This study examined the impact of fear of depressed mood (FOD) on emotion regulation strategies in veterans with unipolar depression. The researchers found a significant three-way interaction between FOD, emotion regulation condition (acceptance vs suppression), and phase of the experiment for both self-reported sadness and positive affect. For participants reporting high FOD, suppression led to smaller increases in sadness compared to acceptance. Suppression also attenuated the sadness response during the emotion induction phase, particularly for those with high FOD. The findings suggest FOD moderates the outcomes of emotion regulation strategies in depressed individuals.
Somatic Experiencing: Reduction of Depression and Anxiety in Homeless Adults ...Michael Changaris
This is a brief 7 page version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF SOMATIC EXPERIENCING FOR REDUCING SYMPTOMS OF ANXIE...Michael Changaris
This study was assesses the impact of Somatic Experiencing on symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. It is a non-blinded match control group study.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of AffecAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Research paper
The role of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in cognitive
behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: A study of self-report,
subjective, and electrocortical measures
Yogev Kivity⁎,1, Lior Cohen, Michal Weiss, Jonathan Elizur, Jonathan D. Huppert
Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Social Anxiety
Emotion Regulation
Cognitive Reappraisal
Expressive Suppression
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
A B S T R A C T
Background: Contemporary models of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD)
emphasize emotion dysregulation as a core impairment whose reduction may play a causal role in psy-
chotherapy. The current study examined changes in use of emotion regulation strategies as possible mechanisms
of change in CBT for SAD. Specifically, we examined changes in expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal
during CBT and whether these changes predict treatment outcome.
Methods: Patients (n = 34; 13 females; Mean age = 28.36 (6.97)) were allocated to 16-20 sessions of CBT. An
electrocortical measure of emotion regulation and a clinician-rated measure of SAD were administered monthly.
Self-report measures of emotion regulation and social anxiety were administered weekly. Multilevel models were
used to examine changes in emotion regulation during treatment and cross-lagged associations between emotion
regulation and anxiety.
Results: CBT led to decreased suppression frequency, increased reappraisal self-efficacy, and decreased un-
pleasantness for SAD-related pictures (ps < .05). At post-treatment, patients were equivalent to healthy controls
in terms of suppression frequency and subjective reactivity to SAD-related stimuli. Gains were maintained at 3-
months follow-up. Decreases in suppression frequency and electrocortical reactivity to SAD-related pictures
predicted lower subsequent anxiety but not the other way around (ps < .05). Lower anxiety predicted greater
subsequent increases in reappraisal self-efficacy.
Limitations: The lack of a control group precludes conclusions regarding mechanisms specificity.
Conclusions: Decreased frequency of suppression is a potential mechanism of change in CBT for SAD.
1. Introduction
Recent models of anxiety, including social anxiety disorder (SAD),
emphasize impairments in emotion regulation (Hofmann, Sawyer,
Fang, & Asnaani, 2012; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013). Two regulation
strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, may be
particularly relevant for SAD (Morrison & Heimberg, 2013). In the
process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2015), cognitive re-
appraisal is generally considered an adaptive strategy that involves
cognitive change to regulate one's emotion – for example, attempts to
...
Since the mid twentieth century, psychologists, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists have sought to explain mental illness in biological terms. In this talk, we'll discuss the emergence of influential biological models such as the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the rise of neuropsychopharmacology (the prescription and widespread use of medications such Prozac and Zoloft), and the complexity of studying complex conditions like generalized anxiety and schizophrenia in biological terms.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and Neuro-psychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and
Neuro-psychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised by executive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether a questionnaire measure of EF could predict concurrent depression and anxiety and well as outcomes following treatment. A total of 206 psychiatric outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders completed the DEX-R prior to Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT). They also completed anxiety and depression scales at pre-and post-treatment. Executive dysfunction predicted symptom severity for pre-treatment anxiety after controlling for comorbid depression, and for pre-treatment depression after controlling for comorbid anxiety. Symptom severity in anxiety was predicted by specific executive deficits in inhibition; symptom severity in depression was predicted by executive problems with volition and social regulation.
DEX-R significantly predicted post-treatment symptoms of anxiety but not depression following treatment in GCBT. It was concluded that EF deficits are associated with both anxiety and depressive disorders and predict responsiveness to treatment for anxiety patients. Screening of psychiatric patients for EF and, where indicated, incorporation of neurocognitive training strategies into therapy, may improve treatment outcomes.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians.
Somatic Experiencing: Reduction of Depression and Anxiety in Homeless Adults ...Michael Changaris
This is a brief 7 page version of dissertation presented for completion of doctorate. The study found some implications for reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. Limitations are number of sessions attended (1.33 average), population heterogeneity and small sample size.
Hadi Alnasir
Research Proposal
Independent variable 1: Sex
Independent variable 2: anxiety
Dependent variable: Stress
Question #1
My first independent variable (sex) and my dependent variable (stress) are related. Men and
women tend to experience stress differently. Similarly, men and women react differently to
stress.
I expect women to score higher than men on the dependent variable. Women suffer more stress
compared to men. A 2010 study discovered that women are more likely to experience an
increase in stress levels as compared to men. Women are also more likely to report emotional
and physical symptoms of stress compared to men (APA, 2012). The stress gap between men
and women is because their stress response is different. Women have a different hormonal
system that usually causes them to react more emotionally and become more fatigued.
Similarly, women are exposed to more stress-related factors since they assume several roles in
their daily life.
Question #2
My second independent variable (anxiety) is related to my dependent variable (stress). Anxiety
and stress can both cause severe physical and mental health issues, such as depression, muscle
tension, substance abuse, personality disorders, and insomia (Powell & Enright, 2015). Both are
emotions and normal responses that can become disruptive and overwhelming to day-to-day
life. They can interfere with important aspects of life, such as work, relationships,
responsibilities, and school.
An increase in anxiety can increase stress levels. Research indicates that excessive anxiety can
lead to stress-related symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, insomnia, irritability, muscle
tension, and fatigue. Individuals can manage their anxiety and stress with relaxation techniques.
This includes breathing exercises, yoga, physical activity, art therapy, meditation, and massage.
References
APA. (2012). 2010 Stress in America: Gender and Stress. Retrieved from:
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress
Powell, T., & Enright, S. (2015). Anxiety and stress management. Routledge.
Running Head: GENDER AND STRESS AS PREDICTORS OF DEPRESSION
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
Zae’Cari Nelson
California Baptist University
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression 1
Gender and Stress as Predictors of Depression
More than 17 million adults in the United States experience the ill effects of depression,
making it perhaps the most well-known mental illness in the U.S.A. Depression influences an
expected one out of 15 adults. What's more, one out of six individuals will encounter depression
in their life (What is Depression?). There are a mind-boggling number of elements that can
prompt depressive symptoms in male and female individuals, one of which is held to be a rise in
stress hormone disturban ...
ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF SOMATIC EXPERIENCING FOR REDUCING SYMPTOMS OF ANXIE...Michael Changaris
This study was assesses the impact of Somatic Experiencing on symptoms of depression and anxiety in homeless adults. It is a non-blinded match control group study.
O R I G I N A L P A P E RSelf-Reported Depressive Symptoms.docxhopeaustin33688
O R I G I N A L P A P E R
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Have Minimal Effect
on Executive Functioning Performance in Children
and Adolescents
Benjamin D. Hill • Danielle M. Ploetz •
Judith R. O’Jile • Mary Bodzy • Karen A. Holler •
Martin L. Rohling
Published online: 9 May 2012
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract The relation between mood and executive
functioning in children and adolescents has not been previ-
ously reported. This study examined the association between
self-reported depressive symptoms in both clinical outpa-
tient and psychiatric inpatient samples to the following
measures of executive functioning: the Controlled Oral
Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Test,
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Records from children and
adolescents aged 7–17 years old with an IQ [ 70 were
examined. Data were gathered at either an outpatient neu-
ropsychology clinic (n = 89) or an inpatient psychiatric
hospital setting (n = 81). Mood was measured with the
Children’s Depression Inventory. Generally, statistical
associations between self-reported depressive symptoms and
executive functioning were small and non-significant. The
variance predicted by mood on measures of executive
functioning was minimal (generally less than 2 %) for the
total sample, the outpatient group, inpatient group, and a
subgroup who endorsed elevated mood symptoms. These
results suggest that impaired performance on measures of
executive functioning in children and adolescents is mini-
mally related to self-reported depressive symptoms.
Keywords Executive functioning � Mood � Depression �
Cognitive ability � Neuropsychological assessment
Introduction
There is a long standing debate that has generated a con-
siderable amount of research in adults concerning the
relationship between levels of emotional disturbance and
their effects on performance on standard neuropsycholog-
ical tests. It appears that when the literature is taken as a
whole, adults diagnosed with psychiatric disorders tend to
perform worse than individuals without diagnoses (Basso
and Bornstein 1999; Cassens et al. 1990; Kindermann and
Brown 1997; Sackeim et al. 1992; Sherman et al. 2000;
Sweet et al. 1992; Tancer et al. 1990; Veiel 1997).
Depression, the most common mood disorder, is generally
associated with dysfunctional memory performance in the
adult literature (Burt et al. 1995; Christensen et al. 1997).
However, adult studies have shown conflicting patterns of
results across other neuropsychological domains. Some
researchers have reported depression to also be associated
with executive dysfunction (McDermott and Ebmeier
2009; Reppermund et al. 2007; Merriam et al. 1999; Martin
et al. 1991). However, others studies have reported no
effect of depression on executive functioning (Castaneda
et al. 2008; Miller et al. 1991; Rohling et al. 2002, Markela-
Lerenc et al. 2006).
While many different adult populations have been
.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of AffecAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Affective Disorders
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad
Research paper
The role of expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal in cognitive
behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: A study of self-report,
subjective, and electrocortical measures
Yogev Kivity⁎,1, Lior Cohen, Michal Weiss, Jonathan Elizur, Jonathan D. Huppert
Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Social Anxiety
Emotion Regulation
Cognitive Reappraisal
Expressive Suppression
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
A B S T R A C T
Background: Contemporary models of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD)
emphasize emotion dysregulation as a core impairment whose reduction may play a causal role in psy-
chotherapy. The current study examined changes in use of emotion regulation strategies as possible mechanisms
of change in CBT for SAD. Specifically, we examined changes in expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal
during CBT and whether these changes predict treatment outcome.
Methods: Patients (n = 34; 13 females; Mean age = 28.36 (6.97)) were allocated to 16-20 sessions of CBT. An
electrocortical measure of emotion regulation and a clinician-rated measure of SAD were administered monthly.
Self-report measures of emotion regulation and social anxiety were administered weekly. Multilevel models were
used to examine changes in emotion regulation during treatment and cross-lagged associations between emotion
regulation and anxiety.
Results: CBT led to decreased suppression frequency, increased reappraisal self-efficacy, and decreased un-
pleasantness for SAD-related pictures (ps < .05). At post-treatment, patients were equivalent to healthy controls
in terms of suppression frequency and subjective reactivity to SAD-related stimuli. Gains were maintained at 3-
months follow-up. Decreases in suppression frequency and electrocortical reactivity to SAD-related pictures
predicted lower subsequent anxiety but not the other way around (ps < .05). Lower anxiety predicted greater
subsequent increases in reappraisal self-efficacy.
Limitations: The lack of a control group precludes conclusions regarding mechanisms specificity.
Conclusions: Decreased frequency of suppression is a potential mechanism of change in CBT for SAD.
1. Introduction
Recent models of anxiety, including social anxiety disorder (SAD),
emphasize impairments in emotion regulation (Hofmann, Sawyer,
Fang, & Asnaani, 2012; Morrison & Heimberg, 2013). Two regulation
strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, may be
particularly relevant for SAD (Morrison & Heimberg, 2013). In the
process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2015), cognitive re-
appraisal is generally considered an adaptive strategy that involves
cognitive change to regulate one's emotion – for example, attempts to
...
Since the mid twentieth century, psychologists, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists have sought to explain mental illness in biological terms. In this talk, we'll discuss the emergence of influential biological models such as the monoamine hypothesis of depression, the rise of neuropsychopharmacology (the prescription and widespread use of medications such Prozac and Zoloft), and the complexity of studying complex conditions like generalized anxiety and schizophrenia in biological terms.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and Neuro-psychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and
Neuro-psychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised by executive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether a questionnaire measure of EF could predict concurrent depression and anxiety and well as outcomes following treatment. A total of 206 psychiatric outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders completed the DEX-R prior to Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT). They also completed anxiety and depression scales at pre-and post-treatment. Executive dysfunction predicted symptom severity for pre-treatment anxiety after controlling for comorbid depression, and for pre-treatment depression after controlling for comorbid anxiety. Symptom severity in anxiety was predicted by specific executive deficits in inhibition; symptom severity in depression was predicted by executive problems with volition and social regulation.
DEX-R significantly predicted post-treatment symptoms of anxiety but not depression following treatment in GCBT. It was concluded that EF deficits are associated with both anxiety and depressive disorders and predict responsiveness to treatment for anxiety patients. Screening of psychiatric patients for EF and, where indicated, incorporation of neurocognitive training strategies into therapy, may improve treatment outcomes.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians.
1. The
Impact
of
Fear
of
Depressed
Mood
and
Emo5on
Regula5on
in
Veterans
with
Unipolar
Depression
1Dick,
A.
M.,
Khan,
1A.
J.,
Kind,
S.,
1Suvak,
M.,
2,3,4Kamholz,
B.
W.,
2,5Sloan,
D.
M.,
1Liverant,
G.
I.
1
Department
of
Psychology,
Suffolk
University;
2Department
of
Psychiatry,
Boston
University
School
of
Medicine;
3VA
Boston
Healthcare
System;
4Department
of
Psychology,
Boston
University;
5NaPonal
Center
for
PTSD
-‐
Behavioral
Science
Division,
Boston,
MA
Method
Data
AnalysisResults
Background
Results
ConPnued
Data
analy(c
approach
•
3
(EmoPon
RegulaPon)
x
4
(Phase)
x
FOD
(ConPnuous
variable)
mixed
factorial
design
•
MulPlevel
regression
analyses
were
conducted
to
examine
interacPons
among
FOD,
emoPon
regulaPon,
and
phase
of
experiment.
Results
•
Significant
three-‐way
FOD
x
ER
condiPon
x
Phase
interacPons
emerged
for
both
self-‐reported
sadness
(Figure
1)
and
PA
(Figure
2).
Figure
1.
Emo$on
Regula$on
x
Phase
Interac$ons
Predic$ng
Sadness
At
Low
(-‐1SD)
and
High
(+1SD)
Levels
of
FOD
•
When
sadness
was
examined
as
a
dependent
variable,
regression
coefficients
revealed
that
all
pairwise
phase
comparisons
(represenPng
differences
in
sadness
across
the
phases)
with
the
emoPon
inducPon
phase
(e.g.,
BL
v
EI,
ER
v
EI,
EI
v
Rec)
significantly
differed
as
a
funcPon
of
FOD
between
the
acceptance
and
suppression
condiPons.
•
For
parPcipants
reporPng
low
levels
of
FOD,
these
phase
pairwise
comparisons
were
similar
across
the
acceptance
and
suppression
condiPons
indicaPng
that
differences
across
phases
in
sadness
were
consistent
between
acceptance
and
suppression.
•
For
parPcipants
reporPng
high
levels
of
FOD,
parPcipants
in
the
suppression
condiPon
showed
smaller
increases
in
sadness
relaPve
to
the
other
phases
compared
to
the
acceptance
condiPon.
•
Regression
coefficients
also
revealed
that
the
BL-‐EI
and
BL-‐Rec
pairwise
comparisons
significantly
differed
as
a
funcPon
of
FOD
between
the
control
and
suppression
condiPons.
•
Again,
this
pa`ern
was
characterized
by
an
a`enuated
sadness
response
for
suppression
during
the
EI
phase.
•
The
findings
of
the
current
project
indicate
that
Suppression
does
impact
emoPonal
responses;
however,
this
impact
is
nuanced
varying
as
a
funcPon
of
both
level
of
FOD
and
mode
of
responding
(i.e.,
sadness
versus
posiPve
affect).
•
These
findings
differed
from
exisPng
findings
(Liverant
et
al.,
2008)
that
showed
suppression
led
to
lower
levels
of
sadness
only
for
those
who
reported
low
levels
of
FOD.
This
discrepancy
may
be
due
to
differences
in
the
study
samples
or
methods.
•
FOD
appears
to
be
a
consistent
moderator
of
ER
outcomes
in
depressed
individuals,
however,
future
research
is
needed
to
understand
this
influence
across
different
individuals
and
contexts.
For
more
informaPon
about
this
project
or
for
complete
references
please
contact
Alexandra
Dick
at
amdick@suffolk.edu
Discussion
Figure
2.
Emo$on
Regula$on
x
Phase
Interac$ons
Predic$ng
PA
At
Low
(-‐1SD)
and
High
(+1SD)
Levels
of
FOD
•
When
posiPve
affect
was
examined
as
a
dependent
variable,
regression
coefficients
indicated
significant
difference
between
the
suppression
condiPon
and
the
acceptance
and
control
condiPons
in
change
from
baseline
to
emoPon
inducPon;
however,
only
for
parPcipants
low
in
FOD.
•
EmoPon
regulaPon
(ER)
research
suggests
suppression
has
negaPve
effects
(Gross
&
John,
2003)
while
acceptance
has
generally
been
associated
with
posiPve
outcomes
(Ma
&
Teasdale,
2004).
Less
is
known
about
intra-‐individual
difference
factors
that
may
influence
the
efficacy
of
different
ER
strategies
in
parPcular
populaPons
and
contexts.
•
Preliminary
findings
have
highlighted
fear
of
depressed
mood
(FOD)
as
a
moderator
of
ER
outcomes
associated
with
regulaPon
of
sadness
among
individuals
with
depression
such
that
suppression
produced
short-‐term
reducPons
in
sadness
at
lower
levels
of
FOD,
compared
to
moderate
or
high
levels
of
FOD
(Liverant
et
al.,
2008).
•
The
current
study
aimed
to
further
examine
the
influence
of
FOD
on
ER
outcomes
in
a
large
sample
of
Veterans
with
unipolar
depression.
We
hypothesized
that
suppression
would
lead
to
short-‐term
reducPons
in
sadness
but
that
this
effect
would
be
moderated
by
FOD.
Examined
the
impact
of
FOD
and
ER
strategies
on
negaPve
affect
(NA),
sadness,
posiPve
affect
(PA),
and
happiness
in
response
to
a
sad
autobiographical
mood
inducPon
in
80
Veterans
(87.5%
Male,
Mean
age
=
51.2)
diagnosed
with
unipolar
depression.
ParPcipants
completed
the
AffecPve
Control
Scale
(ACS)
and
PosiPve
and
AffecPve
Affect
Scales
(PANAS)
at/following:
Phase
1:
Baseline
(BL)
Phase
2:
ER
instrucPons
(control,
acceptance
or
suppression)
(ER)
Phase
3:
Sad
mood
inducPon
(EI)
Phase
4:
Recovery
period
(Rec)
Autobiographical
mood
induc(on
Two
previously
validated
3-‐minute
film
segments
were
used
to
elicit
the
emoPon
of
sadness:
The
Champ
and
Bambi
(Gross
&
Levenson,
1995;
Ro`enberg,
Ray,
&
Gross,
2007).
Segments
were
counterbalanced
across
ER
groups.
ACS
(Williams
et
al.,
1997):
42-‐item
self-‐report
measure
that
assesses
anxiety
about
loss
of
control
over
emoPons
and
reacPons
to
those
emoPons.
The
ACS
was
used
to
measure
FOD.
PANAS
(Watson,
Clark,
&
Tellegen,
1988)
20
item
self-‐report
measures
of
posiPve
and
negaPve
affect
(two
subscales)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
BL
ER
EI
Rec
Self-‐Report
Sadness
(1-‐5)
(1b)
High
FOD
Controll
Acceptance
Supression
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
BL
ER
EI
Rec
Self-‐Report
of
Sadness
(1-‐5)
(1a)
Low
FOD
Controll
Acceptance
Supression
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BL
ER
EI
Rec
(2a)
Low
FOD
Controll
Acceptance
Supression
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BL
ER
EI
Rec
(2b)
High
FOD
Controll
Acceptance
Supression