1. The Impact of Current Agricultural
Practices on Public Health
Finding
intersec,ons
between
Agriculture
and
Health
Policy

2. It
is
hard
to
deny
the
connec,ons
between
agricultural
prac,ces
and
community,
na,onal
and
interna,onal
health.
However,
when
it
comes
to
se>ng
industrial
standards
public
health
professionals
do
not
play
a
significant
role.
The
purpose
of
this
project
is
three
fold:
to
provide
an
overview
of
intersec,ons
between
agricultural
policy
and
public
health,
to
gather
measurable
data
verifying
agriculture
as
a
public
health
issue,
and
to
assess
the
poten,al
for
public
health
professionals
to
influence
policy
and
prac,ce.

3. BACKGROUND
“The
concep,on
of
Kansas
people
as
an
especially
hardy
breed
of
yeoman
farmers
went
largely
unchallenged
throughout
the
first
two
decades
of
the
twen,eth
century”
(Shortridge
2005)

4. Global Health
“Developed
countries
need
to
consider
the
impacts
of
their
agriculture,
trade
and
energy
policies
on
interna,onal
food
prices
and
availability.”

5. The Green Revolution
1940:
Dr.
Norman
Borlaug
developed
disease
resistant,
high
yield
varie,es
of
wheat
in
Mexico
By
1960,
Mexico
was
a
wheat
exporter
Technology
spread
world
wide
during
the
1950’s
and
1960’s
The
United
States
mimicked
Mexico’s
success
India
and
Asia
began
experiencing
their
green
revolu,on
during
the
1960’s
IR8
rice
What
about
Africa?

6. 50 Years of the OECD
• Organiza,on
for
Economic
Co-­‐opera,on
and
Development
• The
“Marshall
Plan”
(1947)
ini,ated
the
OEEC
which
evolved
into
the
OEDC
in
1960.
• “The
US
has
seen
its
na,onal
wealth
almost
triple
in
the
five
decades
since
the
OECD
was
created,”
(based
on
GDP/pop.)
(OECD,
2013)
•
34
member
countries;
The
OECD
recommends
policies
that,
“improve
the
lives
of
ordinary
people.”
(OEDC,
2013)
• The
Trade
Advisory
Commission
of
the
OECD
recommends
commodity
pricing
standards.
• They
also,
“set
out
to
make
life
harder
for
the
terrorists,
tax
dodgers,
crooked
businessmen
and
others
whose
ac,ons
undermine
a
fair
and
open
society.”
(OECD,
2013)
“Entrenched
the
role
of
a
few
countries
in
supplying
the
world
with
food.”
(Hallam,
2009)
Gen.
George
C.
Marshall,
Secretary
of
State
,
1947
to
1949.
Formulator
of
the
“Marshall
Plan”

7. The Agriculture Reform, Food and Jobs Act
of 2013 (The Farm Bill)
Source:
Congressional
Budget
Office
Cost
Es>mate,
S.3240,
May
24,
2012
Top
4
Highest
Funded
Titles
in
the
2013
Farm
Bill
(S.
954):
Title
4.
NutriBon:
Covers
food
and
nutri,on
assistance
programs,
such
as
WIC,
school
lunches,
farmers
markets
and
urban
gardens.
$768.2
billion
*Cracks
down
on
fraud
and
abuse
*Many
nutri5on
educa5on
ini5a5ves
and
promo5on
of
fresh
foods
for
seniors
and
in
schools.
Title
11.
Crop
Insurance:
Helps
farmers
recovering
from
weather-­‐related
crop
damage,
diseases
and
pests.
$94.6
billion
*Creates
Supplemental
Coverage
Op5on
*Expands
coverage
to
fruit
and
vegetable
growers
Title
1.
CommodiBes:
Income
support
to
growers
of
selected
commodi,es,
including
wheat,
feed
grains,
cofon,
rice,
peanuts,
sugar
and
dairy.
$43.5
billion
*Direct
Payments
eliminated
*En55es
with
AGI
>
$750,000
ineligible
Title
10.
HorBculture:
Encourages
the
produc,on
and
consump,on
of
specialty
crops,
such
as
organic
produce.
$1.4
billion

8. Local Legislation
The
Kansas
Department
Of
Agriculture
Original
Kansas
Corporate
Farming
Law
Established
in
1931
SB
298
–
1981,
became
the
basis
for
the
State’s
current
Corporate
Farming
Law
HB
2674
(K.S.A.
2-­‐3001)
Commodity
Commissions
and
check-­‐off
funds
ExecuBve
ReorganizaBon
Order
40
Transferred
Division
of
Animal
Health,
Division
of
Conserva>on
and
Agricultural
Marke>ng
to
KDA
HB
2404
/
SB
191
Repeal
the
statute
that
allows
a
county
to
permit
or
deny
a
corporate
farming
opera>on;
eliminate
the
prohibi>on
in
law
against
farming
by
a
corporate
opera>on.
“We
are
focused
on
building
Kansas
jobs
and
the
economy.
In
the
future
it
may
mean
taking
a
hard
look
at
policies
and
regula,ons
that
prohibit
business
development.”
Dale
Rodman,
Kansas
Secretary
of
Agriculture,
2011
Annual
Report.

9. US Food: Acreage, Imports & Exports
Wheat
is
the
U.S.’s
third
ranked
import
and
export
commodity.

10. American Farm Policy Directly
Influences Public Health
Food
Commodi,es
What
We
Grow
Ver,cal
integra,on
of
food
systems
Environmental
Impact,
Occupa,onal
Health
&
Food
Safety

11. WHAT WE GROW
“The
right
to
food
cannot
be
reduced
to
a
right
not
to
starve.”
United
Na>ons

12. Food Production in Kansas
The
Indian
Removal
Act
of
1830
displaced
American
Indian
tribes
to
the
Kansas
region.
The
Kansas
Territory
was
open
to
seYlement
in
1854,
drawing
white
seYlers
seeking
agricultural
opportuniBes.
Homestead
Act
–
Lincoln,
1862
Kansas
as
“The
Great
American
Desert”
Despite
hardships,
agriculture
remained
the
primary
occupaBon
of
Kansans
unBl
the
1920’s.

13. Food Production in Kansas
“If
tomorrow
every
American
woke
up
and
refused
to
consume
anything
but
the
foods
recommended
by
the
USDA
Dietary
Guidelines
for
Americans,
there
would
be
a
catastrophic
food
shortage.”
R.J.
Jackson
et.
al.

14. Current Trends in Food Production
More
than
50
percent
of
the
total
value
of
U.S.
sales
of
cale
and
Calves
comes
from
the
top
5
states:
1. Texas
2. Kansas
3. Nebraska
4. Iowa
5. Colorado

15. Food Production Trends: Impact on
Diet & Nutrition
Trends
in
Fruit
and
Vegetable
Consump,on
in
Kansas
Source:
hfp://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/
BRFSS/display.asp

16. Food Production Trends: Measurable
Effects on Public Health
“Some
of
society’s
most
pressing
problems
can
be
traced
back
to
today’s
intensive,
industrial
farming
prac,ces
using
gene,cally
uniform
livestock
and
crop
plants.”
(Adams
R
et
al)
Source:
hfp://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/BRFSS/display.asp

17. Food Production Trends: Measurable
Effects on Public Health
NutriBonal
Content
of
the
Food
We
Eat
Studies
indicate
a
posi,ve
correla,on
between
industrial
food
produc,on
and
a
decline
in
micronutrient
capacity
of
those
foods.
However,
more
research
is
needed.
The
Impact
of
Organic
Farming
on
Quality
of
Tomatoes
Increased
oxida,ve
stress
associated
with
organic
farming
results
in
higher
phytochemical
concentra,ons
(Oliveira
et
al,
2013)
A
review
of
Fafy
Acid
Profiles
and
An,oxidant
Content
in
Grass
–fed
and
Grain-­‐fed
Beef
Grass-­‐fed
beef
is
found
to
have
lower
fat
content,
elevated
concentra,ons
of
Vitamin
A
&
E,
and
higher
levels
of
an,oxidants
(Daley
et
al,
2010)

18. Food Production Trends: Implications
Commodity
farming
and
strategic
breeding
lead
to
an
overall
loss
of
ecological
diversity.
Less
diverse
environments
have
a
hard
,me
coping
with
stresses
Greater
care
(inputs)
are
needed
to
maintain
these
environments

19. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
“Awareness
is
growing
within
the
health
sector
that
the
environment
is
an
important
influence
on
individual
health,
both
directly
and
as
a
mediator
for
ea,ng
and
physical
ac,vity
behaviors.”
-­‐
Cohen

20. Food Systems: Overview
Two
methods
of
Food
ProducBon:
Intensive
Monoculture
Systems
and
Ecological
Theory
Systems*
Intensive
System:
Who:
Large
producers
What:
Commodity
goods
When:
Year
round
Where:
Na,onal
or
Interna,onal
Why:
To
make
money
and
to
“feed
the
world”
Ecological
Theory
System:
Who:
Small
producers
What:
Diversified
produc,on
When:
Seasonal
Where:
Local
distribu,on
Why:
To
provide
long-­‐term
ecological
services
to
the
community

21. Vertical Integration & Meat Production
Strategic
Breeding
Proprietary
Nutri,on
Product
Consistency
Export
Marke,ng
Source:
Seaboard
Foods:
Quality
Circle
11
Points.
Seaboard
Foods.
Retrieved
from
hfp://www.seaboardfoods.com/About-­‐QC11Points/
Index.htm

22. Food Systems: Environmental
Implications
Greater
input
will
result
in
greater
output:
Water
Run-­‐off,
soil
erosion,
aquifer
deple,on
Fer,lizers
Water
supply
contamina,on
Pes,cides
Food
&
water
contamina,on,
exposure
and
drip
Feed
Manure,
odor
&
bio-­‐waste
An,bio,cs
Prophylac,c
use
leads
to
resistance

23. Intensive Agriculture: Measurable
Effects on Public Health
Air
Quality
1. Odor
and
decreased
IgA
measures
leads
to
decreased
immune
func,on
2. Malodors
associated
with
acute
blood
pressure
increase
(
3. Respiratory
symptoms
associated
with
large
scale
CAFO
emissions
found
community
wide
(Rosenberg
et
al,
2010)
4. Prairie
burning
and
par,culate
drip
Water
Contamina,on,
Drought
&
Deple,on
1. Dwindling
of
High
Plains
Aquifers
(Wines,
2013)
2. Farmers
make
tough
decision
regarding
crop
produc,ons
vs.
selling/leasing
water
rights
(USDA,
2011)
3. Water
resources
contaminated
with
excess
nutrients,
microbial
pathogens
and
pharmaceu,cals
(Burkholder
et
al,
2007)
4. Dead
Zones
Soil
Quality
Factors
affec,ng
soil
stability
include:
1. Disturbance
or
,llage
2. Species
diversity,
interac,ons
and
phylogeny
3. Rate
of
nutrient
and
energy
flux
(SoilQuality.org)
Chemical
Contamina,on
and
Exposure
1. ANA
posi,vity
in
rural
communi,es
associated
with
autoimmune
disease
(Rosenberg,
et
al,
2010)
2. Ag
workers
and
residents
in
agriculture
areas
have
the
highest
rate
of
pes,cide
illness
from
drip,
soil
fumiga,on
biggest
culprit
(Lee
et
al,
2011)

24. Decline of the Rural Community
Industrial
Ag.
/
Ver,cal
Integra,on
Consolida,on
of
labor/
Mechaniza,on
Loss
of
opportunity
Decreased
popula,on
Closure
of
grocery
More
loss
of
opportunity
(especially
for
youth
pop.)
Popula,on
con,nues
to
decline

25. Quality of Life
Loss
of
Opportunity/Livelihood
"We
thought
we
were
at
the
point
that
we
could
re,re.
And,
of
course,
the
rhetoric
from
Seaboard
is,
'Well,
my
goodness,
your
land,
your
home,
it's
worth
more
than
you
ever
dreamed
because
of
us
coming
in
next
to
you...Our
kids
couldn't
sell
this
if
they
needed
the
money
to
bury
us
with.
It's
just
devaluated
to
nothing
as
far
as
the
market's
concerned.“
Jane
Howell,
TIME
magazine,
2001
IsolaBon
"We
celebrated
our
50th
anniversary
here
this
year,"
she
says.
"But,
you
know,
when
the
hog
fumes
come
rolling
in,
you
can't
plan
on
anything.
I
haven't
had
people
in
for
dinner
[for
two
years]
because
I'd
probably
have
to
meet
them
out
on
the
driveway
with
a
mask
for
them
to
get
to
the
house.”
Jane
Howell,
TIME
magazine,
2001
Depression
Hopelessness
&
DesperaBon
“Mr.
Yost’s
neighbors
have
met
the
prospect
of
dwindling
water
in
starkly
different
ways.
A
brother
is
farming
on
pivot
half-­‐circles.
A
brother-­‐in-­‐law
moved
most
of
his
opera,ons
to
Iowa.
Another
farmer
is
suing
his
neighbors,
accusing
them
of
poaching
water
from
his
slice
of
the
aquifer.”
Wines
“Persons
living
near
the
intensive
swine
opera,ons
who
experienced
the
odors
reported
significantly
more
tension,
more
depression,
more
anger,
less
vigor,
more
fa,gue,
and
more
confusion.”
Schiffman
et
al.

26. Get Big or Get Out
Wedge
Issues:
“
We
cannot
feed
the
world
with
sustainable
agriculture.”
“Science
and
technology
will
fix
all
of
our
problems.”
“You
have
to
choose
a
side.”
“There
is
nothing
we
can
do
about
it.
We’re
on
a
fixed
track.”
We
see
the
effects
of
intensive
agriculture
on
our
environment
and
our
public
health,
so
why
do
our
policies
con,nue
to
favor
those
methods?

27. Better Management Practices
Interest
in
organic
food
produc,on
is
rising.
Organic
farming
relies
heavily
on
sustainable
techniques
and
provides
a
unique
research
environment.
Lessons
learned
can
be
applied
to
all
systems.
Likewise,
organic
systems
can
benefit
from
adop,ng
some
of
the
technology
developed
for
conven,onal
agriculture.
Examples
of
BMPs:
Increase
phenologic
diversity
Push-­‐pull
technology
STRIP’s
Fencing
ponds
Manure
management
No/less
Till

28. FOOD SAFETY
“Aper
all,
sterilized
poop
is
s,ll
poop.”
Carol
Tucker
Foreman

29. Food Safety: Background
Significant
events
in
food
microbiology:
1890:
Pasteuriza,on
of
milk
begins
in
the
U.S.
1900:
The
Food
and
Drug
Act
is
passed
1980:
First
outbreak
of
listeriosis
occurs;
E.
coli
O157:H7
is
recognized
as
a
pathogen
1990:
Irradia,on
is
approved;
HACCP
is
required
by
USDA
2000:
Concern
regarding
bioterrorist
contamina,on
of
food
sparks
new
regula,on
Montville
et
al
When
discussing
food
safety
we
will
refer
to
two
components:
1. Reducing
instances
of
food
borne
illness
from
exposure
to
microbial
pathogens
2. The
risk
of
a
bioterrorism
event

30. USDA
(1862)
Created
to
s,mulate
food
produc,on
17
Agencies
/
15
Offices
7
Mission
Areas
Food Safety: Oversight
FDA
(1906)
President
Roosevelt’s
response
to
The
Jungle
FSMA
is
the
first
law
to
focus
on
preven,on
of
food
borne
illness
CDC
(1946)
NOT
a
regulatory
agency
Inves,gates
food
borne
illness
and
outbreaks
Establishment
of
many
public
health
programs
“The
USDA
regulates
the
safety
and
handling
of
tradi,onal
meats
and
poultry,
while
the
FDA
regulates
game
meats,
such
as
venison,
ostrich
and
snake.
“

31. Food Safety: Microbial Pathogens
Salmonella,
Toxoplasma
gondii
and
Listeria
account
for
the
highest
rates
of
death
from
food
borne
illness
More
deaths
can
be
linked
to
poultry
than
any
other
food
commodity.
46%
of
food
borne
illness
can
be
afributed
to
produce.
Economic
Impact
(annual):
– Salmonella:
$2,646,413,401
– E.
coli:
$478,381,766

32. Food Safety: E. coli O157:H7
E.
Coli
O157:H7
is
unusually
tolerant
of
acidic
environments
A
grain
based
diet
in
calves
and
young
cows
lowers
the
pH
of
the
GI
tract
and
is
thought
to
encourage
carriage
of
this
STEC
Changes
in
farm
management
prac>ces
further
exacerbate
infec>on
rates

33. Quick Fixes
Irradia5on
is
an
effec>ve
processing
technique
that
eliminates
pathogens
from
raw
meat
and
produce
by
elici>ng
damage
to
microbial
DNA
through
exposure
to
Gamma
rays.
Examples
of
NegaBve
Food
Changes
Associated
with
IrradiaBon:
Fragile
produce
becomes
“mushy”
Reduc,on
of
nutri,onal
value
Forma,on
of
compounds
not
previously
present
Free
radical
genera,on
Source:
US
EPA,
hfp://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/sources/
food_safety.html#irradia,on_affect
Problems
with
ImplemenBng
IrradiaBon
Mandates:
Cost
of
technology
The
EPA
mandates
that
all
irradiated
foods
must
be
labeled
Who,
if
anyone,
should
be
exempt?

34. Food Safety: Agroterrorism
“The
deliberate
introduc,on
of
an
animal
or
plant
disease
for
the
purpose
of
genera,ng
fear,
causing
economic
losses,
or
undermining
social
stability.”
(Olson
2012)

35. Food Safety: Agroterrorism
How
do
we
prepare
for
inten,onal
contamina,on?
Three
layers
of
public
health
infrastructure:
FDA,
USDA,
&
CDC
Health
care
providers
An
informed
general
public
Challenges
resul,ng
from
an
increased
global
food
supply:
1. Increasing
numbers
of
biological
and
chemical
agents
2. Inadequate
number
of
epidemiologist
3. Decrease
in
communica,on
and
collabora,ve
efforts
among
industries,
agencies,
and
consumers

36. Better Management Practices
Produc,on
BMP’s
previously
men,oned
Producer
educa,on
with
incen,ves
Make
food
systems
smaller
Less
processing/limited
contact
with
machinery

37. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
“The
line
is
so
fast
there
is
no
>me
to
sharpen
the
knife.
The
knife
gets
dull
and
you
have
to
cut
harder.
That’s
when
it
really
starts
to
hurt,
and
that’s
when
you
cut
yourself.”
Smithfield
Foods
meatpacking
line
worker,
Red
Springs,
North
Carolina,
December
2003

38. Exposure, Toxins and Injury
Heat
related
deaths
among
crop
workers
is
20
,mes
higher
than
that
of
civilian
workers(CDC).
Cold
exposure
in
processing
plants
Contact
with
pes,cides
and
pes,cide
drip.
Pruning
tomato
and
grape
vines
and
cu>ng
bone
with
dull
shears
lead
to
repe,,ve
mo,on
injuries
Tractor
turn
over
is
the
leading
cause
of
farmer
injury.

39. Human Rights and Worker Protection
“Berries
sold
under
the
label
“Limited
Edi,on,”
would
carry
cer,fica,on
to
inform
consumers
that
food
safety
protocols
had
been
followed
and
that
the
workers
who
harvested
the
crop
were
treated
fairly.”
(Strom
2013)
“The
laws
to
protect
these
workers
are
grossly
inadequate.
More
importantly,
the
workers’
ability
to
enforce
the
protec,ons
they
do
have
is
generally
nonexistent.”
(Bauer
et
al,
2010)
“These
are
not
occasional
lapses
by
employers
paying
insufficient
afen,on…these
are
systema,c
human
rights
viola,ons…”
“Any
single
meat
packing
or
poultry
processing
company
that
sought
to
respect
the
rights
of
its
workers…would
face
undercu>ng
price
compe,,on
from
other
businesses
that
did
not.”
(Compa,
2004)

40. CONCLUSION
“Agriculture
Policy
is
Health
Policy”
(R.J.
Jackson
et
al,
2009)

41. Why is this important?
Changing
aitudes:
“Beliefs
are
shijing
to
encourage
healthy
living.”
(KLC,
2013)
Legisla>ve
changes
in
the
works
that
favor
corporate
agriculture.
This
could
mean
big
changes
for
the
landscape
and
the
health
of
Kansans

42. “A
special
elec>on
on
allowing
confined
hog
opera>ons
passed
with
51
percent
of
the
vote
in
2010.
Hogs
are
here
now.
We
move
on.”
(Terrell,
2013)
Test
scores
are
up
and
enrollment
has
more
than
doubled…The
school
now
draws
students
from
surrounding
communi>es
with
an
interest
in
learning
through
agriculture.”
(KLC,
2013)

43. What Role can KHI Play?
Inform
the
public
via
media
services
HIA’s
of
new
legisla,on
Transdisciplinary
research
“To
inform
policymakers
by
iden,fying,
producing,
analyzing
and
communica,ng
informa,on
that
is
,mely,
relevant
and
objec,ve.”

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47. Special Thanks
Senior
Analyst
of
the
Kansas
Health
Ins,tute,
Barbara
LaClair,
M.H.A.,
provided
the
framework
and
guidance
for
this
project.
Without
her
construc,ve
input
and
interest
in
the
topic,
this
analysis
would
not
have
occurred.
Julie
Mefenburg
of
the
Kansas
Rural
Center
shared
her
first-­‐
hand
experience
as
a
beef
producer
and
her
knowledge
of
the
varied
challenges
faced
by
small
farmers.
Her
enthusiasm
for
sustainable
agriculture
and
rural
communi,es
provided
insight
into
some
of
the
issues
discussed
in
this
presenta,on.
Jen
Lawson,
an
Animal
Scien,st
and
Registered
Veterinary
Technician,
has
many
years
of
experience
caring
for
produc,on
animals
at
both
large
and
small
facili,es.
Her
professional
observa,ons
were
also
incorporated
into
this
presenta,on.
Chavis
Lickvar-­‐Armstrong
Student
Intern