SPECIFIC, MEASURABLE, ATTAINABLE, REALISTIC, TIME-BOUND. Current approach is to state the objective as outcome in one brief statement which describes the change that the project is expected to generate in the target group at a specified time Outcome is the result of the outputs and the outputs are the result of the activities THE OUTLINED OUTPUTS Product Breakdown Structure The outlined activities Work Breakdown Structure
- #25 Not necessarily to AVOID RISKS but to plan for them and to mitigate their impact.
- #27 There are various methods of disease management and in crafting a disease control program, the decision on which control strategies to be used, depends on the understanding of the disease epidemiology. .. As we all know disease has a multifactorial in nature, meaning it results from the interaction of several factors that may be presented in an epidemiologic triad, Disease is multifactorial and results from the interaction of several factors which may be grouped into 3, presented as an epidemiologic triangle, host factors, agent factors and the environmental factors… As I have said earlier,
- #30 Designing of biosecurity measures depends on the correct identification of risk factor and managing these risks. Biosecurity practice may vary from farm to farm and vary depending on the disease that will be addressed. But the idea of biosecurity set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases in crops and livestock, quarantined pests, invasive alien species, and living modified organisms (Koblentz, 2010). Swill feeding “identified risk” in the transmission of disease for instance FMD.. Several outbreaks of FMD occurring around the world were linked to swill feeding.
- #31 Another important measure to stop or slow the spread of disease is border control. Use of highly sensitive tests or detection methods that will allow inclusion of all who or anything are possibly disease positive or carrying disease at the border, either on entry to or exit from a country, so that they can be placed in isolation or prevented from traveling and spreading the disease elsewhere; however, this strategy is useful only if the intended goal is successfully achieved. Other potential benefits of border screening relate to increasing public awareness about and confidence in protection from the disease in question
- #32 Strict enough to prevent entry of exotic diseases but liberal enough to encourage legal importations. Quarantine protocols must be negotiated with the exporting country for the safe importation of animals, germplasm and animal products. Strict Observance of export and import protocols
- #33 Depending on the disease, a waste management protocol should be develop. If it is a huge disease control project, it is a requirement to seek for an ECC or an Environmental Compliance Certificate from DENR-Environmental Management Board >>> proposed project or undertaking will not cause a significantly negative impact on the Philippine environment.
- #34 ND – Newcastle disease, a disease affecting birds, where preventive vaccination is permitted on a routine basis. Because the presence of the disease in wild birds present a continuing threat to domesticated birds and poultry.
- #37 Depending upon the epidemiological advice, susceptible animals most at risk of the disease could be vaccinated first, which may or may not mean vaccinating animals geographically close to known infected premises. Advice is sought from experts on what the priority areas are in light of the risk situation and how quickly a specified vaccination area should be widened, if and when necessary. Depending on the disease situation, experts may advise targeting vaccination in one of several ways: Depending upon the epidemiology, identification of the at risk population, the disease situation, availability of vaccines Vaccination may be done in several ways: Ring vaccination vaccination of all susceptible animals in a prescribed area around an outbreak . Creation of an immune belt around an infected zone. may be done to contain a very rapidly spreading disease outbreak or in situations where the effectiveness of other methods to prevent the spread of the disease in and around infected zones, e.g. quarantine and livestock movement controls, cannot be guaranteed, or where these areas may be relatively inaccessible.depends for its success on the rapidity by which diagnosis, typing the virus and vaccination are carried out. The size and shape of the Vaccination area is declared based on the circumstances of an outbreak. Vaccination would begin at both the centre and the periphery of the area Evidence from previous epidemics that ring vaccination with stamping out is effective. Vaccination may be carried out in conjunction with the slaughter of the infected animals and those that have been in contact with them Blanket vaccination - vaccination of all susceptible species animals over a larger area may be the preferred option when the disease outbreak has become well established and there are multiple foci of infection, or when other disease control methods are impractical for one reason or another. The vaccination area should cover known and suspected infected areas together with those areas considered to be at high risk for spread of the disease. The latter may include known livestock movement routes. It may be necessary to carry out several rounds of vaccination over a few years in the target area, until the clinical disease apparently disappears, or the incidence is at least reduced to a level where other disease control measures can be followed
- #40 Zoning – encourage the more efficient use of resources --> infected zone, containment zone buffer zone, free zone Basis for trade
- #41 Stamping out is often the most cost-effective strategy. The disease eradication campaign is shorter and achieved for a lower overall cost and there is a shorter waiting period before the country can be recognized as free of the disease and resume export of livestock and animal products. Several social, economic and other factors need to be evaluated before stamping out is selected as the strategy for a disease contingency plan. These include: whether or not slaughter of infected animals is likely to gain community acceptance on religious, ethnic, animal welfare and other social and economic grounds; advantages, disadvantages and likely success of implementation of other strategies; (In this context it should be noted that vaccination is not available for some epidemic livestock diseases and stamping out is the only viable option. African swine fever is such a disease. At the other end of the spectrum, for some diseases stamping out is unlikely to have much effect. This particularly applies to insect-borne diseases such as Rift Valley fever and bluetongue.) whether or not the manpower, equipment, and other physical resources are available to carry out all activities needed for the implementation of a stamping-out campaign; (Whilst stamping out is likely to be less costly and more efficient overall, it may be quite resource-intensive in the short term.) whether adequate provisions are available for fair and quick compensation of owners for livestock or property destroyed in the campaign. Well organized veterinary services that have the full political support of the government are crucial to the success of the disease-eradication campaign. The full support of other services such as the police, army and public works is essential. The final important element is prior preparation of a comprehensive contingency plan for the disease in question. This manual does not discuss strategic issues. For these, reference should be made to the FAO Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency plans and manuals on preparation of contingency plans for specific diseases such as rinderpest and African swine fever. This is a procedures manual: how to carry out important activities in a disease stamping-out campaign. It is divided into three parts: Destruction of animals Disposal procedures Decontamination
- #42 Several social, economic and other factors need to be evaluated before stamping out is selected as the strategy for a disease contingency plan. These include: whether or not slaughter of infected animals is likely to gain community acceptance on religious, ethnic, animal welfare and other social and economic grounds; advantages, disadvantages and likely success of implementation of other strategies; (In this context it should be noted that vaccination is not available for some epidemic livestock diseases and stamping out is the only viable option. African swine fever is such a disease. At the other end of the spectrum, for some diseases stamping out is unlikely to have much effect. This particularly applies to insect-borne diseases such as Rift Valley fever and bluetongue.) whether or not the manpower, equipment, and other physical resources are available to carry out all activities needed for the implementation of a stamping-out campaign; (Whilst stamping out is likely to be less costly and more efficient overall, it may be quite resource-intensive in the short term.) whether adequate provisions are available for fair and quick compensation of owners for livestock or property destroyed in the campaign. Well organized veterinary services that have the full political support of the government are crucial to the success of the disease-eradication campaign. The full support of other services such as the police, army and public works is essential. The final important element is prior preparation of a comprehensive contingency plan for the disease in question. This manual does not discuss strategic issues. For these, reference should be made to the FAO Manual on the preparation of national animal disease emergency plans and manuals on preparation of contingency plans for specific diseases such as rinderpest and African swine fever. This is a procedures manual: how to carry out important activities in a disease stamping-out campaign. It is divided into three parts: