This document summarizes different families of adhesion molecules that are important for cell-cell interactions and immune cell migration. The four main families discussed are cadherins, integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily proteins, and selectins. Integrins in particular play key roles in processes like platelet aggregation, inflammation, wound healing, and tissue migration. Dysregulation of adhesion molecules can also contribute to diseases.

1. Adhesion Proteins PCOL 582

2. Adhesion Proteins Integrins IgSf Selectins Cadherins EC EC L, N L, N

3. Adhesion Proteins White blood cells migrate through all the tissues of the body. Migration: 1. attachment 2. traversing Response to: 1. infection 2. necrotic tissue

4. Adhesion Proteins Organ Disease Lung Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Asthma Asbestosis Emphysema Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

5. Adhesion Proteins Organ Disease Kidney Glomerulonephritis Interstitial nephritis Heart Myocardial reperfusion injury Ischaemic heart disease Joint Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Systemic Scleroderma Vasculitis

6. Adhesion Proteins

7. Adhesion Proteins These binding reactions are controlled by a varying array of adhesion molecules on the surface of the T lymphocyte that recognize a complementary array of adhesion molecules on the surface of the cells with which the T cell interacts.

8. Adhesion Proteins The majority of adhesion molecules fall into one of four families; cadherins. integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), selectins

9. Adhesion Proteins The majority of adhesion molecules fall into one of four families; cadherins. integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), selectins

10. CADHERINS They play a fundamental role in maintaining the integrity of multicellular structures and are important in the diapedesis of lymphocytes and neutrophils

11. cadherins

12. CADHERINS There is strong evidence to suggest that cadherins may be involved in invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Finally, cadherins may play a role in intercellular signalling due to the discovery of kinases regulating cytoplasmic cadherin phosphorylation.

13. Adhesion Proteins The majority of adhesion molecules fall into one of four families; cadherins. integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), selectins

14. INTEGRINS

15. INTEGRINS

16. INTEGRINS

17. INTEGRINS Important roles: platelet aggregation, inflammation, immune function, wound healing, tumor metastasis, tissue migration during embryogenesis. signalling pathways, transmitting signals both into and out from cells

18. Integrins Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric proteins that play key roles in extracellular matrix formation, morphogenesis, and cell adhesion. There are 17 alpha subunit types and 8 beta subunit types. Depending on the association of alpha and beta subunits, integrins can bind to collagen, laminin, vitronectin, and fibronectin.

19. Integrins Page 120

21. Integrins Integrins are present in a low-affinity state in resting T cells. Chemokines produced by the antigen-presenting cell (APC) and signals induced by the TCR when it recognizes antigen both act on integrins and lead to their clustering and to conformational changes that increase the affinity of the integrins for their ligands. As a result, the integrins bind with high avidity to their ligands on APCs and thus promote T cell activation.

22. Integrins In the immune system, the most important integrins, those of the  1,  2, and  7 subfamilies, participate in T-cell migration and provide stimulatory signals for T-cell proliferation and effector functions.

23. INTEGRINS Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 ( LFA-1, CD11a/CD18 ). This is thought to be the most important adhesion molecule for lymphocyte activation as antibodies to LFA-1 effectively inhibit the activation of both naive and armed effector T cells.

24. INTEGRINS Expression of the  1 integrins increases significantly late in T-cell activation, and they are thus often called VLA for very late antigen and play an important part in directing armed effector T cells to their target tissues.

25. INTEGRINS Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare inherited disorder in which key functions of leukocytes are impaired, notably the migration of neutrophils to sites of extravascaular inflammation

26. INTEGRINS CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) L,N,M ICAMs CD11b/CD18 (CR3, MAC-1) N, NK, M ICAMs, iC3b CD11c/CD18 (CR4, p150.95) M,N,L, NK iC3b

27. Adhesion Proteins The majority of adhesion molecules fall into one of four families; cadherins. integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), selectins

28. IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY IgSF members are widely utilized in two areas involving complex interactions among a diverse array of cell types; during nervous system development and in the regulation of the immune system

29. IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY CD2 (LFA-2) T-cells LFA-3 ICAM-1 (CD54) APCs, lymphocytes LFA-1 ICAM-2 (CD102) APCs, lymphocytes LFA-1 ICAM-3 (CD50) APCs LFA-1 LFA-3 (CD58) APCs, lymphocytes CD2 VCAM-1 (CD106) EC (activated) VLA-4

30. IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY IgSF

31. IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY .

32. IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY ICAM-1 is expressed by antigen presenting cells. Induced or upregulated by IFN  , IL-1  , TNF  and LPS. Ligands are CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, CD43 (mucin-like vascular addressin). Adhesion is calcium dependent

33. Adhesion Proteins The majority of adhesion molecules fall into one of four families; cadherins. integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), selectins

34. SELECTINS Are earliest expressed in inflammatory responses Lead to neurtophil activation and extravasation L-selectin E-selectin P-selectin Bind to SLe x of neutrophil

35. SELECTINS

38. SELECTINS L-selectin down regulated by IL-1 P-selectin up-regulated by thrombin, histamine, peroxides, TNF-  , IL-4, IL-1, and IFN-  E-selectin up-regualted IL-1  , TNF  and LPS

39. SELECTINS

40. Role of Adhesion Molecules in Pathology States

41. Extravasation First of these is mediated by selectins Second step depends upon LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) and CR3 (CD11b/CD18 Third step, the leukocyte crosses the endothelial wall, or extravasates Fourth step is the migration due to chemoattractant molecules (IL-8)

43. Diseases Associated with Adhesion Molecules Leukocyte adhesion deficiency ( LAD ) The involvement of integrins Tumor metastasis Colorectal CD44 Meleanomas VLA-4 - selectin Osteosarcomas VLA-4 - selectin Multiple myeloma N-CAM

44. Adhesion Molecules and Allograft Rejection E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression were associated with markers of rejection Anti-CD11/CD18 mAbs prevented early rejection anti-ICAM-1 could induce allograft tolerance

45. Reperfusion Injury Neutrophil the CD11a/CD18 is expressed subsequently to reperfusion The cytokines involved in the modulation of CD11a/CD18 expression, are PAF. C5a, IL-1, TNF, IL-6, and IL-8. The ICAM-1 can be controlled by IL-1, TNF, and IFN 

46. Figure 12-2