Aada bahsedilen Vaka almasndan aadaki sorular cevaplayn
Nestle'nin bir sredir yrrlkte olan kat bir kalite sistemi vard ancak byle bir sistem zm myd?
Byle bir sistemin yant verebilirliini salamak iin hangi Alternatiflere veya modifikasyonlara ihtiya
duyulur?
Vaka Analizi
2001'de gneli bir ubat leden sonrasyd. Ren-Louis Jaccoud,
Nestle'de kalite ynetiminden sorumlu bakan yardmcs okuyordu
iyi bilinen son kalite sorunlar hakknda raporlar araclyla
dnya apnda irketler. armt. Bu dnya-
snf irketleri kendilerini bu tr bir belaya m sokuyor? inde
zellikle, son 10 ylda meydana gelen tm deiikliklerle
Tedarik zinciri ve i ortamnda geen yllar, Jaccoud
kalite ynetimine ynelik mevcut yaklamn doru olduundan emin deildi.
onlara ayak uydurmutu.
Peter Brabeck CEO olarak grevi devraldnda net bir karar vermiti.
tketici tercihinin ve gvenli rnlerin en nemli olduu mesaj
ncelik 1 veya Nestie, Rupert' ikna etmeye gerek yoktu
Gasser, teknik, retim ve
Kariyerine kalite konusunda Nestl ile balayan Ar-Ge.
Kalite sorunu yaamak artk sadece
fabrika veya retim birimi. Batan deerlendirilmesi gerekiyordu
Lop ynetimi bak as Global markalar ile tm
rnler tketiciye bir vaat tayordu. Eer sz olsayd
yerine getirilmedi, etki tm kurumda hissedildi.
"Ah, kalite bellidir," gibi yorumlar duymak normaldi.
kaliteye sahip olmalsnz yoksa rekabet edemezsiniz."
fazlasyla kendini beenmiti: "Kaliteye ulatk, bu yzden
bunun iin endielenmene gerek yok." Jaccoud, birok kiinin
irketler bir dereceye kadar bu sorunlar yayordu ve biliyordu ki
Nestl'nin ayn tuzaa dmemesini salamak zorundayd.
Bu tam olarak Jaccoud'un karlat zorluktu. O istedi
nedeniyle Nestl'nin asla kt bir durumda olmamasn salamak
Kalite sorunlar. irket yeterince nasl ayrmal?
irket iinde kalite konusuna srekli dikkat
ve tedarik zinciri boyunca? lerlemenin en iyi yolu neydi?
Nisan 2001 itibariyle Nestl, dnyann en byk gda irketiydi. 2000 ylnda satlar
5,8 milyar SFr net karla 81,4 milyar SFr idi. en byk rn
gruplar iecekler (23 milyar SFr), st rnleri, beslenme ve dondurmayd
(22 milyar SFr) ve hazr yemekler, piirme yardmclar ve evcil hayvan bakm (20,6 milyar SFr).
2000 yl sonunda Nestl'nin dnya apnda 479 fabrikas vard ve yaklak olarak
230.000 alan.
Dnya apndaki alt markas arasnda Nestl, Nescaf, Nestea, Maggi, Buitoni ve
Friskies Marka portfy ayrca PerrierT gibi dier tannm markalar da iermektedir.
ve Vittel (maden suyu), Cailler ve KitKat (ikolata).
Nestle'nin genel kalite hedefleri belirleyen bir kalite ynetim ekibi vard.
politikalar ve ynergeler, bu faaliyetler iin kaynaklarn kullanmn planlad ve
kalite sisteminin ileyiini gzden geirdi. Pazarlar ve i blmleri
kendi kalite gvence sorumluluklar vard.
Kalite Ynetiminin Gelitirilmesi
Kalite, mterilerin beklentilerine tutarl uygunluktur
Kalite kontrolne ynelik yaklamlar on yllar iinde gelimitir. lk bata odak
denetimdeydi (hata tespiti), daha sonra istatistiksel yntemlere dayanyordu ve
kalite standartlar. Daha fazla gelime, farkl yaklamlar almtr.
kalite gvence ve kalite sistemleri ve toplam kalite ynet.
Are large firms such as Walmart and Microsoft good or bad fo.pdfaccumencomp
Are large firms such as Walmart and Microsoft good or bad for the economy? Explain. Should
these huge firms be allowed to exist? Why or why not? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt
Paragraph B I AQT2.
6 The investigative process by which geologists identify an.pdfaccumencomp
6rABCDo.)))) c Tscsckhuotrsroepr aors eetisfanr l-at vahmintecieodasc netsteciagxshimasnint geidgv aeat gipnergosc ine sdsi fbfeyr ewnhti cahre gaeso ilso gkinsotsw ind eanst ify and match sedimentary strata and other.
Aadakilerden hangisi biyolojik bir zarn bileenlerini bir ara.pdfaccumencomp
Aadakilerden hangisi biyolojik bir zarn bileenlerini bir arada tutmada en az nemli olabilir?
fosfolipid kuyruklar ile zara gml intergral zar proteinlerinin yzeyi arasndaki hidrofobik etkileimler
zarn ayn yzeyindeki fosfolipid ba gruplar arasndaki kutupsal etkileimler
Fosfolipitlerin ya asidi kuyruklar arasndaki hidrofobik etkileimler, zarlarn zt taraflarndadr.
zarn fosfolipid ve protein bileenleri arasndaki kovalent etkileimler
zarn ayn tarafnda bulunan fosfolipidlerin ya asidi kuyruklar arasndaki hidrofobik etkileimler
Elektron tama zincirinin amac nedir?
Fotosentez enzimleri iin bir balanma yeri salamak
suyu ayrmak ve O2'yi serbest brakmak iin
Hidrojen iyonlarn bir zar boyunca hareket ettirmek iin elektronlardaki serbest enerjiyi kullanmak
elektronlardaki serbest enerjiyi azaltmak iin.
1 Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7 dolar cinsin.pdfaccumencomp
1) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7, dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn yzde
4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin dolar cinsinden beklenen getiri oran
varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) yzde 9.
C) yzde 5.
d) yzde 3
E) Yzde 1.
2) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7 ve dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn
yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, ________ cinsinden varlklarda beklenen getiri yzde
________ olarak.
Bir dolar; avro 1'dir
b) dolar; avro 3
c) avro; dolar 1
d) avro; dolar 3
3) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
Euro'nun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Meksikal Manuel iin euro'nun beklenen
getirisi - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 13.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
4) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
euronun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin pezodan beklenen getiri
oran - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 15.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
5) Dolar mevduat faiz oran yzde 10 ve nmzdeki yl yzde 7 deer kazanmas beklenen dolar
mevduatn dviz cinsinden beklenen getirisi:
A) Yzde 3.
b) yzde 10.
C) Yzde 13,5.
d) yzde 17
Ltfen iinizi gsterin
1) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7, dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn yzde
4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin dolar cinsinden beklenen getiri oran
varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) yzde 9.
C) yzde 5.
d) yzde 3
E) Yzde 1.
2) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7 ve dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn
yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, ________ cinsinden varlklarda beklenen getiri yzde
________ olarak.
Bir dolar; avro 1'dir
b) dolar; avro 3
c) avro; dolar 1
d) avro; dolar 3
3) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
Euro'nun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Meksikal Manuel iin euro'nun beklenen
getirisi - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 13.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
4) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
euronun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin pezodan beklenen getiri
oran - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 15.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
5) Dolar mevduat faiz oran yzde 10 ve nmzdeki yl yzde 7 deer kazanmas beklenen dolar
mevduatn dviz cinsinden beklenen getirisi:
A) Yzde 3.
b) yzde 10.
C) Yzde 13,5.
d) yzde 17
Ltfen iinizi gsterin.
Compute the following measures a Return on equity Net in.pdfaccumencomp
Compute the following measures. a. Return on equity = Net income/Average total equity b. RNOA
= NOPAT/Average NOA c. Nonoperating return =ROERNOA d. NNEP = NNE/Average NNO e.
Spread = RNOA - NNEP f. FLEV = Average NNO/ Average total equity g. ROE=RNOA+( Spread
FLEV).
Consider a data of a numerical variable X given by the group.pdfaccumencomp
Consider a data of a numerical variable X given by the grouped frequency distribution table 1. The
mean of X is X= (Approximate to one decimal place when necessary) 2. The median of the data is
MD= (Approximate to one decimal place when necessary) 3. The mode of the data is =
(Approximate to one decimal place when necessary).
3102 Protect and monitor the physical facility and support.pdfaccumencomp
3.10.2 Protect and monitor the physical facility and support infrastructure for those organizational
systems.
Is equipment protected from power failures and other disruptions by the use of Uninterruptible
Power Supplies (UPS), backup generators, etc..?
Are power and telecommunications cable, carrying data or supporting information services,
protected from interception or damage?
Is the physical facility and support infrastructure security and systems monitored?.
Match the following incubation periods with their function .pdfaccumencomp
Match the following incubation periods with their function. First incubation: incubation of the DNA
at 37C Choose.. Second incubation: incubation of the DNA and competent cells on ice Allows the
cells to express the new DNA Allows the DNAse (if present in that treatment) to degrade the pDNA
Third incubation: brief incubation of the competent cells at 42C Heat shock--this encourages the
competent cells to start healing themselves Allows the DNA to enter the cells Fourth incubation:
cells are put on ice Cells start to repair their membranes Fifth incubation: cells are incubated in
liquid medium at 37C Choose....
Are large firms such as Walmart and Microsoft good or bad fo.pdfaccumencomp
Are large firms such as Walmart and Microsoft good or bad for the economy? Explain. Should
these huge firms be allowed to exist? Why or why not? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt
Paragraph B I AQT2.
6 The investigative process by which geologists identify an.pdfaccumencomp
6rABCDo.)))) c Tscsckhuotrsroepr aors eetisfanr l-at vahmintecieodasc netsteciagxshimasnint geidgv aeat gipnergosc ine sdsi fbfeyr ewnhti cahre gaeso ilso gkinsotsw ind eanst ify and match sedimentary strata and other.
Aadakilerden hangisi biyolojik bir zarn bileenlerini bir ara.pdfaccumencomp
Aadakilerden hangisi biyolojik bir zarn bileenlerini bir arada tutmada en az nemli olabilir?
fosfolipid kuyruklar ile zara gml intergral zar proteinlerinin yzeyi arasndaki hidrofobik etkileimler
zarn ayn yzeyindeki fosfolipid ba gruplar arasndaki kutupsal etkileimler
Fosfolipitlerin ya asidi kuyruklar arasndaki hidrofobik etkileimler, zarlarn zt taraflarndadr.
zarn fosfolipid ve protein bileenleri arasndaki kovalent etkileimler
zarn ayn tarafnda bulunan fosfolipidlerin ya asidi kuyruklar arasndaki hidrofobik etkileimler
Elektron tama zincirinin amac nedir?
Fotosentez enzimleri iin bir balanma yeri salamak
suyu ayrmak ve O2'yi serbest brakmak iin
Hidrojen iyonlarn bir zar boyunca hareket ettirmek iin elektronlardaki serbest enerjiyi kullanmak
elektronlardaki serbest enerjiyi azaltmak iin.
1 Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7 dolar cinsin.pdfaccumencomp
1) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7, dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn yzde
4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin dolar cinsinden beklenen getiri oran
varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) yzde 9.
C) yzde 5.
d) yzde 3
E) Yzde 1.
2) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7 ve dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn
yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, ________ cinsinden varlklarda beklenen getiri yzde
________ olarak.
Bir dolar; avro 1'dir
b) dolar; avro 3
c) avro; dolar 1
d) avro; dolar 3
3) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
Euro'nun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Meksikal Manuel iin euro'nun beklenen
getirisi - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 13.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
4) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
euronun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin pezodan beklenen getiri
oran - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 15.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
5) Dolar mevduat faiz oran yzde 10 ve nmzdeki yl yzde 7 deer kazanmas beklenen dolar
mevduatn dviz cinsinden beklenen getirisi:
A) Yzde 3.
b) yzde 10.
C) Yzde 13,5.
d) yzde 17
Ltfen iinizi gsterin
1) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7, dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn yzde
4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin dolar cinsinden beklenen getiri oran
varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) yzde 9.
C) yzde 5.
d) yzde 3
E) Yzde 1.
2) Faiz oran euro cinsinden varlklarda yzde 7 ve dolar cinsinden varlklarda yzde 5 ise ve dolarn
yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, ________ cinsinden varlklarda beklenen getiri yzde
________ olarak.
Bir dolar; avro 1'dir
b) dolar; avro 3
c) avro; dolar 1
d) avro; dolar 3
3) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
Euro'nun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Meksikal Manuel iin euro'nun beklenen
getirisi - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 13.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
4) Euro cinsinden varlklarda faiz oran yzde 13 ve pezo cinsinden varlklarda yzde 15 ise ve
euronun yzde 4 orannda deer kazanmas bekleniyorsa, Fransz Franois iin pezodan beklenen getiri
oran - cinsinden varlklar
A) Yzde 11.
B) Yzde 15.
C) Yzde 17.
d) yzde 19
5) Dolar mevduat faiz oran yzde 10 ve nmzdeki yl yzde 7 deer kazanmas beklenen dolar
mevduatn dviz cinsinden beklenen getirisi:
A) Yzde 3.
b) yzde 10.
C) Yzde 13,5.
d) yzde 17
Ltfen iinizi gsterin.
Compute the following measures a Return on equity Net in.pdfaccumencomp
Compute the following measures. a. Return on equity = Net income/Average total equity b. RNOA
= NOPAT/Average NOA c. Nonoperating return =ROERNOA d. NNEP = NNE/Average NNO e.
Spread = RNOA - NNEP f. FLEV = Average NNO/ Average total equity g. ROE=RNOA+( Spread
FLEV).
Consider a data of a numerical variable X given by the group.pdfaccumencomp
Consider a data of a numerical variable X given by the grouped frequency distribution table 1. The
mean of X is X= (Approximate to one decimal place when necessary) 2. The median of the data is
MD= (Approximate to one decimal place when necessary) 3. The mode of the data is =
(Approximate to one decimal place when necessary).
3102 Protect and monitor the physical facility and support.pdfaccumencomp
3.10.2 Protect and monitor the physical facility and support infrastructure for those organizational
systems.
Is equipment protected from power failures and other disruptions by the use of Uninterruptible
Power Supplies (UPS), backup generators, etc..?
Are power and telecommunications cable, carrying data or supporting information services,
protected from interception or damage?
Is the physical facility and support infrastructure security and systems monitored?.
Match the following incubation periods with their function .pdfaccumencomp
Match the following incubation periods with their function. First incubation: incubation of the DNA
at 37C Choose.. Second incubation: incubation of the DNA and competent cells on ice Allows the
cells to express the new DNA Allows the DNAse (if present in that treatment) to degrade the pDNA
Third incubation: brief incubation of the competent cells at 42C Heat shock--this encourages the
competent cells to start healing themselves Allows the DNA to enter the cells Fourth incubation:
cells are put on ice Cells start to repair their membranes Fifth incubation: cells are incubated in
liquid medium at 37C Choose....
What is wrong with this code def plotCountryDensitiesdata.pdfaccumencomp
What is wrong with this code?
def plotCountryDensities(data: pd.DataFrame, title: str):
global inf
"""Visa stapeldiagram av lnders populationstthet.
Args:
data (pd.DataFrame): land data
"""
# Figur.
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
# Plotta data.
ax = data.plot.bar(
ax=ax,
rot=40,
x='country',
y='density')
ax.get_legend().remove()
# Titlar.
plt.title(title, color='b')
plt.xlabel('Countries', color='r')
plt.ylabel('Population density as persons/sqkm.', color='r')
# A4, liggande.
fig.set_size_inches(11.69, 8.27)
# Visa.
plt.grid()
plt.show()
def assignment_2_menu(data: pd.DataFrame) -> None:
"""Plotta populationsttheten fr vald antal lnder
eller om landdet anges mend namn, skriv ut landets
populationstthet.
Args:
data (pd.DataFrame): land data
"""
# Instruktion.
print('''
Specify country/countries to show. Format: NAME | N[+|-]
NAME = Name of country
N = Integer between 1 and 10
+ = Whow N densest countries
- = Show N sparsest countries.''')
# Loopa tills vi ftt rtt input.
while True:
# Ls in anvndarval.
inputValue = input(" : ")
# Testa med regex om anvndaren angav nummer.
mo = re.match(r'^([0-9]{1,2})(+|-)?$', inputValue)
# Har vi match object?
if mo:
# Ls nummer och eventuell postfix.
num_countries = int(mo.group(1))
sort_type = mo.group(2)
# Kolla att vi har nummer mellan 1 och 10.
if 1 <= num_countries <= 10:
if sort_type:
# Vi har sortering. Sortera.
ascending_ = sort_type == '-'
subset = data.sort_values(
by=['density'],
ascending=ascending_
).head(num_countries)
side = 'lowest' if ascending_ else 'highest'
title = f'{num_countries} countries with the {side} population density.'
else:
subset = data.head(num_countries)
title = f'Population density for first {num_countries} countries.'
# Plotta de 'num_countries' lnder vi har i subset.
plotCountryDensities(subset, title)
break
else:
# Anvndaren angav inte nummer i rtt format.
# Testa om strngen matchar land.
inputValue = inputValue.replace('"', '')
searchResult = data.query(f'country=="{inputValue}"')
if not searchResult.empty:
# Rad hittades.
print(f'''
----------
The population density for {inputValue} is {searchResult.iloc[0].density:.2f} individuals per square
km.
----------
''')
break
print('Invalid input.')
# Titel
print('nTask 2 - Plotn')
# Skapa DataFrame objekt frn csv fil.
df_cia_factbook = pd.read_csv('cia_factbook.csv', delimiter=';')
# Berkna densitet fr alla rader och ta bort nan/inf rader.
modified = df_cia_factbook.eval(
'density = population / area'
).query(
'density == density and density != @inf'
)
# Visa-lnder meny.
assignment_2_menu(modified)
Task2-Plot NameError: name 're' is not defined.
The US Census Bureau estimates that there will be approxim.pdfaccumencomp
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that there will be approximately 9.5 billion people living on
Earth by 2050. When considering humankinds future impact on our natural environment and our
ability to be sustainable, many are quick to assume that because population is increasing so will
our impact on the natural environment, thereby hindering our ability to be sustainable. Which of
the following statements best summarizes why population growth alone might not be the best
indicator of humankinds impact on the natural environment and the ability of humans to live
sustainably in the future?
Group of answer choices
A) in the future, people will be more reliant on technology. Since technology does not require any
raw materials (i.e. wont require mining) or generate any waste, the number of people on Earth is
irrelevant. Therefore, people born today, and in the future, will have little to no impact on the
natural environment and will not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
B) People in different parts of the world use resources in different quantities and at different rates.
For example, the United States has only 5% of the worlds population, but it uses about 25% of all
oil and natural gas that the world consumes. Therefore, where people are born and how they use
resources may be more important than how many people are born.
C) Although the rate of population growth suggests that the number of people on Earth is
increasing, all resources available on Earth are renewable so there is no reason to worry that we
will run out of our most valuable resources.
D) This U.S. Census Bureau is wrong, the human population on Earth is not increasing..
The following information is available for Oriole Corporatio.pdfaccumencomp
The following information is available for Oriole Corporation for the year ended December 31,
2022: sales revenue $750,000, other revenues and gains $88,000, operating expenses $116,000,
cost of goods sold $464,000, other expenses and losses $32,500, and preferred stock dividends
$43,125. The company's tax rate was 20%, and it had 45,000 common shares outstanding during
the entire year. (a) Prepare a corporate income statement. (List other revenues before other
expenses.).
Santana Rey owner of Business Solutions decides to prepare.pdfaccumencomp
Santana Rey, owner of Business Solutions, decides to prepare a statement of cash flows for h.
data.Requlred: Prepare a statement of cash flows for Business 5 ollitions uning the inclivet method
for the three mor Owner Santana Rey centribsted 5.32,000 to the business in exchange for
additional stock in the first $4,000 in cash dividends. (Ameunts to be deducted thould be indicated
with a minus sign.)MacBooksin.
QUESTION 4 Preduction data Poundt in proesss May 1 materi.pdfaccumencomp
QUESTION 4 Preduction data: Poundt in proesss, May 1; materials 100% comblete, comversion
80% complete Psunds started into production during May Peunds compintod and trasefered cu 7
Pounds in prosess. Nay 31; materias tOF conpleie, conversion 20%, campiobe Cost data Vigkin
process invetory May : Maveriak eos: Caniersion cost. $1300 $1200 Cos: adsed during Moy:
Mahanak cost. Corverian cat 1. Parcule pre eguevalent urits of groduction..
Python I keep running into error when fixing this code but.pdfaccumencomp
{Python} I keep running into error when fixing this code but I don't know what is wrong? It's able to
show two windows, but won't load the csv file into the window for a user to select options. My gui
should show a window that allows user to select country from file. Then it will print out a graph.
This is the code:
import sqlite3
import json
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tkinter as tk
import socket
import csv
import pandas as pd
class User_Layer:
def __init__(self, root):
self.root = root
self.root.title("Country Selection")
self.country_label = tk.Label(self.root, text="Select a country:")
self.country_label.pack()
self.country_list = tk.Listbox(self.root)
self.country_list.pack()
self.countries = pd.read_csv('USAStates2020.csv')
['Country'].unique()
for country in self.countries:
self.country_list.insert(tk.END, country)
self.submit_button = tk.Button(self.root, text="Submit", command=self.submit)
self.submit_button.pack()
def submit(self):
selected_country = self.country_list.get(self.country_list.curselection())
business_layer = BusinessLayer()
business_layer.get_data(selected_country)
class BusinessLayer:
def __init__(self):
self.server_host = 'localhost'
self.server_port = 9999
def get_data(self, country):
sql_query = f"SELECT Year, Population FROM USAStates2020 WHERE Country = '{country}'
AND Year BETWEEN 1970 AND 2020"
data_layer = DataLayer(self.server_host, self.server_port)
data = data_layer.send_query(sql_query)
graphic_layer = GraphicLayer()
graphic_layer.plot(json.loads(data))
class DataLayer:
def __init__(self, host, port):
self.host = host
self.port = port
def send_query(self, query):
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.connect((self.host, self.port))
s.sendall(query.encode())
data = s.recv(1024).decode()
return data
class GraphicLayer:
def plot(self, data):
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df['Year'] = pd.to_datetime(df['Year'], format='%Y')
# Plot the data using matplotlib
plt.plot(df['Year'], df['Population'])
plt.title('Population vs Year')
plt.xlabel('Year')
plt.ylabel('Population')
plt.show()
class ServerLayer:
def __init__(self, host, port):
self.host = host
self.port = port
def start(self):
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.bind((self.host, self.port))
s.listen()
print(f"Server listening on {self.host}:{self.port}")
while True:
conn, addr = s.accept()
with conn:
print(f"Connected by {addr}")
query = conn.recv(1024).decode()
conn.execute(query)
results = conn.fetchall()
json_data = json.dumps(results)
conn.sendall(json_data.encode())
root = tk.Tk()
business_layer = __name__ == "__main__"
root = tk.Tk()
User_Layer = User_Layer(root)
root.mainloop().
Please answer ASAP Ill rate thanks 1 There are a total .pdfaccumencomp
Please answer ASAP. I'll rate, thanks!
1: There are a total of ______ bones in an adult human;
a) 106
b) 207
c) 208
d) 189
e) The male or female is not indicated
f) None of the above
2) Which of the following is not a skull bone;
a) Parietal
b) Occipital
c) Nasal
d) Lacrimal
e) All of the above are skull bones
3) Fill in the Blanks
blank1 - ---- is the second vertebra in vertebral column. (Single word, No capital letters)
4) Mark the incorrect pair;
a) Carpals - wrist bones
b) Fibula - strong, thick bone
c) Scapula - shoulder bone
d) Radius - part of upper limbs
e) All of the above are correctly paired
5) There are eight metatarsals.
a). True
b). False.
ou are analyzing the Victoria Inc VI stock Assume that .pdfaccumencomp
'ou are analyzing the Victoria Inc. (VI) stock. Assume that Vl's required rate of return is 12 percent.
Assume that VI is a constant growth company whose last dividend D0, was $2.0, and whose
dividend is xpected to grow indefinitely at a 5 percent rate forever. A. What is the firm's expected
dividend in 3 years? B. What is the firm's current stock price? C. What is the stock's expected
value 1 year from now? D. What is the expected dividend yield, the capital gains yield, and the
total return during the first year? E. What would the stock price be if its dividends were expected to
have zero growth? (Zero growth model, K is the same but g=0 ).
n the very early days of computing images were produced usi.pdfaccumencomp
n the very early days of computing, images were produced using ASCII characters. Such ASCII
Art was very popular
and, since storage was limited, simple techniques were developed to compress such images. One
such simple
technique of lossless compression was Run Length Encoding. This scans an input image for runs
(sequences) of 3 or
more identical values, and replaces them with three such characters followed by an INT string
representing a count of
the number of characters, and terminated by a * e.g.
A line from a piece of ASCII Art image as follows:
,,,,,,]F 8,
which is composed of 6 commas, a closed square bracket, a capital F, 48 spaces an eight and a
comma, would be
represented as:
,,,6*]F 48*8,
Write a program assignment2_1.c to accept as input either the letter "C" or the letter "E" followed
by a newline. Each
subsequent line of input data until EOF contains image data.
If the initial input was "C" this represents "compress", and the lines of input text represent an
ASCII Art image.
Process this input to compress it using the rules specified above, and output the compressed
version.
If the initial input was "E" this represents "expand", and the lines of input text represent a
compressed ASCII Art
image. Process this input and expand it using the rules referred to above. Print out this
uncompressed ASCII Art
image.
You can test your program by compressing an ASCII Art image, saving the output to a file, editing
the file to add E as
the first line, then feeding this back into your program to effectively reproduce the original ASCII
Art image. If your
program is working correctly then the original image and your compressed then decompressed
version should be
identical.
Input
Either an ASCII art file with a C on the first line (this will be compressed using RLE)
or
A compressed ASCII art file with an E on the first line (this will be expanded).
Output
After compressing an input file, all runs of three or more of any character should be replaced by
three of the character,
an integer count and a star.
After expanding an input file, all previously compressed sequences should be replaced by the
original character runs..
In 2020 Pina Corporation had pretax financial income of 16.pdfaccumencomp
In 2020, Pina Corporation had pretax financial income of $163,000 and taxable income of $114,
000. The difference is due to the use of different depreciation methods for tax and accounting
purposes. The effective tax rate is 20%. Compute the amount to be reported as income taxes
payable at December 31,2020. Income taxes payable at December 31,2020$.
Instructions 1 Refer back to the video assignments present.pdfaccumencomp
Instructions
1. Refer back to the video assignments, presentations, reading assignments, and any notes that
you took from them to review your learning.
In the presentations and your textbook reading, you can see that humans will need to increase our
food supply and/or improve our food distribution in order for future generations to thrive.
In the video The Looming Crisis, you were introduced to ways that climate change is affecting food
growth and supply in both Kenya and England. You also saw how oil limited supply can affect
modern agriculture.
In some of the videos and articles, you also saw some of the pros and cons of genetically
modifying food crop organisms.
2. Post a new thread. In this new thread, using information from the sources earlier in this
module (and additional sources that you located on your own), respond to the following
question:
How are water, oil, and climate change interconnected in the global supply of food?
How can we solve our future food supply needs, conserve water, and also engage in green
farming practices?
Support your main points with sound reasons based upon what you've learned so far in this
module.
Make sure that any additional sources you use are credible ones and come from a science
foundation.
Thoroughly cite all sources of information, including your textbook and module sources..
Islandia lkesindeki iletmeler ulusal ekonomi hakknda karam.pdfaccumencomp
Islandia lkesindeki iletmeler, ulusal ekonomi hakknda karamsar bir grnme sahip olduklar iin nakit
biriktiriyorlar. Islandia'nn ekonomik grnmndeki son deiiklikler, i dnyasnn liderlerinin birikmi
nakitlerinin bir ksmn yatrm yapmaya balamasna neden oldu. lkedeki iletmelerin bu nakitten toplam
40 milyar dolar yatrm yaptn varsayalm.
Talimatlar: Art gstermek iin pozitif bir say ve d gstermek iin negatif bir say girin.
A. Islandia'nn marjinal tketim eilimi (MPC) 0,95 ise, GSYH'da beklenen maksimum deiiklik ne olur?
____________ milyar dolar
B. Mountainia lkesindeki son ekonomik grnmn tam tersi olduunu varsayalm. letmeler planladklar
yatrmlar ertelediler ve nakit biriktirmeye baladlar. Mountainia'daki iletmeler planlanan yatrmlarnn
12 milyar dolarn ertelerse, marjinal tasarruf eilimi (MPS) 0,2 ise, GSYH'da beklenen maksimum
deiiklik ne olur?
________ milyar dolar.
Differentiation cost leadership cost focus and cost diffe.pdfaccumencomp
Differentiation, cost leadership, cost focus, and cost differentiation are the four pillars of Porter's
generic strategies for competitive advantage (Meeus, 2021). According to Porter, implementing
these techniques can give a firm an advantage in a given market. Value chain refers to producing
goods or services, from acquiring raw materials to distributing them to customers. This paper will
discuss Michael Porter's four generic strategies and describe a company's value chain, explaining
the various elements of the chain. Cost leadership refers to a company's ability to produce at the
lowest costs relative to competitors (Meeus, 2021). Because of this strategy, many companies can
source their goods from abroad, specifically those nations with reduced manufacturing and
shipping expenses compared to the United States. Differentiation is a business strategy that
involves setting a company's product or service apart from competitors' offerings. Best cost
differentiation is the ability of a business to differentiate its offering and charge a premium price
higher than the additional costs brought on by differentiation. In contrast to cost leadership,
differentiation emphasizes the value proposition presented to customers. Cost focus is the ability
to produce a broadly accepted product at a reduced price, giving customers a price advantage in a
specialized market. Differentiation focus allows a company to identify and address unmet
consumer demands with cutting-edge innovations. According to Meeus (2021), Walmart has
achieved a competitive advantage by following all four of Porter's generic strategies. The value
chain comprises a series of activities that work synonymously to add value to a product or service.
According to Reinartz et al. (2019), these activities can be divided into four main categories:
inbound logistics, which involves the reception and storage of raw materials; and operations,
which is responsible for transforming raw materials into finished products; outbound logistics.
Apple's inbound logistics team receives and organizes the materials used to manufacture the
company's products. Before assembling the final product in China, Apple procures its components
from various sources, including China and the United States. Outbound logistics ensure
manufactured goods are shipped to the company's distribution center in California. According to
Tian et al. (2019), Apple manages its operations by splitting the consumer market into five distinct
sectors: America, Greater China, Europe, Japan, and the rest of Asia Pacific. Apple's massive
profits are a result of its marketing.
Fexible Budget for Selling and Administrative Expenses for a.pdfaccumencomp
Fexible Budget for Selling and Administrative Expenses for a Service Company Daybreak
Technologies Inc. uses flexible budgets that are based on the following data: Prepare a fiexible
selling and administrative expenses budget for April for sales volumes of $95,000,$120,000, and
$145,000.Fixed cost: Miscellaneous administrative expense Office salaries expense Customer
support expenses Research and development expense Total fixed cost Total selling and
administrative expenses.
What is wrong with this code def plotCountryDensitiesdata.pdfaccumencomp
What is wrong with this code?
def plotCountryDensities(data: pd.DataFrame, title: str):
global inf
"""Visa stapeldiagram av lnders populationstthet.
Args:
data (pd.DataFrame): land data
"""
# Figur.
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
# Plotta data.
ax = data.plot.bar(
ax=ax,
rot=40,
x='country',
y='density')
ax.get_legend().remove()
# Titlar.
plt.title(title, color='b')
plt.xlabel('Countries', color='r')
plt.ylabel('Population density as persons/sqkm.', color='r')
# A4, liggande.
fig.set_size_inches(11.69, 8.27)
# Visa.
plt.grid()
plt.show()
def assignment_2_menu(data: pd.DataFrame) -> None:
"""Plotta populationsttheten fr vald antal lnder
eller om landdet anges mend namn, skriv ut landets
populationstthet.
Args:
data (pd.DataFrame): land data
"""
# Instruktion.
print('''
Specify country/countries to show. Format: NAME | N[+|-]
NAME = Name of country
N = Integer between 1 and 10
+ = Whow N densest countries
- = Show N sparsest countries.''')
# Loopa tills vi ftt rtt input.
while True:
# Ls in anvndarval.
inputValue = input(" : ")
# Testa med regex om anvndaren angav nummer.
mo = re.match(r'^([0-9]{1,2})(+|-)?$', inputValue)
# Har vi match object?
if mo:
# Ls nummer och eventuell postfix.
num_countries = int(mo.group(1))
sort_type = mo.group(2)
# Kolla att vi har nummer mellan 1 och 10.
if 1 <= num_countries <= 10:
if sort_type:
# Vi har sortering. Sortera.
ascending_ = sort_type == '-'
subset = data.sort_values(
by=['density'],
ascending=ascending_
).head(num_countries)
side = 'lowest' if ascending_ else 'highest'
title = f'{num_countries} countries with the {side} population density.'
else:
subset = data.head(num_countries)
title = f'Population density for first {num_countries} countries.'
# Plotta de 'num_countries' lnder vi har i subset.
plotCountryDensities(subset, title)
break
else:
# Anvndaren angav inte nummer i rtt format.
# Testa om strngen matchar land.
inputValue = inputValue.replace('"', '')
searchResult = data.query(f'country=="{inputValue}"')
if not searchResult.empty:
# Rad hittades.
print(f'''
----------
The population density for {inputValue} is {searchResult.iloc[0].density:.2f} individuals per square
km.
----------
''')
break
print('Invalid input.')
# Titel
print('nTask 2 - Plotn')
# Skapa DataFrame objekt frn csv fil.
df_cia_factbook = pd.read_csv('cia_factbook.csv', delimiter=';')
# Berkna densitet fr alla rader och ta bort nan/inf rader.
modified = df_cia_factbook.eval(
'density = population / area'
).query(
'density == density and density != @inf'
)
# Visa-lnder meny.
assignment_2_menu(modified)
Task2-Plot NameError: name 're' is not defined.
The US Census Bureau estimates that there will be approxim.pdfaccumencomp
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that there will be approximately 9.5 billion people living on
Earth by 2050. When considering humankinds future impact on our natural environment and our
ability to be sustainable, many are quick to assume that because population is increasing so will
our impact on the natural environment, thereby hindering our ability to be sustainable. Which of
the following statements best summarizes why population growth alone might not be the best
indicator of humankinds impact on the natural environment and the ability of humans to live
sustainably in the future?
Group of answer choices
A) in the future, people will be more reliant on technology. Since technology does not require any
raw materials (i.e. wont require mining) or generate any waste, the number of people on Earth is
irrelevant. Therefore, people born today, and in the future, will have little to no impact on the
natural environment and will not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
B) People in different parts of the world use resources in different quantities and at different rates.
For example, the United States has only 5% of the worlds population, but it uses about 25% of all
oil and natural gas that the world consumes. Therefore, where people are born and how they use
resources may be more important than how many people are born.
C) Although the rate of population growth suggests that the number of people on Earth is
increasing, all resources available on Earth are renewable so there is no reason to worry that we
will run out of our most valuable resources.
D) This U.S. Census Bureau is wrong, the human population on Earth is not increasing..
The following information is available for Oriole Corporatio.pdfaccumencomp
The following information is available for Oriole Corporation for the year ended December 31,
2022: sales revenue $750,000, other revenues and gains $88,000, operating expenses $116,000,
cost of goods sold $464,000, other expenses and losses $32,500, and preferred stock dividends
$43,125. The company's tax rate was 20%, and it had 45,000 common shares outstanding during
the entire year. (a) Prepare a corporate income statement. (List other revenues before other
expenses.).
Santana Rey owner of Business Solutions decides to prepare.pdfaccumencomp
Santana Rey, owner of Business Solutions, decides to prepare a statement of cash flows for h.
data.Requlred: Prepare a statement of cash flows for Business 5 ollitions uning the inclivet method
for the three mor Owner Santana Rey centribsted 5.32,000 to the business in exchange for
additional stock in the first $4,000 in cash dividends. (Ameunts to be deducted thould be indicated
with a minus sign.)MacBooksin.
QUESTION 4 Preduction data Poundt in proesss May 1 materi.pdfaccumencomp
QUESTION 4 Preduction data: Poundt in proesss, May 1; materials 100% comblete, comversion
80% complete Psunds started into production during May Peunds compintod and trasefered cu 7
Pounds in prosess. Nay 31; materias tOF conpleie, conversion 20%, campiobe Cost data Vigkin
process invetory May : Maveriak eos: Caniersion cost. $1300 $1200 Cos: adsed during Moy:
Mahanak cost. Corverian cat 1. Parcule pre eguevalent urits of groduction..
Python I keep running into error when fixing this code but.pdfaccumencomp
{Python} I keep running into error when fixing this code but I don't know what is wrong? It's able to
show two windows, but won't load the csv file into the window for a user to select options. My gui
should show a window that allows user to select country from file. Then it will print out a graph.
This is the code:
import sqlite3
import json
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tkinter as tk
import socket
import csv
import pandas as pd
class User_Layer:
def __init__(self, root):
self.root = root
self.root.title("Country Selection")
self.country_label = tk.Label(self.root, text="Select a country:")
self.country_label.pack()
self.country_list = tk.Listbox(self.root)
self.country_list.pack()
self.countries = pd.read_csv('USAStates2020.csv')
['Country'].unique()
for country in self.countries:
self.country_list.insert(tk.END, country)
self.submit_button = tk.Button(self.root, text="Submit", command=self.submit)
self.submit_button.pack()
def submit(self):
selected_country = self.country_list.get(self.country_list.curselection())
business_layer = BusinessLayer()
business_layer.get_data(selected_country)
class BusinessLayer:
def __init__(self):
self.server_host = 'localhost'
self.server_port = 9999
def get_data(self, country):
sql_query = f"SELECT Year, Population FROM USAStates2020 WHERE Country = '{country}'
AND Year BETWEEN 1970 AND 2020"
data_layer = DataLayer(self.server_host, self.server_port)
data = data_layer.send_query(sql_query)
graphic_layer = GraphicLayer()
graphic_layer.plot(json.loads(data))
class DataLayer:
def __init__(self, host, port):
self.host = host
self.port = port
def send_query(self, query):
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.connect((self.host, self.port))
s.sendall(query.encode())
data = s.recv(1024).decode()
return data
class GraphicLayer:
def plot(self, data):
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df['Year'] = pd.to_datetime(df['Year'], format='%Y')
# Plot the data using matplotlib
plt.plot(df['Year'], df['Population'])
plt.title('Population vs Year')
plt.xlabel('Year')
plt.ylabel('Population')
plt.show()
class ServerLayer:
def __init__(self, host, port):
self.host = host
self.port = port
def start(self):
with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s.bind((self.host, self.port))
s.listen()
print(f"Server listening on {self.host}:{self.port}")
while True:
conn, addr = s.accept()
with conn:
print(f"Connected by {addr}")
query = conn.recv(1024).decode()
conn.execute(query)
results = conn.fetchall()
json_data = json.dumps(results)
conn.sendall(json_data.encode())
root = tk.Tk()
business_layer = __name__ == "__main__"
root = tk.Tk()
User_Layer = User_Layer(root)
root.mainloop().
Please answer ASAP Ill rate thanks 1 There are a total .pdfaccumencomp
Please answer ASAP. I'll rate, thanks!
1: There are a total of ______ bones in an adult human;
a) 106
b) 207
c) 208
d) 189
e) The male or female is not indicated
f) None of the above
2) Which of the following is not a skull bone;
a) Parietal
b) Occipital
c) Nasal
d) Lacrimal
e) All of the above are skull bones
3) Fill in the Blanks
blank1 - ---- is the second vertebra in vertebral column. (Single word, No capital letters)
4) Mark the incorrect pair;
a) Carpals - wrist bones
b) Fibula - strong, thick bone
c) Scapula - shoulder bone
d) Radius - part of upper limbs
e) All of the above are correctly paired
5) There are eight metatarsals.
a). True
b). False.
ou are analyzing the Victoria Inc VI stock Assume that .pdfaccumencomp
'ou are analyzing the Victoria Inc. (VI) stock. Assume that Vl's required rate of return is 12 percent.
Assume that VI is a constant growth company whose last dividend D0, was $2.0, and whose
dividend is xpected to grow indefinitely at a 5 percent rate forever. A. What is the firm's expected
dividend in 3 years? B. What is the firm's current stock price? C. What is the stock's expected
value 1 year from now? D. What is the expected dividend yield, the capital gains yield, and the
total return during the first year? E. What would the stock price be if its dividends were expected to
have zero growth? (Zero growth model, K is the same but g=0 ).
n the very early days of computing images were produced usi.pdfaccumencomp
n the very early days of computing, images were produced using ASCII characters. Such ASCII
Art was very popular
and, since storage was limited, simple techniques were developed to compress such images. One
such simple
technique of lossless compression was Run Length Encoding. This scans an input image for runs
(sequences) of 3 or
more identical values, and replaces them with three such characters followed by an INT string
representing a count of
the number of characters, and terminated by a * e.g.
A line from a piece of ASCII Art image as follows:
,,,,,,]F 8,
which is composed of 6 commas, a closed square bracket, a capital F, 48 spaces an eight and a
comma, would be
represented as:
,,,6*]F 48*8,
Write a program assignment2_1.c to accept as input either the letter "C" or the letter "E" followed
by a newline. Each
subsequent line of input data until EOF contains image data.
If the initial input was "C" this represents "compress", and the lines of input text represent an
ASCII Art image.
Process this input to compress it using the rules specified above, and output the compressed
version.
If the initial input was "E" this represents "expand", and the lines of input text represent a
compressed ASCII Art
image. Process this input and expand it using the rules referred to above. Print out this
uncompressed ASCII Art
image.
You can test your program by compressing an ASCII Art image, saving the output to a file, editing
the file to add E as
the first line, then feeding this back into your program to effectively reproduce the original ASCII
Art image. If your
program is working correctly then the original image and your compressed then decompressed
version should be
identical.
Input
Either an ASCII art file with a C on the first line (this will be compressed using RLE)
or
A compressed ASCII art file with an E on the first line (this will be expanded).
Output
After compressing an input file, all runs of three or more of any character should be replaced by
three of the character,
an integer count and a star.
After expanding an input file, all previously compressed sequences should be replaced by the
original character runs..
In 2020 Pina Corporation had pretax financial income of 16.pdfaccumencomp
In 2020, Pina Corporation had pretax financial income of $163,000 and taxable income of $114,
000. The difference is due to the use of different depreciation methods for tax and accounting
purposes. The effective tax rate is 20%. Compute the amount to be reported as income taxes
payable at December 31,2020. Income taxes payable at December 31,2020$.
Instructions 1 Refer back to the video assignments present.pdfaccumencomp
Instructions
1. Refer back to the video assignments, presentations, reading assignments, and any notes that
you took from them to review your learning.
In the presentations and your textbook reading, you can see that humans will need to increase our
food supply and/or improve our food distribution in order for future generations to thrive.
In the video The Looming Crisis, you were introduced to ways that climate change is affecting food
growth and supply in both Kenya and England. You also saw how oil limited supply can affect
modern agriculture.
In some of the videos and articles, you also saw some of the pros and cons of genetically
modifying food crop organisms.
2. Post a new thread. In this new thread, using information from the sources earlier in this
module (and additional sources that you located on your own), respond to the following
question:
How are water, oil, and climate change interconnected in the global supply of food?
How can we solve our future food supply needs, conserve water, and also engage in green
farming practices?
Support your main points with sound reasons based upon what you've learned so far in this
module.
Make sure that any additional sources you use are credible ones and come from a science
foundation.
Thoroughly cite all sources of information, including your textbook and module sources..
Islandia lkesindeki iletmeler ulusal ekonomi hakknda karam.pdfaccumencomp
Islandia lkesindeki iletmeler, ulusal ekonomi hakknda karamsar bir grnme sahip olduklar iin nakit
biriktiriyorlar. Islandia'nn ekonomik grnmndeki son deiiklikler, i dnyasnn liderlerinin birikmi
nakitlerinin bir ksmn yatrm yapmaya balamasna neden oldu. lkedeki iletmelerin bu nakitten toplam
40 milyar dolar yatrm yaptn varsayalm.
Talimatlar: Art gstermek iin pozitif bir say ve d gstermek iin negatif bir say girin.
A. Islandia'nn marjinal tketim eilimi (MPC) 0,95 ise, GSYH'da beklenen maksimum deiiklik ne olur?
____________ milyar dolar
B. Mountainia lkesindeki son ekonomik grnmn tam tersi olduunu varsayalm. letmeler planladklar
yatrmlar ertelediler ve nakit biriktirmeye baladlar. Mountainia'daki iletmeler planlanan yatrmlarnn
12 milyar dolarn ertelerse, marjinal tasarruf eilimi (MPS) 0,2 ise, GSYH'da beklenen maksimum
deiiklik ne olur?
________ milyar dolar.
Differentiation cost leadership cost focus and cost diffe.pdfaccumencomp
Differentiation, cost leadership, cost focus, and cost differentiation are the four pillars of Porter's
generic strategies for competitive advantage (Meeus, 2021). According to Porter, implementing
these techniques can give a firm an advantage in a given market. Value chain refers to producing
goods or services, from acquiring raw materials to distributing them to customers. This paper will
discuss Michael Porter's four generic strategies and describe a company's value chain, explaining
the various elements of the chain. Cost leadership refers to a company's ability to produce at the
lowest costs relative to competitors (Meeus, 2021). Because of this strategy, many companies can
source their goods from abroad, specifically those nations with reduced manufacturing and
shipping expenses compared to the United States. Differentiation is a business strategy that
involves setting a company's product or service apart from competitors' offerings. Best cost
differentiation is the ability of a business to differentiate its offering and charge a premium price
higher than the additional costs brought on by differentiation. In contrast to cost leadership,
differentiation emphasizes the value proposition presented to customers. Cost focus is the ability
to produce a broadly accepted product at a reduced price, giving customers a price advantage in a
specialized market. Differentiation focus allows a company to identify and address unmet
consumer demands with cutting-edge innovations. According to Meeus (2021), Walmart has
achieved a competitive advantage by following all four of Porter's generic strategies. The value
chain comprises a series of activities that work synonymously to add value to a product or service.
According to Reinartz et al. (2019), these activities can be divided into four main categories:
inbound logistics, which involves the reception and storage of raw materials; and operations,
which is responsible for transforming raw materials into finished products; outbound logistics.
Apple's inbound logistics team receives and organizes the materials used to manufacture the
company's products. Before assembling the final product in China, Apple procures its components
from various sources, including China and the United States. Outbound logistics ensure
manufactured goods are shipped to the company's distribution center in California. According to
Tian et al. (2019), Apple manages its operations by splitting the consumer market into five distinct
sectors: America, Greater China, Europe, Japan, and the rest of Asia Pacific. Apple's massive
profits are a result of its marketing.
Fexible Budget for Selling and Administrative Expenses for a.pdfaccumencomp
Fexible Budget for Selling and Administrative Expenses for a Service Company Daybreak
Technologies Inc. uses flexible budgets that are based on the following data: Prepare a fiexible
selling and administrative expenses budget for April for sales volumes of $95,000,$120,000, and
$145,000.Fixed cost: Miscellaneous administrative expense Office salaries expense Customer
support expenses Research and development expense Total fixed cost Total selling and
administrative expenses.
1. Aada bahsedilen Vaka almasndan aadaki sorular cevaplayn
Nestle'nin bir sredir yrrlkte olan kat bir kalite sistemi vard ancak byle bir sistem zm myd?
Byle bir sistemin yant verebilirliini salamak iin hangi Alternatiflere veya modifikasyonlara ihtiya
duyulur?
Vaka Analizi
2001'de gneli bir ubat leden sonrasyd. Ren-Louis Jaccoud,
Nestle'de kalite ynetiminden sorumlu bakan yardmcs okuyordu
iyi bilinen son kalite sorunlar hakknda raporlar araclyla
dnya apnda irketler. armt. Bu dnya-
snf irketleri kendilerini bu tr bir belaya m sokuyor? inde
zellikle, son 10 ylda meydana gelen tm deiikliklerle
Tedarik zinciri ve i ortamnda geen yllar, Jaccoud
kalite ynetimine ynelik mevcut yaklamn doru olduundan emin deildi.
onlara ayak uydurmutu.
Peter Brabeck CEO olarak grevi devraldnda net bir karar vermiti.
tketici tercihinin ve gvenli rnlerin en nemli olduu mesaj
ncelik 1 veya Nestie, Rupert' ikna etmeye gerek yoktu
Gasser, teknik, retim ve
Kariyerine kalite konusunda Nestl ile balayan Ar-Ge.
Kalite sorunu yaamak artk sadece
fabrika veya retim birimi. Batan deerlendirilmesi gerekiyordu
Lop ynetimi bak as Global markalar ile tm
rnler tketiciye bir vaat tayordu. Eer sz olsayd
yerine getirilmedi, etki tm kurumda hissedildi.
"Ah, kalite bellidir," gibi yorumlar duymak normaldi.
kaliteye sahip olmalsnz yoksa rekabet edemezsiniz."
fazlasyla kendini beenmiti: "Kaliteye ulatk, bu yzden
bunun iin endielenmene gerek yok." Jaccoud, birok kiinin
irketler bir dereceye kadar bu sorunlar yayordu ve biliyordu ki
Nestl'nin ayn tuzaa dmemesini salamak zorundayd.
Bu tam olarak Jaccoud'un karlat zorluktu. O istedi
nedeniyle Nestl'nin asla kt bir durumda olmamasn salamak
Kalite sorunlar. irket yeterince nasl ayrmal?
irket iinde kalite konusuna srekli dikkat
ve tedarik zinciri boyunca? lerlemenin en iyi yolu neydi?
Nisan 2001 itibariyle Nestl, dnyann en byk gda irketiydi. 2000 ylnda satlar
5,8 milyar SFr net karla 81,4 milyar SFr idi. en byk rn
gruplar iecekler (23 milyar SFr), st rnleri, beslenme ve dondurmayd
(22 milyar SFr) ve hazr yemekler, piirme yardmclar ve evcil hayvan bakm (20,6 milyar SFr).
2000 yl sonunda Nestl'nin dnya apnda 479 fabrikas vard ve yaklak olarak
230.000 alan.
Dnya apndaki alt markas arasnda Nestl, Nescaf, Nestea, Maggi, Buitoni ve
2. Friskies Marka portfy ayrca PerrierT gibi dier tannm markalar da iermektedir.
ve Vittel (maden suyu), Cailler ve KitKat (ikolata).
Nestle'nin genel kalite hedefleri belirleyen bir kalite ynetim ekibi vard.
politikalar ve ynergeler, bu faaliyetler iin kaynaklarn kullanmn planlad ve
kalite sisteminin ileyiini gzden geirdi. Pazarlar ve i blmleri
kendi kalite gvence sorumluluklar vard.
Kalite Ynetiminin Gelitirilmesi
Kalite, mterilerin beklentilerine tutarl uygunluktur
Kalite kontrolne ynelik yaklamlar on yllar iinde gelimitir. lk bata odak
denetimdeydi (hata tespiti), daha sonra istatistiksel yntemlere dayanyordu ve
kalite standartlar. Daha fazla gelime, farkl yaklamlar almtr.
kalite gvence ve kalite sistemleri ve toplam kalite ynetimine planlama,
tm irket operasyonlarn ierir.
Bu, daha geni bir kalite grne ve temel ihtiyalara daha doru bir yant verilmesine yol amtr.
kalite sorunlar. Ancak ayn zamanda kalite ynetimi sorunlar da ortadan kalkt.
st ynetimin gndemi - zaten yksek bir seviyede olmalar gerekiyor.
statistiksel yntemlere dayal geleneksel kalite ynetimi yaklam
ortalamadan sapmay deerlendirir. Tm sreler bir dereceye kadar deiir
ortalama Tipik olarak irketler kabul edilebilir zellik araln u ekilde belirlemitir:
dayal ortalamann her iki tarafnda standart sapma (sigma) ierir
Nomal dalm, varyasyonlarn %99,7'si bu aralkta yer alr. srece bir
irket, rnlerini spesifikasyon aralnda retebilir,
rnlerin kabul edilebilir kalitede olduu kabul edilebilir. Yeni bir kalite standard oldu
Motorola'nn Alt Sigma program ile tantlan bu, yalnzca
Milyonda 3,4 kusur, malat spesifikasyonuna ek olarak, Six
sigma program, gizli kusurlar gidermek iin tasarm abalarn ieriyordu.
Bu yaklamla bile, her zaman dedektiflik rnlerinin elde etme ans vardr.
filtre ne kadar kk olursa o kadar iyidir, ancak milyonda bir vaka bile
nemli bir soruna neden olabilir. genel kalite standartlarn da iyiletirdi
kusurlu rnler olduu iin kurulular kalite sorunlar konusunda kaytsz hale getirir.
gya daha nce hi olmad kadar nadir
statistiksel yntemler tipik olarak rn bileenlerine uygulanr ve
Bazen rnlerin kendilerine Ama kullanmda baka bir kalite grnm var
1Mteri beklentilerine uygunluk kavram, bilinmeyenleri de iermelidir
veya beklenmeyen fenomenler. Mteriler bir rn u ekillerde kullanacak veya ktye kullanacaktr:
bazen tasavvur etmek zordur Ancak rn bu kullanmda baarsz olursa,
zarar grebilecek rn ve markas,
Son Vakalarn Kaliteyle lgili Etkisi
Jaccoud, gelien sorunlar dizisine ve bunlarn
Nestl iin karmlarn yan sra ynetim kurulunun tutarl bir ekilde
Nestle organizasyonu iin ynergeler.
Jaccoud, zellikle Nestle'nin durumuyla ilgilenmeden nce,
3. Dier irketlerdeki olaylar gzden geirin ve bunlarn en st dzeydeki etkilerini yeniden deerlendirin
ynetimNestle kalite sistemi, ne zaman garanti verecek ekilde tasarlanmtr?
doru uygulandnda, sx ile sigma arasndaki reddetme oranlar
kusurun etkisi
Haziran 1999'da Belika ve Fransa'da Coca-Cola'nn Salk Korkusu
9 Haziran 1999 aramba
Kuzey Belika'da 42 okul ocuu mide bulants, ba ars ve
Coca-Cola Belgum mide kramplarna yaklak 2,5 milyon 20 cl ekti. bardak
Antwerp'teki Coca-Cola Enterprises fabrikasndan gelen ieler.
10 Haziran 1999 Perembe
Reuters Haber Servisi, Coca-Cola rnleriyle ilgili salk korkusunu bildirdi.
Belika Bir Coca-Cola szcs durumu aklad
rn salk kayglar nedeniyle deil, ihtiyalarmz karlamad iin geri ektik.
yksek kalite standartlar. Rahatszla neyin neden olduunu test etmek ok daha uzun srer. oldu
speklasyon, ancak bilim adamlarmz henz sebebini belirlemedi.
11 Haziran 1999 Cuma
Byk haber ajanslar olay Belika'da bildirdi. belika salk bakan
Luc van den Bossche, baz alkolsz ieceklerin geri ekilmesini emretti.
nlem. Van den Bossche unlar syledi:
Ne Belika gda tefti servisi ne de Coca-Cola sorunun kaynan bilmiyor.
Coca-Cola her trl testi yapt ama henz kesin bir ey syleyemiyoruz.
Bir Coca-Cola szcs aklad:
Halk Sal Bakanl bile buna neyin sebep olduunu hala bilmiyor ama biz biliyoruz.
bir ey. yani cufent dioxin ile karlatrlabilir salk tehdidi yoktur.
kirlenme sorunu
12 Haziran 1999 Cumartesi
Coca-Cola Belika szcs Maureen O Sullivan unlar syledi:
nispeten gaddar ama nemli olan tketicilere gvence verilmi olmas
Coca-Cola ve Belika hkmeti tarafndan alnan karar.
14 Haziran 1999 Pazartesi
Dier 44 ocuk mide ars ekmiti. Bir toksikoloji merkezi vard
hemoliz belirtileri buldu - krmznn yok olmasna neden olan bir kan bozukluu
kan hcreleri - Coca-Cola imi insanlar arasnda. Salk Bakan Van
Bossche, tm Coca-Cola rnlerini raflardan ekme karar ald.
ani etki.
15 Haziran 1999 Sal
Lksemburg yasaa katld ve Fransa ksmi kstlamalar getirdi. Coca Cola
soruturmasnn iki ayr olayn vasatn altnda sonulandn bulduunu syledi.
rnler. Coca-Cola Enterprises Belika Genel Mdr Philippe Lenfant,
Antwerp'teki ieleme fabrikasnn yanl karbondioksit kullandn syledi.
ieceklere gazoz ekleyin. Bir konserveden Belika pazarna ynelik kutularn olduunu da szlerine
4. ekledi.
Dunkirk, Fransa'daki bitkiye, "bir hastal" tedavi etmek iin kullanlan bir fungisit bulamt.
Az sayda nakliye paleti. Coca-cola, mfettilerin
herhangi bir salk sorunu bulunamad.
16 Haziran 1999 aramba
Fransa'da 80'den fazla kii Coca-Cola rnlerini tkettikten sonra hastaland.
Atlanta'dan Bakan ve CEO Doug lvester unlar syledi: "En yksek ncelik,
rnlerimizin kalitesi. n Belika, salk bakan Van den Bossche deildi
leased"Salk makamlaryla iletiim] haber yoluyla gitmiyor
konferanslar
17 Haziran 1999 Perembe
Belika Salk Bakanl, baz Coca-Cola rnleri zerindeki yasan gevetti. bu
bakanlk, Coca-Cola'ya yasakl tm rnleri geri ekmesini ve imha etmesini emretti ve
tketicilere geri deme yapmak
18 Haziran 1999 Cuma
Fransa Tketici leri Bakan Maryise bebranchu Coca-Cola'y eletirdi.
yetkililere potansiyel olarak tam bir liste salamak ok uzun sryor
kontamine rnler
23 Haziran 1999 aramba
Belika, Co0ca-Cola ieceklerinin dokuz gnlk sat yasan kaldrd ve Coca-Cola'ya izin verdi.
Cola iki fabrikasnda retime devam edecek Drst olmak gerekirse, sorumlu benim
Dnya apnda Coca-Cola kalitesiyle olan her ey benim
sorumluluk, dedi lvester
27 Haziran 1999 Pazar
Lenfant, Coca-Cola'nn korkuyu yanl idare ettiini kabul etti.
Bir lde bir krizimiz var
belki de durumun kontroln kaybettiimizi kabul etmek
ynetim stratejisiAncak kriz, bizim yapabileceimiz en kt durum senaryosundan daha bykt.
Krizin ilk birka gnn [nedenini] bilmediimizi hayal ettik ve ben
belki de 50'yi daha ak sylemeliydik. alakgnlllkle kabul et ki
Genellikle rnleriyle ilikilendirilen irketin bycs, kt bir durum alm olabilir.
18 Austos 1999 Perembe
Avrupa Komisyonu, Coca-Cola'nn satna ilikin aklamasnn
Belika ve Fransa'daki kontamine iecekler "tamamen tatmin edici deildi.
Rapor, "yaygn hastalk raporlarnn gerek nedenleri devam ediyor" dedi.
Bilinmeyen
Mart 2000
Yksek Hijyen Konseyi Ad Hoc Komitesi, konuyla ilgili raporunu yaynlad.
olay Teneke raporu unlar syledi:
Buradan kan sonu, bunun alkol tketiminden kaynaklanan bir sarholuk durumu olmaddr.
drmks Gzlenen semptomlarn en olas aklamas, kt bir
hassas insanlarda psikosomati reaksiyonunu tetikleyen koku ve/veya tat
5. kusma eilimi veya gerek kusma ve genel olarak hasta hissetme gibi ikayetler,
Sonu olarak, tm olay, kitlesel sosyogeni hastaln (MSI) tm zelliklerini tar.
zm
Salk krizinin Coca-Cola Enterprises irketi zerinde dorudan etkisi oldu.
Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika'daki Coca-Cola rnlerinin ieleyicisi, hem satlardan etkilendi
ve maliyetler
1999'un ikinci eyreinde, Coca-Cola Enterprises,
103 milyon ABD dolar rn geri arma maliyeti
Benelks lkelerindeki sat hacmi yaklak %29 azald
1999 ylnn ikinci eyreinde yaklak %70'lik bir dle
Haziran.
Austos 2000'de Bridgestone/Firestone Lastiklerinin Geri arlmas
2 Mays 2000 Sal
Ulusal Karayolu Trafik Gvenlii daresi (NHTSA) bir
Firestone lastiklerinde olas di ayrmna ynelik n aratrma
Ford Explorer'da standart olarak takld
22 Mays 2000 Pazartesi
Bridgestone/Firestone'un hazrlad aklama dedi
af performansn srekli izliyoruz! bizim lastik lhnes ve ob
bunlarn yksek kaliteli lastikler olduuna dair inancmz pekitiriyor
Sal Austos 1L 2000
ki gvenlik grubu (Public Citizen ve Strategic Safety, Ford'dan geri armasn istedi)
milyonlarca araba, srtn Firestone lastiklerini soyabileceini sylyor.
Yorum iin Bridgestone/Firestone yetkililerine ulalamad.
2 Austos 2000 aramba
Byk haber ajanslar, NHTSA soruturmasnn yksn aktard.
Ajans, 21 lmn kazalardan kaynaklandna dair ikayetler almt.
Firestone lastiklerinden kaynakland iddia ediliyor. Yazn balarnda, NHTSA sylemiti
Bridgestone/Firestone yapt aklamada yalnzca drt vaka bildiini syledi.
uygun ekilde iirilmi ve bakm yaplm Frestone ATX, ATX II ve Wildemess lastikleri
Yoldaki en gvenli aralar arasnda yer aldk irket ayrca ilgili sahipleri
cretsiz muayene iin yerel servis merkezlerine gidin
3 Austos 2000 Perembe
Ford, youn bir soruturma balattn duyurdu.
4 Austos Cuma 2000
ABD'deki bir numaral lastik perakendecisi Sears Roebuck & Co. satn durdurdu
baz Firestone lastikleri. Bridgestone/Firestone, turlarnn gvenli olduunu yineledi.
Cumartesi Austos 5. 2000
Bir Bridgestone/Firestone szcs syledi
Lastiklerini deitirmek isteyen mterilere yeni lastikler iin bir kredi verilecektir.
lastiklerin kalan mrne gre
6. Pazartesi Austos 72000
NHTSA szcs, en az 46 lmn potansiyel olarak
lastik srtnn ayrld iddiasyla ikayet says 2/0'a ulat,
Temmuz ay sonlarnda 193 ve Mays aynda 90 1 ile karlatrldnda Bridgestone hisseleri
Toky0 borsasnda %10'dan fazla
9 Austos aramba
Ynetici, 15 inlik lastiklerin gnll olarak geri arldn tahmin ediyor
milyon
Bridgestoneirestone bakan Gary Crigge, dahil olan bir dizi lastiin 6.5 olduunu aklad.
anlamak iin ietNHTSA ve Ford ile gece gndz alyoruz.
Eldeki sorunlar ve io ileriye dnk en iyi yolu belirler Olaylarn stnl gz nne alndnda
drt gney eyaletinde ve u anda yedek lastiklerin snrl Tedarikinde olacaz.
devlet tarafndan aamal bir geri arma yaplmas
14 Austos 2000 Pazartesi
BridgestoneFirestone, aadakileri ieren bir bildiri yaynlad:
Bylece, eer varsa, hangi sorunun olmu olabileceini belirleyebiliriz.
Bu trlerin tasarm veya retimi ile. Decatur fabrikasnn
dnya-el'dir ve olmutur
sal austos
Bir NHTSA yetkilisi
geri armada olmalyd
16 in lastik olup olmadn aratrmaya devam ediyoruz.
24 Austos 2000 Perembe
Bridgestone/Firestone CEO'su Masatoshi Ono unlar syledi:
Tm tesislerimiz QS9000 standartlarn karlamaktadr. Belirli iilerin ayrntlarn bilmiyorum
dediler ama rnlerimizin kalitesine gvenim tam.
zm
D srasnda soruturmann devam ettii fabrikalarn bulunduu tespit edildi.
Firestone lastikleri, ABD yetkilileri ve Ford tarafndan belirlenen standartlara uygun olarak retilmitir.
ancak orada retilen lastiklerin kalitesi farklyd.
2001'in banda, Bridgestone/Firestone iin etki
Aralk 2000'de sona eren mali yln kar, beklenenin ok altndayd.
irketin projeksiyonu (Y13 milyar - Y85 milyar)
Ocak 2001 itibariyle Bridgestone, piyasa deerinde yaklak 1,2 trilyon Y yen kaybetmiti.
irket, Bakan Yoichiro Kaizaki'nin istifa edeceini duyurdu.
Mart 2001'de
Haziran 2000'de Snow Marka St rnleri Nedeniyle Japonya'da Gda Zehirlenmesi
27 Haziran Sal
leden nce irket, sahip olduunu iddia eden bir tketiciden bir telefon ald.
Snow Brand az yal mik itikten sonra kustu Halkn dier yeleri
gn iinde Osaka belediyesine benzer ikayetlerde bulundu. Tm
Snow Brand Mk Produets ynetim kurulu yeleri, yllk
7. Tokyo'da hissedarlar toplants
28 Haziran 2000 aramba
Belediye hkmeti, Snow Brand'e tm az yal stlerini geri arma talimat verdi.
Ancak irket, herhangi bir sorun olmadn belirterek buna uymad.
ts rnleri, yllk hissedarlar toplantsnda ynetim kurulu yeleri akam
irketin rnleri geri armas gerekip gerekmediini tartt Bakan
Tetsuro Ishikawa'ya u anda danlmad.
29 Haziran Perembe 2000
Snow Brand, geri arma kararn Osaka belediyesine bildirdi.
rnler, ilk aramadan neredeyse iki gn sonra, saat 9:00'da. Snow Brand gerekletirdii
retim bandnda 95 yerden numune alnarak ilk muayene.
Cumartesi Temmuz 1.2000
Snow Brand bakan Ishikawa bir basn toplantsnda unlar syledi:
Tartmaya dahil olsaydm daha hzl davranabilirdim.. Az yal st
irketimiz iin krsz bir rndr, bu nedenle olayn irketimiz zerinde ok az etkisi olacaktr.
yetenek
Sal Ja
42000
Bir irket szcs, artk saysn takip edemediini syledi.
ikayetler nk ok fazla vard
tm irket panik halinde. Ynetim bana Out hakknda hibir ey sylemedi
sonra ne yapacaklar. Sat elemanlarmz henz teslim edilmedii iin zor durumda.
gelimelerden haberdar edildi
6 Temmuz 2000 Perembe
Bakan Ishikawa, Eyll aynda istifa edeceini aklad.
aramba Temmuz 12 2000
Snow Brand, 21 fabrikasndaki faaliyetlerini gnll olarak askya alacan duyurdu.
13 Temmuz 2000 Perembe
Snow Markal St rnleri alanlar, aldklar karar karsnda aknlk ve endie yaad.
irketin 21 fabrikann tamamnda retimi askya almas
14 Temmuz 2000 Cuma
Snow Brand, bir ev ismi olan markasn deitirmeyi bile dndn syledi.
Japonya
aramba Temmuz 26 2000
Snow Brand, lke genelinde yaklak 70 gazeteye ilan verdi.
skandal iin zr dileyerek ve gelecekte gvenlii salamaya sz vererek.
28 Temmuz 2000 Cuma
Bakan Ishikawa, planlanandan iki ay nce yedi kiiyle birlikte istifa etti.
irketin ynetim kurulu yeleri.
Gda Zehirlenmesinin Nedeninin Sonradan Analizi
31 Mart 2000 Cuma gn Japonya, Hokkaido'daki Snow Brand Taiki Fabrikas
elektrik kesintisi yaad. i st yaklak saat depoda bekletilir.
8. sre 20C ve 40C arasndaki scaklklarda tutuldu. Sz konusu st
yok edilmedi, ancak 10 Nisan'da yasz st tozu retimi iin kullanld.
20 Haziran Sal, Nisan aynda T aiki fabrikasnda retilen yasz st tozu
10 Snow Brand Osaka fabrikasna sevk edildi. 23 Haziran Cuma ve Pazartesi gnleri
26 Haziran'da Osaka fabrikas, yl boyunca retilen sulandrlm st sevk etti.
nceki hafta.
zm
Salk korkusu neredeyse iki ay srd ve daha fazla lkede gda zehirlenmesine neden oldu.
14.000'den fazla insan ve bir kiinin lm. Snow Brand iin nihai sonular
dahil
Snow Marka St rnleri 50 Yl Sonra lk Zararn Bekliyordu
satlardaki keskin d nedeniyle
Snow Brand'in hisseleri ilk eyrekte deerinin te birinden fazlasn kaybetti.
haberin ortaya kmasndan haftalar sonra
Snow Markal St rnleri iin 500 sat temsilcisinden yaklak 30'u gitmiti.
salgn nedeniyle isiz veya durdurulmu faaliyetler
Yeni bakan Bay Nishi u yorumu yapt: Birka yl srecek
Olaydan nce neysek, o hale geldik.
Kalite Ynetiminin Zorluklar
Jaccoud, bu vakalar dnrken Nestl'nin ne kadar hakl olduunu merak etti.
bu tr ho olmayan srprizlere kar baklk. Kalitenin ok kolay olduunu biliyordu.
st ynetim genellikle kalitenin verili olduunu varsayar ve
daha acil meselelerine odakland. Ancak bu doru bir yaklam myd? bu
Gerek veya alglanan kalite sorunlarnn etkisi, geni kapsaml olabilir.
Sonular
st ynetim kalite ynetimi konusunda nasl hareket etmelidir? Nestl nasl olabilir?
byk bir kalite sorununa hzl bir ekilde yant veriyor musunuz? Nestl'nin kat bir kalitesi vard.
Sistem bir sredir yrrlkteydi ama byle bir sistem zm myd? Ne
yant verebilirliini salamak iin alternatiflere veya deiikliklere ihtiya duyulacaktr.
Byle bir sistem?