The document discusses effective teaching strategies and characteristics. It provides tips for maximizing student interaction, such as asking open-ended questions, allowing thinking time, and encouraging cooperation over competition. The document also addresses correcting student errors, the role of vocabulary and listening activities in the classroom, and balancing accuracy and fluency.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre cómo escribir un objetivo profesional efectivo en el currículum vitae. Explica que el objetivo debe captar la atención del reclutador rápidamente destacando tus fortalezas y cómo ayudarás a la empresa. Aconseja enfocarse en los beneficios para el empleador en lugar de enfatizar tus intereses, y usar un lenguaje atractivo similar a los anuncios publicitarios. Incluye ejemplos de objetivos profesionales bien escritos.
O documento lista 8 regras para uma alimentação saudável de acordo com a Roda dos Alimentos, incluindo beber bastante água, comer mais frutas, legumes e cereais, consumir leite ou iogurte diariamente, evitar gorduras em excesso, não precisar de grandes quantidades de carne ou peixe, não ficar muitas horas sem comer, fracionar as refeições ao longo do dia e lavar bem os alimentos.
Harry M. Leung is the Microscopy Core Facility Manager at Children's Hospital Boston. He has extensive expertise and experience in confocal and multiphoton microscopy as well as image analysis. He has published over 100 papers and articles on various microscopy techniques and applications. He maintains an active role as a contributing editor for the Microscopical Society of Canada Bulletin and his work has been featured on the covers of several microscopy and cell biology journals.
Acmad Maca-alin was certified from August 23, 2016 to August 24, 2017 according to the document. The document provides the name of an individual and the dates of their certification.
O documento descreve uma promoção da Coca-Cola para selecionar 8 adolescentes de Sorocaba, SP, para carregar a Tocha Olímpica. Os estudantes de 24 escolas participantes devem enviar vídeos, fotos ou textos com o tema "A felicidade através do movimento" até 20 de setembro. Em 31 de outubro, as 8 escolas escolhidas se apresentarão em um evento onde serão anunciados os 8 alunos selecionados.
La réforme de la formation offre une large place au dispositif de la période de professionnalisation, mais comment ça marche? Qui est concerné? Quels sont les financements? Quel sont les objectifs et les cibles? Toutes les informations sont chez www.m2iformation-diplomante.com
M. Ismet Ozeer has over 25 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, currently holding the position of Senior Executive - Network Planning at Mauritius Telecom. He has a strong technical background and expertise in fixed, mobile, data, and cloud networks. Some of his accomplishments include launching FTTC, IPTV, NGN switching, and migrating customers between platforms with minimal disruptions. He has represented Mauritius Telecom at international conferences and events.
Rafael Arias Morales tiene más de 19 años de experiencia desarrollando negocios en industrias como vinos y licores, tecnología y educación a través de canales de distribución como mayoreo, autoservicio y detallistas. Sus logros incluyen exceder las metas de ventas de manera rentable e innovar exitosamente. Posee habilidades de liderazgo y trabajo en equipo que le permiten desarrollar a los miembros del equipo. Tiene una reputación intachable entre clientes y proveedores que le da credibilidad.
Este documento ofrece consejos para prepararse para responder a la pregunta "¿Por qué deberían contratarme?" durante una entrevista de trabajo. Sugiere que los candidatos dediquen unas horas antes de la entrevista a reflexionar sobre sus fortalezas, logros y cualidades únicas para identificar sus diferenciadores competitivos. También recomienda revisar el currículum enfocándose en los logros alcanzados en empleos anteriores. El objetivo es que los candidatos se sientan seguros al poder dar varios argumentos sobre por qué son
O documento descreve as principais características do Renascimento e o pintor Rafael Sanzio. O Renascimento valorizou a cultura greco-romana e o conhecimento humano. Rafael Sanzio foi um pintor italiano que se destacou por suas Madonas e trabalhos para o Vaticano, morrendo precocemente aos 37 anos.
LIVES poultry value chain development interventions: Approaches and scalable ...ILRI
Presented by Abule Ebro, Yoseph Mekasha, Solomon Gizaw, Yayneshet Tesfay, Zeleke Mekuriaw, Gemeda Dhuguma, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra and Azage Tegegne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
This document provides information about verb tenses in English, including the present simple, past tense, and present continuous tenses. It lists the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of each tense. For example, the present simple affirmative form is subject + verb, the past tense affirmative form is subject + verb 2, and the present continuous affirmative form is subject + to be + verb+ing. The document also provides examples of English verbs and their forms in different tenses.
The document discusses effective teaching strategies and characteristics. It provides tips for maximizing student interaction, such as asking open-ended questions, allowing thinking time, and encouraging cooperation over competition. The document also addresses correcting student errors, the role of vocabulary and listening activities in the classroom, and balancing accuracy and fluency.
Este documento ofrece consejos sobre cómo escribir un objetivo profesional efectivo en el currículum vitae. Explica que el objetivo debe captar la atención del reclutador rápidamente destacando tus fortalezas y cómo ayudarás a la empresa. Aconseja enfocarse en los beneficios para el empleador en lugar de enfatizar tus intereses, y usar un lenguaje atractivo similar a los anuncios publicitarios. Incluye ejemplos de objetivos profesionales bien escritos.
O documento lista 8 regras para uma alimentação saudável de acordo com a Roda dos Alimentos, incluindo beber bastante água, comer mais frutas, legumes e cereais, consumir leite ou iogurte diariamente, evitar gorduras em excesso, não precisar de grandes quantidades de carne ou peixe, não ficar muitas horas sem comer, fracionar as refeições ao longo do dia e lavar bem os alimentos.
Harry M. Leung is the Microscopy Core Facility Manager at Children's Hospital Boston. He has extensive expertise and experience in confocal and multiphoton microscopy as well as image analysis. He has published over 100 papers and articles on various microscopy techniques and applications. He maintains an active role as a contributing editor for the Microscopical Society of Canada Bulletin and his work has been featured on the covers of several microscopy and cell biology journals.
Acmad Maca-alin was certified from August 23, 2016 to August 24, 2017 according to the document. The document provides the name of an individual and the dates of their certification.
O documento descreve uma promoção da Coca-Cola para selecionar 8 adolescentes de Sorocaba, SP, para carregar a Tocha Olímpica. Os estudantes de 24 escolas participantes devem enviar vídeos, fotos ou textos com o tema "A felicidade através do movimento" até 20 de setembro. Em 31 de outubro, as 8 escolas escolhidas se apresentarão em um evento onde serão anunciados os 8 alunos selecionados.
La réforme de la formation offre une large place au dispositif de la période de professionnalisation, mais comment ça marche? Qui est concerné? Quels sont les financements? Quel sont les objectifs et les cibles? Toutes les informations sont chez www.m2iformation-diplomante.com
M. Ismet Ozeer has over 25 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, currently holding the position of Senior Executive - Network Planning at Mauritius Telecom. He has a strong technical background and expertise in fixed, mobile, data, and cloud networks. Some of his accomplishments include launching FTTC, IPTV, NGN switching, and migrating customers between platforms with minimal disruptions. He has represented Mauritius Telecom at international conferences and events.
Rafael Arias Morales tiene más de 19 años de experiencia desarrollando negocios en industrias como vinos y licores, tecnología y educación a través de canales de distribución como mayoreo, autoservicio y detallistas. Sus logros incluyen exceder las metas de ventas de manera rentable e innovar exitosamente. Posee habilidades de liderazgo y trabajo en equipo que le permiten desarrollar a los miembros del equipo. Tiene una reputación intachable entre clientes y proveedores que le da credibilidad.
Este documento ofrece consejos para prepararse para responder a la pregunta "¿Por qué deberían contratarme?" durante una entrevista de trabajo. Sugiere que los candidatos dediquen unas horas antes de la entrevista a reflexionar sobre sus fortalezas, logros y cualidades únicas para identificar sus diferenciadores competitivos. También recomienda revisar el currículum enfocándose en los logros alcanzados en empleos anteriores. El objetivo es que los candidatos se sientan seguros al poder dar varios argumentos sobre por qué son
O documento descreve as principais características do Renascimento e o pintor Rafael Sanzio. O Renascimento valorizou a cultura greco-romana e o conhecimento humano. Rafael Sanzio foi um pintor italiano que se destacou por suas Madonas e trabalhos para o Vaticano, morrendo precocemente aos 37 anos.
LIVES poultry value chain development interventions: Approaches and scalable ...ILRI
Presented by Abule Ebro, Yoseph Mekasha, Solomon Gizaw, Yayneshet Tesfay, Zeleke Mekuriaw, Gemeda Dhuguma, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra and Azage Tegegne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
This document provides information about verb tenses in English, including the present simple, past tense, and present continuous tenses. It lists the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of each tense. For example, the present simple affirmative form is subject + verb, the past tense affirmative form is subject + verb 2, and the present continuous affirmative form is subject + to be + verb+ing. The document also provides examples of English verbs and their forms in different tenses.
1. ALICE L. BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
nhil'l
i6fiGil---oe"fnur{
I surtt'or I
I lr:lrt I
. I t'tt'ot-^ '
v
/t
u/EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I.$I ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI,1984
2. cDvIti T c|lTREcr'r'1'roF
"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,slonEbeensamethingof a baxlefield,.
Anon; tl,r mdnu i!:ut" na,ob.inptoryht oL'ti' thotb.t,".n trts"fit||e and
d?s..tplireFlrirudes 1o ,r.age.'r
Cu acestecurinte incepeutn d,inte numeroateleanclrcteefecluatein altima
treme asupra limbii englezeactudlein Anglia.
Prima. atitudine,aceea,,pr€scriptil'n",esteautori.tail, natmotird.,ingrddird
ile numeroasereguli, stibuind,tncd tn idealuriLegamaticii ld,tineale secolnla;
al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{teti rctragrade;(.ead,ea
doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarccelor
d.epe cantinent,"The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtdin 1f68 d,ercpeLeGearye
!11III-lea &l At|glici caclusirp.trtu lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca
unei scali de,:L6enti (rearcaun.i exla:ilii anualecu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritorfilrrdsese,d,in!rctinri stribcchi,tn seamusueeranilor
Si a nobiLilorcatcgaritau in juruL ( rlii. reg(rleri arlulaa"lhej,|rp^Irons". Lituba
d,'st^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l,;rn,t :i sstlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,'
rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ 'to ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl" s".otc.
,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii".
Od,atdinsd cu descoperireaNd,iotel.egrufici.ti a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree
culturii in moseprin intenled,iulacestarsubiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo,
putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou numecoresii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'eni-
mente,$i nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fastnnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI ecurindinsd,
faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau,in direrft d.ialectecnglezc,ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte
coLlwilelumii. LimbaengLetdd.lfu.atilla BBC d tncetatdea mai p eafi consi-
deratd .,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdttermenulde "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
saianta li )Lii en1lezesocatildca rodel. llcest numelare sd aibi n1o.inrulle
Sanse.lc suprarieluirc, deaarecese preteazdIa conslrut:lii earelat reda nusnle
muhiple.atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarteutiLe.Asttcl.,gtumatir&poatefi dascripliA
snrrprfr critt irar.l/on,?nla,ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate
ft stard.rd sousubslandard.a(cptal0le,accepled.archaicsaala re,l.urac-
cepled.rlnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLlesd l,rtfcn€d, |bdcscert. obsolele,anl,i-
quuted. sut,errnrualed.suterseded.old-fashioned,outwoln sduj "it r{!1es
["1'oulhcr]4.il js out cf daic";rlc. nd i,firilum.
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.1... hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonoticsil tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s;incqte s.ria dNfanrirci,"i dic
lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.estudiul littlbii cngleze.
'lll.tl tlntihs .1 dlia.
: L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii
:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6.
po{i-arveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or. .ii li J,mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
rIBC, abl"lia1ia runiclni rndtudiiuzi'Dii hitann'e: 'D tish BridcasttlS
. /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n'brrl"n..drr,l",Ir"+ lFrp |,r-,--.lo . Liilr, l.i.,ri J.r"^1",. din ili
o i nr aPr o.moosr)
3. iic
_. ln p{ala winului sdutii.dionatlitrctrctn,:te:.tr,ti nin |i-.r tt,!)|rh.
trr3nounc;ngDirt;onnr-'.dtdo ti !.ri!: ..,1;doi :;rid.dar (n n a,r int .lia
de a fa.ce-refltnn
pranuntiel ori tl,e4 ldbi lare pronuntic csrtt:ntt si carcisre
gtqlfi. ,capularcstuid.itlianar estcd...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t, ,to
unlio tipid. i ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali,(tedtr. n nnntir
considerali.Lde persadtrescoltvi:.at.dm swt t n!ti!.i.''l
"Thc booLit n rcca l of t:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at rcBanat rrli!"n.B to
ottrtuDt i. r',odoto Ip.:,1. 1,4,rapva-. |-t. ^ p.^!1^ut,".... Ib, ,.. tt..rt tt, ,,..,
nurt:dt;on.L vp t.1,ry.,1 t,, r,,r.t,tt;,h.t.t...a.).t .tt .!.41
f -j al t.. I.L, ,r
Aryuhthl ddoptatin trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este(d .t t*olid.liei
/1r.a, .... ,ii-r^, IlL, , t,r, 1.,,F.'j.,. .,i:.,t,r,,,.t1,! t. r:lt,,:t.h
ndat', abrcr:orf.P,, |
-
,,i,,. , lr, I,p r. .-.,,i, r-. I d.....tot,r,r:tn
to"r" hrrr o.:4,n,iru t.4,ptt)p...,..., R.p. {He-,j t'.,.,r ,r.
,,Pn,nttnIia .rrIpphri-. oJi t:r .pr,,,, cL r t.
( a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,tii tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te ftl!,t, a sinlurd.
limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru.Lottn cario,ntt:: tintba s,:riia larr a li,sr ;r n,: $ritte
ntglish) ti.li.mbu nrbitd (spoli{r English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;.h .nklti t.afun|i
$t .nu:aJ.: tt'4jind t s.;rt,..t t. Drc.l .t..l
postLtlict. s.alt firnl rclrli
'1t1nti:a) iormal spee,h (stil L fat at. cumronios, trn;i):
1)) rrn ,ni I,i1iIg (stiLul ftrnnl s(:tis). ; di:ir sri/'.1 t1reic?. ,/irilllj
le:at. juid,ic t-i. !t.t::tires.:
c) inl.rrrnal sa'r coll0qujrl spe€rh (stilrl infornat
^-,tu
t)'triti3 (nrti1);
Jl inl"rrr,,t r.,,r,".11,,t. .l !' i j /J./,
'pl't'...r rut,, tr... ..t1.):
lni rnhnti";,ni ou s.l1".t /t. t.,t r'tu' l,,o, t. ' ,..t.i,r.:,: _
d,ela puncnl $), ad,iirrsin.taitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i rrunatit:icnl uu iiitrorlus
tn.o.rn ,0t |,ot:r td t4..pa;litatp ,,,,1 s,':.., , t,.'.,": ptn"at!! !,t. L.,o.tdt
u tst,Irared).
Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L,irl lnnl)a u!e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDriic(tiri
zai. cult. iar uneducated:reicilaljz.1t. i.cutr. Iirrii fultrii: (,iln{jxlion :
s,colarrz:rfe.ifvntnturii. culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie lln Lniha. ntl nn) -
rNtlrpr!
(go!d rd bad): "Ar io nnl1nefs. hc hls rorre"r a erlu{ra.a (.rette (un copit) :
I l, l s ul:cduralio ,rtu r'-i '. -i,,'.,rr: L '",.,,
,,,1't.nrt:tu uf:
I laln - ,, .ntrpnr..J :t:la. tt in!ru ,4 tntt,4 ,t..
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat.o a furt r/iof.i - ;t m.rmmoth lrlsti cuilt
spur,n:l"'t: ^t:1d rrt^t.. r.n *.ln. t:r,.o d. ,";n."n.,tLt r..u,,tri oL
/a..,dd u: p.t. a tt..pott " 1r rrt,. l.rtlp. fit,. .,.tqrur.. tn
I Prrrr',!ia din s,L,l,a nqlei x loslil.isi,n !nlel. deotdeie t..',.1.a..i,i.ihrrl
Srlfrfarr.nlr! si orll.[ia]. r.' Fljrrrc{ fra rNt,itil de s.rde rertr! ulir.Fitirtitf d! tr
O,'o- .
-n. .' , .i | ., t
"..
, ,l t:,:,. ,r"! !r , r r,rh_
r'r.r'u L, ri
"
i,,, , i t ,i ,u
semlul nl lll,t r:lf;nctbsln ij:3!1. lr,, iL{401. ngb! 1itjil. IIatr;! itajt. ('htt
t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi....sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi.c,i turut r"oi,
.
r.!rtl lir.er
-slll,Ll
orriilof. |,ruiplia ljir.srlordc l.rln,. f*. a!. ir geniru. siil
. .
. stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in !..)pfr. r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e
knUoqti.al spt.h/. jrLfoftrast.l iotrfrsitirtf sir !fisoril. ii t.{tcLr) forddtc.
4. CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR
ulrfotrnelat t& 4 efa.anstd,efatnqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti.seeol(inlo-
I uir ta notni aLi.ruluit tt (rcu.sti aul 1a pronu tclcpeNnnale; ho i . loc (1,eh.)m;
i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i! l. locul prcpo.ili ei dltt n ethsi u inainteacwittLtlui ta
N.rc serefeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure 11oucani g holl!l) etc..ctt., ctt:.)este
nnsiderat core(lacum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.itolc /d Indiee.)
t! inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl conrld€l4tsloppy.
Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp. t:it.mai mu.Utimp. a a(lusti
ertindered.lor telorNntruse.a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc.a snnctelorinjtrnit
IalLIe.
S-a a(eptat un aLLoiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r(fi the man in lhe slreet,
sintboluLt:rtd!?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
ptolctotii ro aiscLtrcla.tiLintbajsurprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai'. -Nu
ttiu !ruflaticii ? - Pentu m stLtdcnliisainu i. Itutr.e tirept 'old,faegies"( :bd,
H?nt!/ Seeel, lta t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai pftcetlent (in
Ne! Fl!rglislLCrammar.Logical ard Hisroriral 1392si 1696), anticlptnd
s rile d,cfatt utuale: " t herul(s af |rumtudt lolie no talue cftept Lestate,n.nts
of ftl(:I: whateaeris in gen al us. in tl languafe is lor th&t et! ftdsan granl
tati@llt eotrc(t."
Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr '50.'60 au deja
un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai.e&resint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
inslt,'i.)a lintiir €n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
nu:csdrai, ?entru a li setontla o ha.i solitli si numai rLupdaeet:aei.i si.nr putetl
{Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..
7u,,o;;nnrtyt..:.j,,.p"'n,,i.,i ',,. ton Pat!. r.1ld ,1,tb^tp rl"sfe neri-
tclegtwnali.ti.ilui OttoJftl€'5dz i/r "The Fis!enri.rls.l E!glish Gramln ,', 1938,
ture r?d,e!r.1nt.1tie&en!e.d:"as sotncthingLiti.ry antl derclopingund,er.onlinaal
flwluaions. $omcthinithat ls founrlcnon the pastanrtpr$aris rhc$'atJfor the
futnrc, sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistentar perf.ct. bur ,lallessing anl,
pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan."
5. ( L 1'i, t. l), 1tt.TE
Crunatiut rl.e[aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputiipe Ld.e tat].ilianat..
,Si t trataleapnfu ddt taatulJroblet)tt deErumaticd,p;t ,iulu st dc(nn
pa fnontenp.legrunaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai ?ulin (t:t:csib;Le
(Llriarult nmain.
f..t t ot;: o tu!, u. t,.,. tu,trti tr !orotiat ,, a tr tnyt,:ds; t,c
bozr,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, ., .tat,.rt.. "n.: tn..t u. ttr.t,tt,.x"r,.tt"iu;,i
ranate de o&menL.J)eIrtt.u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.
S a urmdrit.sd sedd,apuc tenninataSi.liya !.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i ;i. cit n;ai
aptapiatd.dc f.nanenul s1ud,;at.rcnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenredeosebhc
tald degtatnaticalLmbii tot drr,. (:unitt Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut lulti t. t!e&t,
i,,olut o '[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r[. ..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.
l4rt" 4!t,loti:t-
-tu,.dt.tdf irt $1un:n.. .-t..p t..,. :... a.., n,t,paptp.
pnttlp".J,rt, tir-: .t sd ltt ;',,'tlot-.. tt. . t n., I'i,. ,nr- ,,t.,....', I,tp
I.ntDtnn It1tt tn dl sltl..
t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le
emnplitirairi ti notcd,esulJal, tit mai, trnthcd.jte ttesprccitttLtu ti driti.a.lid,
englptd ti despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nateenlte:rtti.
Latted.are pdragrafenu tcNn&tud,ct& inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti. p{dra
tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri dela o prubio n Ia altd.ti !.ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite.
. Lrt
'hrs,t'tt
id.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i" ,"r,r'.,., ,t.,tr..rtt'tt[0.
L-t .. otltt |n.tt ,;i,qut sl po4td + tt ,ntelopnit. lt.n un,,ffi
psl, dn .n, tut..tttt t.1;1 I [ nn. ntorttr'p. ,rn t t Toretrei
dL la tnrcpurftnt lu iirttt.
.
I t't )o dp [o,; .
^o"o,-
],. a .t'..t',..,, L.t.... p. a ,Jnft;,t, ,t lp.luln;i.n
'1" L .,..,!; o 0tlaat.,. t.ptrtlr tatp .to'.4t..t .,1. t. rn,iInc" . pnlpi, d,e
Sperin M wrcatlepLisn.lecLitrc(utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi d.drui& specifice
nu t.LLun..Ltarsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul,i s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E;)TT{iRA
11. SUBSTANTIVUL
(TIIE NOUNi
I. CONSID$n-{TII0ENnBALE
Dclinilic. Sub'lsnlirul psl"par" Hd" orbir-"rrp doru'l1F:' o['itrlal''
P'in .obiFcla' s^ inrel.g. po plan er"rIIi'J1. fiinlPl" planlcl" lu"rur'r'
tn.u:iril..." li"nila..l 'rila n^liunilp.
-hs
'a liil' Fl' ercrFnlo pp plcn'rr rpor:
A, ',os.l
idml h'l rdl rP'lr" '
i 6l ' I"a'
sr
II. CLASIFICARE, S1]BSTA]['I-EL OR,
A. SLTBS'IANTIiECON{UNE$I SUBSTANTIVEPROPIII
s3
s4
$t
$6
s7
1) SubstantiTelecomulle
,obiectelor' de acelali fel:
(aat,'tLc'n ,,,t / -er!' . li indi. r-d 1'r'rrr^r
dos tn!' I oPle
bi.d llolFr Inmrly
2, SubsraoticLcptoprii (Prop'I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi.cl( Jeosbin-
dul de loale cFlelalte,obiectc'din acceo:icategorrF.Subslsalrveleproprrr
sp s.riu .u ioitiald maju."uldr9i denumesnfiintp locuri (oumrrr.seogralr'e
in rcnere),nalionalil6!i(substanlivaii adjP.lie). aqlrp$r.gal,arrcsrp enl
ur,icalp'.urassre, laifun" elc. (toldedunadc gen fFmrnrnll
istoric",operilrter"r". sliiDliticp.arlisli e el'.. anumilPlrlulalun ercdrl€rp'
onorifi.c,
'prole.ionalFsi culluraie.lnlrpprjcd'ri m;r' i dF labrirarrc Pr'
lunile anuiui qi zilele sipi5mlnii etc :
cur nLchaFsl B.n NPis T 11 Vot d'!
Jcri" n^nub" thp I€L Di.
'i"L :jlerpt 4p.l'1.
lno aon Ro{1nia Tlr;l8in 5pn'n ldtron'
iii-ii Romanian Eulole
^-inar
Rolls Roxce
l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses
B.itish Aeroslace Airdali Group
Obs.roalLi:
tJnele
"ub.lanli!F
prnprii au dc"' il subsrsnlirc romunF si ca al p sc
srriu r:r inirirli mnusculd ' FFr , t lF disli'g' dF nrrmel" proprii r"sn"lrte:
d) obip.l. numjte dupa Iocul tle orrginc:
o bpdtrnl u a/;l dp n.Ldn:lltopriu : r S!'d '.
cl: 11_Jof nF nl "
n'rmle
unu' mhr.r,'rdt Jd aliplr,i flin/rlr. J.I LonJl'. AncIT
,t,,a l: norielnnl< Clrina
.,"ii",. t .i".d. ,i" corirr' /
' oin I' l'nur 'l n ,:r
'il
;;.;,,
"" "'.,
nl ei.lu
'l
l, Er"n r'ro cull gF i|d oi r ail J ri 4 n;-
t)imint sccuddl din .nglia)
-
L^i,,u" rron";i,u"1.sL'sl r'lii bp s"fl'r ^r irri; 1r".1' r'' -5'
tu,tt,, 'lh tur't' 'drJ ' ". 5P,nt
^rt ,atih.n-an.:'o". 'i ni J r'a ' ' 'i'r'l
nini l
71," rl,1y ttrJ. '..'r. Jp".r. inl-lp .Ji ub...ar"rv.on n
" !ln ,!:r rrrul _ sP ,ldu J "' 'ra.] sd co o.rrd.i onrm'l r gla ' th 'nt too LJr" I rrol 'rr'ri
nr '
n.e ici c:"i:j,,"; ,- si";- ii:..-. Li, . ,-. t,,t.r.t;tai - . is/. p6o,'i,i.J'
!ricril, d' lJ 'dp derja rerbulr,a,n/.rr:P
'--;lli'i..-et'".. nnmele trnor unsaDc de pc coastr Caiiiofri'i
12. s8
ss
/:.il'tr, 1: olundilr< Holl|ild 1: Oiurda
-/.f!,y i.- jers.ul< Jerseriiiuulil in crnrlnl lh,eli!l
,,,r,.., (- marochinl< Ilooc.o l- Ia.ol,r
rn ,tt nnn L- .lift lcatit.nal). soia..rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx rt r.o, d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i
orr./s i: prntoli de sport. rxLlii:tnrii < Olod iorai lnivesillf di,, .dliil)
:r,/,r (: rn' de Xepsr < Xeresilo'raliian,irtSD,tnia)
,,r ,1..7..i -
ud I.'l de rfirlesil luri-.si hfrl < Ulsref iprorhiiD id nofddl l.l,rLd.ili
,/ obiecto umil.c dupi i ve tatorii. descopcritorii. fabljcanlii, inspi-
o lnotsfu1ml-rn dLre,,rr r,.1rrrclii<rl,ordl nfofghxmlim desl.all,.ii.anic,
'rtE
r8681
i utbrntJ l- Ln I.l !1. sloli inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) < Rubory
irrdelf lal'ricdnLulLril
',. ;,ll
'r,
pl-
"'d!-,
,.l l,'i Io l rr':ipll
''d
r'
., illt r Lrlf,j I lLrqi ,l'-.1
"
i. il . ,"td'
'nd, I l"'nrn't
"
,1 bi r'ru
'1. " r't l ', 'rd',. : lln' lri Jo",l t "lp
.' - tI u f.r 'i.rI I.b tlof....",r ,. f,., i
'. r'J l .'''r ,
';o1r,
d I n r'. Jo r'r L
I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli 0e1l
'
lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl thvf. in1:.i
., 1,., ,I,r,-"t-l, os, -:.-, l .umli.r.
'u + ,lro
'
pr: n l" ." , P',n
'h,,n aj...,. l: unl ilii slai,rrcl:l..laic nntrrl dti .rndenrr dc Cincmaloafdfierlirr :jul .i
!.cdiu !.ntrd .rir .(t!!oul. in iulori., i.ti. cr,,.)< Orir iL'ier,iel i.iL.LQ !
irmPrn,rn de Arir ii l i., se. I]{i
e tuni! t).rtl..d,os d. flrrl (irio"triell.< lh.otore iRo.rerllll 1p.:lrlinle al SU.
1.rl i.rirt nr.n, li:jl.r d. rjrcij
''---J lold .,4' I'r',r. r.
.' rllr mtr l( lor-n{lLr l" oli -l
, t l ,- ln'lr L'r'",' ''
' " "
l."i rr'rd,r: )r
1"1",'1". r' - l.' 1. i I r' j. l ,l:". 'q-'i-l" l
., r,l1 1: tr! voll) < lllNsad.ol Volla lfizi.id ilalian, 1r1;-l8lt)
a qdu t:in wrtll < (JaniNi vatt {ingincr ii inlcDtalor scotirn, 1i36-l819i;
c, lucrui fi teNoane iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Baudupd
personajedin istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
o a:desa./ un l1.in, ln di.il,a!,ori
a Gdin:booush l- trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl
n /udas (:xn trlLdr'tor d'r lrtteni)
th. tiadns o/ iird,.. l: nia.ii linaiciaril
a .th!ll.cl2 l-r^ riimnril rdnilo,
a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-Airumoasrl:
It wft a -r-dDls../r ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..
B, SUBST.TTTECONCRETE$I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI'ABSTR{CTD
1) Sut,staDtiyelecl|, rete (Cant:rett,VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{mdte-
riale (persoane.aninal'.. plante,lucnrri, fenomene evenimentedin reali-
toteainconjuritoareetc.)de a ciror er.istenlnne putemda seamaprin sim-
t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN lrorl.rtisi si pclsagisi enqlez lltll-!7331
''.//
t...,. i r".,,|..: ll.d idi ,r, .r .' ' d r ok.-p F.
' T 1.,d,... .t r.. , . .,- .. .t,{ . ,t t. t...
r vP/i 5r l
. I tt,unrt ll:) il'iil: dsl.,r{&rl $tc titlul rizerrlt h crgieza Ldianicd
13. l0
2) Sulstantircleahsbaotef,{6slrdrtrvod r/ nunescacliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10
ldmintej senza_tii.lnsu;iri, relalii etc-rconsiderateca no.iiuni:
l.iour hcalth
rcst
N otd
Unele substantiv€ absl,racteau
6chimbat:
si scisu con$ete, uneori cu in!e14 $ 1l
' , | 'ur.o/il
4
'l
r lr
.li.,i -i, .r',, ubrn',i 'u,.,'
,. I d-li.' !l- .brrr..l)
a'" !
1-.,.ri,r'd61. Ii
. I dr n ar' aL.lt"l)
J"r'P
1 ld,./o" r.on,r ,
, I nrl:ni',b,. ),,,.",",""
I : .ro,,,"t.ri,,,*r
r _ .hir "lr; (.,1.,ra,,)
" i "v
1 ,
"t
in,j In".t..,r .on. I
C.SUBST.{NTIIEINDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVECOLECTIVE S 1'
Substantivelecomune,atit concreteclt si absi,racle,pot fi:
1) indiridule flndiridadl Norrns)cindla singularnumescun singurobiect: S f3
.--" {i}i'j {ffl,. J .t,p€r J lilr J sloon
I to$n t odk I l],]' t
"0",*.,a:,{r'jntx:s,r{;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""
2) coleetire (CollectieeNouns), cind la singxlar numesco pluralitate de g 14
,obiecte' identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:
---k {i:?J
I auiien,er I ili(hl, r ltock
1 prolcLariat1 sdlarv 1 te,m
.u"'",.,"{ffi;ii#"'{ilit:itil:{$i",i:#-{iir:Bill:
{Veziii 5 86)
3) nume de materii li do mase conorete(Namcs of llatter dnd. Concrete S 15
,MarsJ qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc
mateda, substanla sau mesa unui robiect.':
I sold I col otr I mill I dir(
rcv-a
1in- I m"ir 1 sour 1 tubb.
| .o.t., I knoil,dee I t,l-L:on | ;n.ell:L nr,l
'e'Im'" 1ir'iroiojrh1mur, - t '.",,,., ",1',"" "--
Obseraa!ii
a) Un€lenume de n&terii de$€mncazis,;obie.itecorleclionate din mate S l$
riile respeclive5:
t€ D.oss1: al,iDnrie.aliirnril isurnanli'colecli'l
D/a-.sds(: d;1Druri,otJic.t.dc alami,alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtp,nL,ziraledc alrr,-rr
l rzdic,rd: au.litornl lla nn oor,frr. et..r.
's,s1.cni'L
prbL,l
gi,g,,: esrldril,'i {1. alniarf. ploal. (t. gl.a41:. sLnl (1. p,'Lsari.
3rtrrrl.V,
-
(!on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i'ri. uosLji. iidicnri. rroNfBui
' nptl:a"tu". trroa. a4 l l.-" 1. '':' tof riii. liri
6Trrd., "il"r rr- i'n,r' r'tl/ Ir''.':.r' r.i ',:
€nglezeDli resleclire.
14. 20
:ii;", "',.1,1"0,,
",
oJn t: I p r"r' I rrPpnnt:I r1-h"'8 lechi,
o,r.; 1: bani maru'rti m"{dntril
,i de m' .rip :
"r "ri
rroJdnr|ol ' i)l
d rld- (: tn !rna., o oerLnnl)
r/o:*s L: r,anueioslinzi,olh'laril
ifur l: lcrl
aL i;n (: rtr li.r de celcal)
;n trons (: in lanlu )
(vezi ii S 30)
A lt 6i Denumirile pro{:luselor naturale, prelucraie sau nu' precun ;i ale
",'l-ri"r""-
iri'"l"i.i"te ea alinLent',sini dsimiiate,din puncr'de veder€sra-
natical, cr.rnumelede matem:
/. /:r' lnr 'o1'
'1," b lFr' o'' /PI )i
.LiLk. LtrLtt/r. .h"r'sts,
, l (lr1Lhrn, dn,k, go05e!tnrker. porllrJ, err'
i, ,.' :
'-r.-.'r'tJ,i
.('irl"ru" ruu-. r'ip" uod'o'k r'
,.u" .dp.'oi. Ii". ".ln,on
Il. SUtsSTAr'Tl'll NUIIERABILII $I SUBSTANTIIII NEUNIllrtABlLE
NUItI]riABILITATII
tCOUXTABII,ITY)
ln qran,atlr" moJ"rna,ir .ritFrr
-
.irp stau ld bazdimpdrlirii subslao-
.i'"lor r"r' rr.goriiJeexpusemai su . ' a.ddaug"tur' ' rrlprru,nouloJrtp^urrr
,,enltu ur;e.1la-feln riamari';, 'i dF'i qi In 'lru' lura lrmbrr engrFzc:
ii)',,.rliiu", d s bsh;t;IPtot (cour10b'tttsal 'atnsJ'
SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrcalNl)
(coulitlBrE oR cogNT NOttNS)
1) oeracteristiei.-
n I 5ubsldl li*1, aa: I'ttct,n b'rrL,. [to'N"" hoLJs. 't"+tJs fonilies,
(la,t.j. tdpotsFl . .inl .or.'i'lPrr
"
ndnl td;1" JFoJre''
obrF Lpl' pa carF ic
denun,escPou fr num;rat"
'"*
*"'U"-;'fr;,,i'J
pt*o' iub.ranli!''' nump'"bil" tu ,-i lorn'd, de
s;t,3t'totlr'*d"ot d' urtt otLtIn latnt,t'na|n {3du d"inlucuttorrLecPslural"qoYa
car".teri'.,i'i,"rP ron' rluir "rbt r Ji rin'li!a r sLD'ldnti!elor nurnPrsbrle
2) Crtegorii ilo substantivonumerabile' -
,q.iuiini"a, rn genere' majoritaiea substantivelor comunel conorete.qi
i,'ai"ia"af.,.i. r" fri'lic d"
'on'lcl
u ' nunlrJ"stul dc msrPd" substantrve
.€rc apsrlin.elorldltF,aregoriirr-zi S i r' l:ll 'rl
d. , ti ,r -ar.,,p".:.' rr'i-bfl k': d ' " 'pion "h'n"'ons:
|
'oug -'ough':
,;").; "".
rhd h'. d :jJk'" h:rd'k;-j1,i;'.,.)ii$'":,"lll tr*
J iboF[ ]n,lDj'16 d srtrt'r - !vrntFrdra
SUBSIITIIX NllllullDB"ttsIrn f4D4! ATl)
(UNCOVNIABLtr NOUS]
t) Caraoteristioi.-
Lilelenumedc materiisaudemaseoorcretcpot li rlcnumerabilelntr-un
.""#;i;;;;;il"'r'i
"ii"i
i'""i S:ol eumodiricarealnlercsuruil sd(s38)'
s18
51e
{20
sPr
s22
s23
set
15. !l
D,osFbirpl,linr'" d', ' p,clpgorii F
- h1rl" 'ub'ilJ 1i d"'iereu de,r+i-
2.,r,,l.orrp"o limLrjrl
". -rLlar/r Jutr irrr'n1i'
^'brrnrulursr dcp'rroPoe
d, 5ub"l lnliplr r!: npltd t 4dt^t' s. [Lr' l'"o' hon.'tork hoLv'
r,,rt lnu:ht.r. li!l,t. n.'1,;,';,,1;n-.n;. 1.j'z n'" J 'inl
ion'L'l'rrr/ rru"rp_
;;;ir; ;;;;;;;'"ii"crFra r.' "i1 rpd"num'r.r" f^r r; nu""r"'r :i de i t u
au.in modobisnuit.form; de lluril'^-'
il"
""
au ieclt lo"ma de singular3,seconstruiesciiu singularul'slnt in
s€nerenumede iranimat'e
'"i
dccide genneulru'
' l,l Sobsturrti.,"t"nonilmernbilenu au articnbl n€holnrita/alr.(: olre)'
** iia"r .i'ii"i"". ,qstlelnu scpoatespune
^
darktL':ss'r [an'
^
oirel':xsetc'
2) Categoriialesubstantivencrrumrrahile-
d, Numelo sportwilor:
,r.,ui'l o- roob.,bo nr.,ri l"l
'o
ldl ror54 lJn r''q 'lili'g r'h
rrugg r. . :i. L . .o" .
"
lob --a" r'g '4 rporo
'
Acesteanu au dectt forma de silrgular fi se conslruiesccu singularul
6/ umclo rlc malcrii 'nrr de a.e rorrlrcl' t ll')11 ut ot
'an
r I llo's
-'orr, )c,:.r'or,., s,noAP,t;ot btrun la ol lnttttaLrl"oi s//r'l 'r'
JUn.umrr
ii'"'".'ai.
"i"n"t,i.
qi stni -consideratenenumcrabite deodr€ceobiectele pe
;"";;'i";;;;;
",i
poi li uu-r*t". ci numai rsu*Le De asemenea'ere
nu au nici articol nehoiirit.
$25
s26
s27
s28
$29
A
Numeile rnateriison ilc m:rsecolrcrcte enumerlrbileintr'un contoxtii S 30
numerabileln rltul (Vezi S15)
INN]
nunar s3.
f : catea boabe sru lfionraie
rcffe-" I (matc.Gl
"
l:ha!turd (,nJte'i')
r = ftrnzele de ceaiuscalc {m,rl.cfle)
Ieo
1 --
biurura (narerie)
I !uDi( ilillidul)
sor,.
I {nLrryi )
./,,"r,.{:fl:l:lirX,
I
'e,s,
deii cu torml ilc plurnl. aN"inlelesde singulafqi se
'onlro'te
cr al'al'r: "o
"""'j;in:,':;l':;"':'ii*iLs'"1.i;']'.';u.","".rie ri raaiorereroDie.ci rdrio{s 38),
** 1T"i$l i**i'"':!'"
""* -.*,
1s{!5-1e') cnresccomro,,Acaur str,gu,a.
**"l,Tli#illjtl"l.? i:,t:lli"i'SiJ'liffi;'"".'a,,r,/,e./ir suA
'i
in rrl,rnda.
tNt
s8. ti Pl.
I sE itl , o ('.+' 1 'ur 'af.J
| {' oi,..el, Indiidrrnl
i nl. .o/led:ial'1" lin ,Flrri, ra_
t ion, {j' t rti Lm're.i'l
I ss. l/, = Lo , ParcI
'
u) teri
| {,onc.rt, indiviiluall
I rl /'d:tefii tx ica'i .ategudr
I d, "ri l,ndtqi' ]
I sc. .ou, : 1,' I rrfurn ' ul strPr
I Icor' rct, iri,l,lidurl)
I p1- soa?s: torlii de supir
I sq. *ftis/.r:lunpihe !l $hiskY
| 1.o,"t . indiidudl)
I lJl. ,'l6i,e : (',alLuP
'
Ll hbt.Y
t
(,u,r r.t, indilidu nl (mir' a I
16. 2?
: ptine . .
: piine pr'ljiin
'- mtuunlii, bani nil.unli
= sa.c naluau (mndiment)
: gaze naturale (pPntru iluninat,
saitit 5i lncelzil)
(in SUA) : lenzind pentrtr
(nrteri., nasn .onueta)
(mat€de,mrs, cotro..&l
{
i
l
tNl
0.7/s-
caresofii de cone de
,.€'cs: 'iie perlN;j in abaiof
(indiljdual - matelel
a.ars : categoriide can.
{niateri.)
ss. a /nn-w tetle
{.onc.ct. indirid{al)
/;rn : rreFtilconcFl, .ol€'rliv)
!1. /isi4 : spacii d-" Iftli
lindiaiduall
pl. ,re&ls: {Ielud Ct l,iirc)
ss. d t asr
-
un toist (laun bi!!
{abstract- indiriiltral)
pl- lrsrs : toasrurl
sn. 4 cians. - o s.himba.e
labsl.a.l, irdividDal)
sa. a rol:o sare h climic tt
n,edicin[ l.onoel]
n!. rolk : Epsom saltss,snrelling
- satls. (individual)
b/?t
I : uana dc
tNN]
: ca.nc .a al'm.nt
(materi€)
:.iarne dc peqte o.t aliment
p1.
{
pr.
s8.
pl.
tl.
"* gi,i,!,:*., (in chidieii m.di'
(Dasdconcr€tl,indi{idu{t't)
mr.1 ,onrrel,1.indi.
areind.i? : 6bi€0ie de arcint:
m;nede de arsini lcol.otir)
pte.es ol siit./ = norelc de
dsint ({€zi S rlt)
a snod (elc.) l@": qiftt {lo
(eonc|et.indi{idnal)
lr.: blane reniN (onl..[iir
a fu. cap.( fb ioet,afv stolectc.
/rlry: spqrr, .ililrli e]. de
bl.inuriionir' tior.t": a /onrol
lurs: Shatl 1 tdke n! ftsl
; )r",ill .i:; is k t,n,,.t thp,, rn (- re'!.ia loarte ahesitos. sat r.reciij
dfv.nil'i }NNc .fl0l.,"L sar rol)ula'rl
" t D.-n "l . . t l l" r'ra-n ?i'r. .'r irnirr
) n,ll ,q.oltr ..r,rrJ,.aniq:1 t
.lum..F,p"rlru
^fl'lprri J r'ruld.. "ia
..fnr .ra h modi).
:1t:*.111i'i"H:9)';,jil'iillb:i"$iii.l"1!.ii'fli:'"Xlii".*u,'-*"""cu ,.r;1. icinrn,Ll dziiri in -ng!i{.
17. lNl
ai r, r|Dorlf.ar {ixtci .o.rPL:1j
t. 1,. on tlLP.rir..
^
nrb1 t^
t s. .ft lLe ot - . trtln]l
|J dif .n ,,ri,,ntl
tn
'B
il
dt.: r... .rstifl.: ,a a'. o/
.'nftt:
. r. rc prt n ntt, tn Etor
aa ,lt,'r.: di 1ri F{m'1
, e,,/i kof,.fl.;
jndiridLLai
sln o ta$idi dc lrnal,l:
I;o r rPmcrtrlr.r our JtpAs
,. lr,, ln.kf. mom al school?
,ili mtiiare /tix insJ!. rl
I ri flrig nrrli niasit ib-
!l
., ( mitrs!
1 (dasA couf,eLrl
nume de animale [N]
(odgine laxonI)
or. .oe (< Ochs,Kuh)
iL/;,d lnume tolPdir folorjt in 'omerl,
T.ntihnie ctc < ,s.tr
'.tnr
flcsl 1< r&,rn) tNNl
iCl," = Q(iXfr
!! i;?,tr. rLilntrri {i,alegorii!:
;rr r!flin s.ump|l:
,dt,n : cosl.urul unLli joceu
(lnrir !i iP-p.alnr r uldlll' sr
dLLlxi 1.. p!nirr cn.. alea.grl
nune de nateric [N]
(origino fran(ezd)
n.ar lo.jginenr c.td) Il .{dI anininul'r'
.ezi 3i flann.l. li!r'r./ (S 146)pertru direrse nume d' rnaterialebtrcbuin
1^t" I" pi;;;l
"".'"*"t
n,i
"u-ii
iu (ariic'rl de)illlbrnrinlinte (,i
'si
ca sinbol
- ""li "f"iilliii'i1;**. ,cestpasintasin'l. cu nuneredematerii
ri"
"i'.i"i-p,"r,'""
. sarr nu l "r.
Lt" ". '9t lto'r fot .itn natl'ttod
n;tt,,nutni-otl t -
inr'lelF^n' ti ..toot-titlbr' J-dler" rrhudar/ InrrnJ
deri||ulu"li .prnn-.ruip r'u rirg'r]0tur' '"lu ur'lF f crF lrs rorr' lrfa ul
ac€,ta qF ratorj l, .,.dlexnr:i dIr ptodus-l mor'rron r: *h3l a/ d/( l!arr
,r€ab. etc.) have vou todayl" (Vezi 9i S ll0)
'--*
a r
-,tni-"i"r".
P"nrrirob'"r'.tii g;n"r.l"
- '" r'dca $ 158 162
L rmatorr"lp animcl" ru Llrplr nurn'. dublprp rr'rrFbui'r11'pdLpl
'uln
Lonr.lul ip rel"r€ la cl' ' i ld elprnpla'p din spF'i ' 'ri r rrrcror dnmpir' ^ sau
la carnea lor ca alimentl:
$3r
$39
tflth te.L"E.r: ..,".t..ro 1r
"'-r'.1, ',4 '.''''.1
,'r'" .
.*""t,i.. e.ar",l i ri; r'.,-n --or .l ,,,tri.dl
'"'Jl ' .ald l- r/
'-rl"r'
llindvidldi'|.sli//.ub.'.4|'iv..U"|.I'''d'|U..,',
r.,,dd"m1,d.- ,,. ."r, ririn.rl,_,.,:,:;;,
) ,,,:,I
,.;.,..:
fr",f;l;f
llliil-;1"Jilli,|Ji,:'"'
{' He
^
s'//'10's/'rIl
,);1,;.,s.1-.';'l;;; ,",r'
',
.r rdc. ,ir?''.',,r i 'i:i: :. '.i
ltrld'''llii;ji;*ti'r:;,'":;i:riii;:frti;li.:';1l: lli'"'irj'
*"
,;;;:^:;.'-. ob'5n,''
' '
i r',
' ", -""' rdr'
'
ir "'
..'' i
n,oe,j,,, -, Dr'J,1[n'z."1, r1i l-.
18. s34
r4 nt
. ) PIuIt.l6.,nrp.lil'ilo.- i DjrJrrrivelp' ar' l" Llpum"" i"r r'imild '
,,
";-;l;
l;;" pr:i. El' au nur, ,i lurmi d" insulsr''.on'rruir.n' u sinsuld'
rul slu..i .inJ.F rahtrila .p la', r,ci'auru pr^lu FlPpr
'omF
LrDrrp{rrrrprnJ
frunze, semin1.,e),batc ttnmerabLt€
e') cereate:baieii. cornl nlaizc. milld, rice. rve $trcat etc';
E c c ep 1i e : ools, umai plural ti acordat cu re$ui la plural:
't u
"t
t.',i ai plon! .)r'imo':r":.sra$av. rol"rv. dill. rFnnol r':Jtli''
lJur.l..in'p"pp'|mi1|'l,l|.|".'Ub"rb.
e") tegutn:tel
- s1n (numerubilecind ne rclerim ia speciainsiii: nu d{!ii lorrrrn de s'nEo-
Iar construit cu singr.rln|ul;'-
-ii, ii,i.,ii't" ri'ndr r"l-rir', l1 pdrr"J 'r,'"'rrbir"r-'l' i "p rir';'
lLbor.ulp.lrd.l p'...1laauoInrn .o'rpJ'a umnl rrd-lrntll 'r auo-l
aili sinsxlarprF."Ja o" arli.olur n"hu';tr- rr '' plur'l:
pl,rrrl ri ,s btn ) 'r t rmd d"ir'-'rrlar ir' un'l 'r'r: | ' "p
.,6Dng fN't Do ron til.r .arlnsP."
"
;LL":",p.1 tl I ooJ._h'rh, o b g "rbb'6. loJ{.r'
.' l;//o.'* | pt4 "rt':lla'P' to.'abbt8
r."dt,1.,1;-. p..sltl Sh",.i rlhsrdlJ' m) t .l'uE rtlifLo- sh l',J lou"
;i,:1.') l,n'ilii.lJ,i''"""iilT'"l;,:il'%i"",'l'Ii;.," ,'*o
o,iontll r iii
",,r,'"Iou_-'
d d"srn;$_oul'l mii"itI I ir'4
aa anoa, pt. + [l SD-nJu4onJ lraF loi6 ^f
v'r'rmrns
lffi.))r l-'iii'L#fi,il.Tl'*.,,, ba,a,i ,F:rs,:n,
,,no@ t nn I rn. hJp ,o"ro :n ]out .dlrd'
, ;..,,;, pi -" tl r;maroPa"F Lne - ng In 'p"in;:
Btu s'Ls st'touts Jre numdi forma d. plurhl
Un"l" .u6"rJn ir" ;1i
-
bimba .u lorul ir'lnlpiul 1rr d pcsrd srru'r!:
|,,,€/jNl{ llj:pfrr'Thi. broo o!.prLroomi'l"pP""in,t',,,,,
l'.;;;;,,.i sr 'dd"i rtu., I' Ih'd rso"'ufld
"rr'4s
Io" lun"h: bur loudonI
I :r'' r.rri^. J. you tou l"; 'f
4r0""6rn""or 'cpa!l' mdno$
Observalie
Toate substanti!€le de la capitolul c-) pdsircaze lorrra de
'lingular
etnd au funclie adjecl,ivah ($ lijtj):
Tlrii*ii"ffi*::rlMu*ql'l-,;.ir$ii;,rr!:ilj;ritfli:i:",',,-,1;,""1:lfAl:,r,6;;;;*r';:l";;:.:;
,*,;1,'?""'ii,ii,lrli,
olill:"i" | "I;:';"' "t ra'nn.!,.
' .-.anl, ip,'-, -p ,,.r): rrJaP (l-o rnlbrr dr'"
' ! i/r:;qhct(11. ir, 'i S s(j'
sl o7i ! 5,1.
?l..l gr./n . t{d. 0
'
PraTnL
19. lt .Lr'14 d no 4l):tott tAb"tro 1 llos "rrsrr '-
:
'tnriro' ^n'
oDtlntt..tr.trcLol, nt"l';t .tur'. htstd!, 1it"r4ttt1, ! rn lLtlo'aPfu. paPtt!t'
toi;". . tvu':. s";-n',. o . t)o'|'. h'o|lh l'a' erl kna|t ti tanattt'$s tan4'
'ir.. p ,i"., "or't,.'';ttn
j'. tatttltct' sl' n"n.rm'rrbil"
'loitr'r
rui onnprc
,t,itr't".'" dp.inlurHr.i.-.on"lruiF',r,'i'cularul.
g) 1ot .i.i.in' ,rl rinra i n!tu lP 'l antin nt . tiri' oroi "t turt
Etr.ol0. rsia.Engldd. Iloliand: Boslon'N'q'Tork;
['larc]i, Jtrne. eic
t,) | d :'
-.t. 'pir,l
rrdJu""rrla 'r, Ltri- ta rr
" 'u
n
"tr
stii6 si ' ir"um-
sp" ''.,a"' '",".i"i
numororsp, zurilp rr rJr" llutaldl dr"r:rrbr rom;';.sp
,l're rraJ'r.
'r
,rr ..i' gulor in limb. anpla; .""4
'/
il dFrt''Fa/; pe rrn rrndu
.;tor nea.iznt. P€ntiu a so da numai citel'a €r'€mple:
inslltc - abuse
sfatlri a.Li4
alaceri - butrncs
aplauze -- aPPtdure
musaiiri ' .'mran1|
(o' i. 01.b- ,ltlP ""
t-,,r, ":rii
no", ^- 1,
iniormatii - infotmdti'nl
inloF,alii se*ctc - intaUilenu
.unoitint'" despfc -k'ot k:dge of
stire friri
ljeacuri. litust'r
rrogrcle - Ptust"s
-- bbih
crmli(ri'"uri -sLalPitl
.hele ldughter, Iit.
Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lr€crent in traduceri, slnt
inad.rnisibilc:
{b,s.s. adripi. ittl ,r,s'r, ir1,rii,{tion.. knorle{lg.s p.o3'ess'r. lLomerorks.slollingJ, eic
I}
s35
s3$
Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrilein altul S 3E
tNl
sg.tL Pl
r" olr'r.lttlt to ti!tr .au ilitmdtiF
ab.!rddI 1,oi rcr. indiln',111
d ,.aur1J: o fruntr'scte (.oncrctl
Rodrnian PeasantFotner olten arr
: f/i'.J o comranie, o so.ictate
com,rcialil (con..cL. 0ole.l.iv
: on.nt e (cotelnill (concrei);
a miscrau! 2i..1 .l humdnnY: o
bialir eparl unian'i
d.d fun;,t,i€r : Etiinl,€lcumanisiice
tNl
nr."r,dily : nbsd.dil.rl!
.omld,, : turdr,tie ..rnl,ni..
50rietdtP {a|t.dulli n,usarrrL
I hear r:ou h{d .ampan! yc.'
pl.
pl.
l;
!l
r PentN subsiantrvele
: vezi S t 1t.
abst.aclc. irditidtalc .ole, iisc lczi ! 10, l:1, 14
20. tli
tNN]
Mdi, il,,lclrrilir'. lflf ionr.l
lt M, bt.nd'rtst lI ntlb lh(e rl lttl
iNl
d
'rdio
{sctlr -r1rn
i.onofe1.indiridr.ll
tlrrv i neF racro.
(: Tutn on (aff, io(n. rr) th.
HarP ,j.n sot the t'1ktt tlP.s
aroorn-o catle.i
hon.rt. indivnluall
!39
r .,, . sl.rll L. rr Ll{ ir r'i. dL
srr.(fdr / /1". tuaF lat lie h't"
''n,, rt t -dp' i: l'. in Jn'lli
.,ri r , r, J n'/,9' N'fl .n|!l tta
,inrrn.'r = n'rrn I lo,rrfl rrr prci'rIF
t].t,i!ion liit ?'t'Ili:!il labr' 1zl11l
rj isi .'htr., L;l
ll l'ut t rn ktP"t ra, tt ('!
Jl,nll l. ,'/ h ! 1-I n't iniPht
L)itllal s.. ln' tenni.snuchot tPt'rEL'n
{;
r.ieoisn,r fs.rlr : apdr.1(1"TV i!on"ei,
ili,'ll{'ll ,r" reresion,onisiir?ru'
o,i (oll. do$r, ull ,r lel.luion
1" il,,r"ii*: "
Iniilri(on'rPt,indiri
lpl ,arrl6- tnrli
do iubstarttilc
PI9!'l-
..n.,frl. alrslr'actE
indiridrale .ol.cii!e
ll
I
:
.-....1l
CateBorii
,-
-
'
'ndiridu.ne
,iole.t'!e nuN n.
tl
s.10
s41
tII. {iBUL SUBSTrtTIYriLOR
lTRODl-j(lliRE
l, DpIi'li!io. 5 ',u"'-'l-
c4i lG nJ rl ir' :r" r"' t,"
,''
p":li'l
l;:li;,ll::;'l;::ll.'.i'-ii,i:"'",1
j1";:i'Ll'ili','lii "1.""'"'
2) {icnu le in grflmrtica englezd' Gramaticneiglezit aro patru gc.urr:
niascutin,ferninin, romu!L qr rtelrtru
,.,,"i...:;'1"1,,:'';;,,'^::.:':.i:i,i:,-:". ';;,i ,r'.1,n.':l:ji,l:i
ij,;'j;:,;ilt';"litJ",.";::i'l'"li:':r :iir,:l/. i:. r;l
*;,i:.'"":
,;i.;j"i'i,,,;l';l;iJ;1,, I :,-;
""
ll',;i^",t:""*'i"l" j'11''"'';'
dprr,l r-l'. '-tI t h lt dn:lrhtot
21. a/ Substantiyelr de len masculin (llasculir,r: Gnner) numelc fiinle de S 43
r.rla. Iandlord
lrfro
,/ Substnntiv.le ilp !4 fcminin (frni in. GPNler) nume"*ctiinte de $ J1
../
-<ubllnntir€le
,:1e!.n (onun (Catnnon Gender) au o singuri for n $ 45
trrrrlrtr nnbtlo serie:
Ntrcss laDdhdr" Ia.
gi h.ro'n.
..nsii cl,ild t!ac!!ef
triPd'! puPri I upil
'.1./
Srlrttdrti!.lc de:tn n tru ()tut$ &ntlcr) numescohiecLen€insu .s46
fl-rii. jo,r flinrp.'l ?tor
'"
.,I pcl"
"pF.irr.ol
oti r,r inl"rFj"a71l
book lrde
s!.'xg
lrr lirolr eneGzd[oderniLsenul Eramaticalestcrdlulal. cu alie cuvinte $ 47
et r.trp.ruI. t.,rlir-" li: tlor1n!61-,.,trgorii l,;ulo-i,p dupJ.p ,,r unFlP
or.€p1ii care. tccn.i prir {bal€rea lor de la regulii. atrag ateniia asuprapre-
zelrt;i un€i interprctnri sdrtilo. scmnificati!€. in intenria vo.biton ui (ceea
re elrcl.rii r., r,., ur.ra,. t. ,p. pru,FlFU :'at: 'le obi.,; ,iLitotului
np.,i/J. '.,tr rl run i'l"r', J .rn,pld ."1,i" l" ls o r.clrli obilnuitn
0'""it;snl
*'ill
",t*t
see{p,imnprin nijloacel,ri.dl€ saulranaticale.
LPrin ,,hnba erglezi nrodcmiL"se inlcltge linla enlrl€zade la anul 1500pitri azr'
:
-pa.iiD dcLi genrlui .onnm.
FJPRESI.{ GEULUI
A. trPRgSL LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII
,rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi ! 49
Ii'|- .,u di.tir.i|l a,"rdrt" p"r',,r rFrir. .t.'p;i ,11c. in 'en.r. supu'P
unor u/.r,le i r-!Lli J. "rlolr3li- lrnro ol.rp.p-.rfl'..rlrlur,r d or rplFrl
la { .l U"
'"
rru cdluril. r'"nrioi,e . i,i i trP:i ur ii '' r;ilurr:i Pdirori.on-
cl ii .l'i"r. ;-".' .implili'At.
',u
r-'p,.
- "'l 7r roela indi'51rrle0minli'e
ii i. .. rc"o,i,r".l" . r'inilor:a l.
"'n""r",Ji '' l" 'pli - -rn l" o b" "rtc
side .
1l llasoulill si fomirlin. ln co trast cu limba romnnd. u de cele nlai
multe'subsl,antn'; au lonne diferite pcnlru a marcn dcosebifeade gen. tn
limba €rElezd majoriiatea substantivelor au o singuli formi atit pentrr.r
g"n rl r'..i"ulir'.. il :i ppnltu,.1 h-init ? u rpndinls,jlr^'o I i!Fl'r" in ldod-
i"a t"rrn.l"r d" me. ulin, prphrulF."lor le ,inine Toluir.rr ' zul LrnuiI'un r
reiat;' ;c de substan|ivi, Iemininul se dcosebe;t€de nasculin p n:
a, uo sulil adiugat la lorma de nasculin ru sau liri altl modilicare
l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite;
.t .onlnon"i"o cu un cuvint care indicn serul;
d, aite'nodali$fi de a se indica genul (gramaticale,prir contert etc)'
s48
23. Iria.. I
Iinga
lad
llrs
Lord + nune Proprn,3
Stu+ nune !.o!ril3
x9
liss. lI$ 5, lladad{e)
Lady + rume Poprn,s
Dame + nume Proprnrs
,,,.,,i';t"0,,,1*L;"i;,# J:9,T,,,i""'i"1i:t.ll".ll l ?:,l;l'i;#. iliil' j",;".;l
"'
o'":::i,Yir:':":"*)T'3iX :1i,"nobr,upnr'"/rl. o,r, . ,-an,n,,r,nrmhp
)i,",:ii";r;::,iii:,!rrt;:l;jr;i[:iri'Tl'u.{'i'"";rrrl':l''
",,,","u,qi#;o;;:"t;
on;i::,'i:[1";i";)':;,1.'Lii,;':;";:::.;i;2";}:^-i,::'
'd'J;i.iiil"'{i;is'l"l:r").do,,.",is"n'u'j 0brdia""in,, Lur.d"ry L":r'',r.
l.ebuieuimd'"ln|o'd;adn'''1"JnnIm"!toPti''^mi5un.nd.''|l],r
soLialAinl"|ioar1ao.bi|orU|'|''In.onlr4'''U||mba.om.na
:x,l;I'^x.:"il"l;;"iili'"g;"9::'1,"1".";i"':''iill"'i.i.,i"l'1
"
li,'i"b"l,?;'Lli
i[';ii3":j-I'?{iI;,il:l'iTiTi'i:':"""f;""i.ri"3,,,'i;;iii"';'llliM,'. Choi^i, er".
-" ; CriA-;i;t;,"," prorrrii.accstesubstaniiv€aLriniliale majlscule: Pdpd, Mnnmd'
'-'',"!:';"):;" ol'"i,i.l';"""",.,i ",i d.oori,",p,r'r,/d,r'nso,i,bndn,nr
*t-[i"1{"',"'r"r:'r:i:!ii"";:'t:'i;t::',::f';: ",:,i# ;n';
lij#i"Tl,l,1l;"i;"lll:iF':i.f;:,?;"';:i"j:1"'#,1'1,,,)l;?;,':.i.'-1ii;,1?,i'ii
i.""11,S,l?t,*[l'1"ili,-b:t:y:rrit;.;,',*.,,;i, ;;,r1,]"r".;r^:,i"ilbFilUmd'.inn,'1pdpldm1|ip(naiobi'n'||nn:|d!nr|''|'n'.
indicetreaDard.|n|im|ld|.]'1lioda|i,nsJd.nLn"pd.|Jm'|tsnn9..j
Olr'rkr. mai d-s 5;" Louptu", n'.iodrlr
(ir Olii"'. Solii lu p l. t/dy ro14,ntoodla
I edv dlivie!. Ldlu $rp or"liiJ r' ld p r ime-e (' r 5du rrl n'rF"
urui raror,r
"ou
7n;4i",.'./i li Lo'd 1 1t jn
il;#dfli'["flflH,i]':.';*ik"'r"r::i:"",'ri,.r+#',ij:it;ii;.ii",deordlc cu o.h.I totd,' o[ th' B'itt h Lrpi ) n r"t marln'r]rad
s63
s64
24. $56
{56
30
Mdsculin
Gen comun
IillJ
m.,rc.ltpri.ntr)tn cdfint cdfe Lnd;cd se$ul
rnd.groorr
bo)''lsa u n'anl run
;:",-';*:rr,x;1"i:,-ilr-"riil;i;;i,;{.1i,
r;;,.
.,,,l'i'ii'l:
itiiifri;i"",r
ii''i#Ii['i'1'i'*
,11;'1,,;1,',,"1',:1,i,';',":i,illt,:;;;;,:;
, f i, 1i;"0-
i
,,:l-":;: ,'l; u,n,,ir
lin lrit IrrLFrl.r' ri,i i ''l lrl
.) G.nut
FcmLnin
gifl siud.ni
shopgirl
25. llasc lin
bull calf
buUdog
]re bi.d
billy-goat
Fcminin
Animale
Inll biich
Gencomun
rilisleornc/pl )
shopkce!$l ai rarl
nsiro.rut. splce i.lrveller
d.c
3!
d.) Alte nodalttdli d,eind.icarea genalui t(mtunr
Odat5 cu emancipareafemeilor qi cu lncadrarea lor pe scari lot nrai
largd ln diferitele sectoareale vietii €cononioeti socialerezeryatepiri relatir
recentbdrbatilor. nxmeroasenume de profesii.funclii sau demnitdli, precum
ti mulie substaniile care 6ratd apartenenla]a o orgflnizaliepoliticn, sociald,
sportivE etc.. au inceput,sAfie folosiie !i la f€minin. de cele mai multe o
tntr o formi identicd cu aceeaa masculinului. ali,eoricu anumite modiliciri.
ca, de pilda, adeugareauDui sufi! sau a unui culint (fcmale,girl,ladE, naiLl.
aoman) care se indice sexul:
Aicountant. clerk.d.octor,(bus .)drieer.engiteer.farmer. mechanic,player,
secretar!,teacher,sritet, authorlpaet, lead.er,M.P. (Llenber af Parlianent),
prime Minister, captain. Lajor,sergeancomnunist, socialis!,acc. .hantian
elc. sint denumiri adoptate fltlt de bdrbati, cit !i de femei.
Ambassadrcss,ltuthores atialrh sau arialr?ss. cond)tctress,d,octrest,
ed;tress,inspectorcss,mayorcssjpoctess,girl studefi, girl tgp4t, Iadll cashier,
laiLA san teomandoctar, Ladg report$, Lady tApist-seffetarA,femaLeeditor,
female san watnan naaeList,eaman artist. aoman aeiator, wom&n cLerk,
eoman councillar. wonan ruslonler, waman jodrnalisl, eaman Membcr of
Parliament, aoman eriter etc. slnt substantive de genul femjnin, dar rar in-
tr€buinlate ln englezaactuali-
s57
s58
s 61)
26. ,2
Pentru desemnareagenutui len1irii Ia numele dc prof€sii etc., subsian_
tivele de genfeminin com-pus€din doudcuvinte scriseseparat..caln-paragrafrrl
precedent, fdrd cratine, sint inlocuite in mod cureni prin substantivele
de ren ma"tulin corFsDUnrbrosra- mri preris spus d" gen .omun -
taF rdiugar"r cuvint,rlui.Jrc in.li"a epnul hmirin ,^c*la est" adiugsl,
num&i aiunci cind nu se inlelega din contet .; esie vorba d€spreo lemere:
5 60 Gemrl teminin indicat prin pronume:
irP | : .,-,i aD:.t, ' 1"r -. t
_ll.'eJn , ir..Snr r--i'. 1..'-i1,. m d'{ ".ibl uP)-
Ctnit gennl feninh reies..din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd genul este
TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaDdactar'a gil tllpist, elc
t tt s;'l ['iP4J r" rJ nj'"
In AnElja existi obiceiul ca prirna sc.isorre trirnisa de o f"meic une
I'r'n.,rp n-biunosnu. ." aibn m;nlion0 jn prrsnleze. dupi sFmndtu16.
rursssau llrr"s,spre eernplL: ,.7.G. Patker (Miss)' Ilditar", o practicx foarte
utila DcntruFIiiara- -r^;ilnr u cdrp.rrpa1..punsului,rn "pe iel rn rozurile
1n "siF 1'n1r.i', re ind,'"rd prinrF,,' .ub.l;nrir J^ "n .run "'
d''ol.
cd.itu, la$!.r, Iibrarian elc.
5 61 2) Gcnul substantiYelorcsrc iBalici nalionalitoteasRuprovcnienlaregio-
-
nali. - Substantivele compuse cu termina,tia- man! lorlneazii femininul
prin adnugareacuvintului wrman sau girl.'
Toate c€lelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta
regionalda unei persoaneau o singur{ forme penhr ambelegenufi ,siapa4in
aladar gcuurur comun:
lllascnlin
an Dngiish''a'/4 isatr snt.)
a Duich (,ord' (satr s,rl./
lias)0
Eriton
Dritisher
Bulgar cantahigians
Uneori. p€ntru a se e)tprima in rnod specialgenul feminin. dacl aceste
nu reiesedrn contert, se adaugi tromdn sargil 18.adjectivul corespunziiior:
r Pom iar l/rronr" san gtrl
r .lipaiese/@,r,i san gtfll
I a SpanishfaDmaD sau sif,
1a Tdrkish fs,ona, sau st.l,
I G.P.: Cctoat Ptactiti.ner I ntrdni care p.aotioil medicina geteralil.
'nLfpliil, sint acrlpati cd ld S i0b
I Esn, lFlprat art!Jlmente t urnt'rlri I i,ri
a D,",oDtaz: din Der.nsnife.
"faa@tr;e;on - dp la Lan,l,r,tgr rrr,rb;":o i1 t..|in,.
6Or.nior -. d" tj nh",1 od,r"4. r. 11 t., LJI
27. B:I
3) Ccnul comu . - liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun: S 62
, 'l'rll , ook lrnjrr
etistr, (Iclist orphan socialisl,
artistel eDemy pcsidcni slcakr.
rilerk gucst pupil traleller
.odrnunGi. lcotuler render lypisl:
.odsh mol.orisl .clalivc ris'lo.
(Vezi fi $ a:-19. 6ll
Notd
Unele subslaDlive de gen masoulin sau feminin pot fi intrebuirlate ea
sJL.lanlived" gcn,nrnun da"5 din .onLer .p In'"lFgF,l1r.r ".
p rorbr dp
un -ubqtrntr .1"gen, nn,unSi nu dc unul '.lo ulin
-r,r
h-,ini'r. Din r"ar. i
catrgoh€ fac parte:
pis duck
lor goose,etc,
B. XXITiXSIA GRAIIATIC-ILi A GXNTIUI
l) E{presia grarnaticalia genuluiconsti din:
,./ to.ibrli.sl-d ir'l^ ,ri'ii .ubstantivulLi1'rirrp'onurr"l l.-,nr'dl cor".-
l, r'
-1.r.
lr nFr.osrs"
:: d .i drldr. rrds ulrr .du lFt]rnir:
TIrc do.rof Las come. but s/,e is ht..
]Iy.o,it/ is out: ,. i€ii u, hour rso.
,) acoldul substantirului cu adjectivul posesiv respectiv sau posibili
t.ti tnlocuirii lui prin pronumele pos€sivcorcspuiziior. la le|Soara a :l a
:irqular. masculin sau feminin:
u'$ :r'onr.rtld w.dins ,ts red tie?
'Uie s/;rel had done l./ iesL lo. thc w.ll Enzetle.
'fh. @.&cr took hoDN lhc pap.N l,hat $c.D niJ.
(li!. r.rd.tuf l,hes. notes: Uify re l4-s.
The.d, is caling oui or that boirl n-"canseit is rts own.
c.) acordul cu pronumelerellexiv sau cu pronumelcdc irtiirirc respectiv,
h persoiinaa 3 a sirgular, masculin sau femrmn:
vpr, u.ou,l ,, h:n+lf | ,l i: | -r. I rJis,d by .h , o .
'':.r'a.;.0
"ppmb';
b. .,joring n,;4/nn hq'..".
Thf led,f./ $as a so..o lan 1: l$ionai d. lolrall ntns.Jf and .nplaincd
the collesc tcam.
I was lokl the laael had d.signcd l,Lc.osl,rmcs narll.
2) Crtzuri specitLlc
,/ :uh. dnriFlebaL,J.infort $i .7/ird,,;nJ r'-.J Jrn un,.i rn."1rx:r.i
.. t.rl n r.-J sr-L dF obi.Fin-u r". m€i al-s ir li'rbr orbil..:
t t' , .h brb! .romis 'or: i i5 ,rJ:r3.
Calltlul, clitd andsiveit ts hrnch.
"lhis liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a gaodIrfft ol trs sdralllilc; oltcn I could
sel i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't.
"x{v mother dandlcd ae and sms,
'll;w roung i, is, how young'."' -
r dttisl a: artiste slnt sulstantive de g€n comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til
.,". ,mei,"r,,: p.D ru iJrb.f : o{;.' Io:t J p. I.rgd Inl..t..ur 9.. r.t dF..ffrrsf.,
'r. ,-, di.,.,o1 ldlFrlal',,.r"m r ahDldl- s,"r,u gusl uli..l ,'., , " r,"par,.t:i
o.,,,pi lorira. unpori..rLlp'oi...".ulpo"irJ . d-.h[o: l' I
' I.i , ,,,i .r tr.I_. ..dn rpald'. ..d,n"
'lor".
. 1 ,".'F
',4 rro .",. o"i" a l
*,unlsr uLre dr r.!rcz4 tdjii o, t,,bl,
rll Train. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut's L.ttt.
I :.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r Qtt.:.t.
j - Granatis limul engreze
ss3
s$4
!6;
s66
s67
28. s68
$69
34 ir
^d€seori
insnr.estesubsl.antile sirt considcratemascutinesautcmnrine.
In funclic de serul copiilorr.spectivi:
I garc hly h.r njlll: ..n. 6 irngrv.
'1hat d'ild lL{sr'Lral.n /.ts loridgci fu Nill he &,oldrd aglin.
D_/PronurnLtr: ne;; s/rcindicii in general diferenla de Fex. Une.rri inlo(uieso
tnsd nculrul, ra in cazul pronumelor nehotdrile:
Il ]on aslta,rrdy iD lhrt sti! t. ne Njll shoiyIou $h.rc st,etiv.s. rftt. S 114d1
.J S,11,.,,rtiplp.r'.
'1, -rnp-.
arimulc tin, tu.r, p-.rri. pnc i ci in.p. rr)
rinl '-rp .l, spnprr"r.a/r'..l,r,r,t'rn'i,
',Js"ul
r;.n..1i:'.r-.un,ff'r':
Thc rrll hid liurl t/s lis.
;.,//' Nas scnrlnrqout ts r.nrnrthatri coclia doodle,doo.
Se atrihuic inBir adeseori arestor subsi,antivo gcnul mascutin, indiferent
lool I ii t, -t
.. nt /." aJ t,fl.t r' ,r,r. t,"ous t. | ,..
i,.,el1i,,i,liir,,""in h LUd".:u,t,,... on,.ri..Lr ..1'
Th. r.ii.l.d rhr storl Nas "The Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn!.tf'.|-
,nioriiele. in spFcial{ich domestjce.sint insI desemrareti pril] t)roDulnc
de g. nl c,)respunzntorsoruluj lor. rnai alcs atulr.i cind ti sc n,er;rit,Drnzd
nuniele sau cind inlff,i con.qidcrrntcde ordin aiectir:
Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJsla,l leit l trail.
'ilf.! ir. loolihg ai a icr inll ,./ chidons.
'l l r: , , ., -,r
',r.
t.l".
I l,irnii scrii nrI d.! lor !onif lid i $lrr is lie Ii,liig?
S..rif "
,c.l rrrl . i.'r, In F"^:.ra.r ',n, u:1.r',l. rr
la lL 'r,
, r, tsstxrJ,u rrlilr,u ;:
ratl,... "l)o ron tLink n /..1s,"
C|i1d. ".11. I liip io ll,iDk r. no,i..s"
Cind ur arinlal €ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau
sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite
de sex. substanrivelc caie desemneaznan;nale narj sau puternice /rridr.
.]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do!, donket|, horse. pig etc.), [i citova in af;r, de
a|csLea (cdnortl, flu etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.lecare desennc{zii
animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr. rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]episii . tarr"rl erc., ins.cte
€1c,.)sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor:
Tlic drnli.",oNtrllirfd to lir naster ol th. trfal cnt rrchad recei*d.
Tlif,n rre lirrg ld lila.l nr slamc.
''Ilrt the ,{rr.D sii,Linslonelr otr l|ai rlacid busl,sookeorlr
Tli.l o,,ewonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?
/l -q.ltoperso li(iri. - In stilul poeticsauretorio,un numir marede
substantive-- nrrrnede objecieDeanimatesall de abstraclii.consideratein
m'd nhi.nlril /,,h i:, p1 r',r/a {nul na:" 4n
"a,r /,r?;,;, din li -bi
cnclr/a p, hp ,,tun": , rrr.l rrnliunil- rFspp.tip .rnt tor.orili"d -
Sint. in genere, masculire substantivele care denumesc: ?ariunile intense
,:i acliunile oiolenLc:
anger,rul, lcar. terror,1o.. ,lirorl. deslair;.rjmc, rnddc., $ar. ct.:
s70
$?1
'll. Iii|li.g. Jr."r v .l;or;,.i.
z l.:.. I'or. t he l|at.h.
29. denente (ale naturii)j fenancnele naturalc .i a.specteleaLinnaturii imPre-
stnilnte, pnturnlcc eLc.:
storo, thund.r. wirdr snn, mounlain. ocenn, river. sfreimi summer,anhrmnj
*n,tcr, iime. drl, sleet, ileaUr.tl,c grave (- moa.l.cal,etc.:
tr !,111113i:
d{nger, las'. etc.
ru,r.le dc flnlii, rirri:
lr,c Danubc,thc Thanrcs,the Iihirc, cl,
i i.te de mrnti :
]ltn Neris, the Cheviots, Scai!]l, Skiddas,, cl..;
Sint fcmininc substantirele care sugereazi o &raLtnittit:ai frmini. d s^n
,,r rnracter m|n.bLind,dr ce,a/er,arsrprcrum ti cclc care .ntlicn fertiLitate.L:
illi'ite sentitnenteei insusiri:
', io". r'o .on.I r'I |o l, n,,nl |, . .1,.' Lrt| Lum'l.tr
o.l".. mpt.u,.uh .Jrh .up., ju5rh. .r..... "i.t .;,.i,
", ,,.t,,, "...
r.:(1e triLedluridc cdructer atire $. consecinlelelor:
urlition, ir.rice, enrX.lolly. j'ialous"1',lfidc, r.0ngc. Lr.ason.ranilr, !ice, el..i
Atftft obiecteL,fenomeelefi aspectel.ed.in naturil.:
''"||''noon'n'|dI''5"'.o||d:''|..p|:'g'
rit.r:r nume de abstraclii:
",.er. r. etorn ry. er|p"i"r
'.
r^m4. .nr'u-. Ib,{'J. n....5i v. p' a-.. f."1r.
p,n"p,.i y, lrulh. vi, o".. .n ."irn.,.
nunlc comune4i proprli terinrial-ad.ministratioe(numelede tnri. provincii.
tiiuturi. localiti,ti etc.);
.otrDtry. 1and.fathe and. nor.herland.etc.
llre SocialjstRepublicol Rotnania,G.eaLtsrildn. the Soviet Lrnion, !'raice, 4to.
Scotlind. Delon, Lanci6hire, cte.
Rooliarest,London, Mosoow,etc.
O situatieaDarteo uunumclcilctiri:
d'-l p ;ite iin punct de vedere'geografic,ace"qtcasinl de genn.xiru:
Crer r'iratn isanisland.th capitalisLondon.lD 1!61,i, liad51,40t.023inhabitants.
d'l privitc din punctul de vedere al wielii care le animn poliiici,
ermonic{, literari, muzicali etc. mai ales inpliclnd Ei lcgrituri rfective,
nunele de.tnri sint adeseal'e,,tntz€:
71". Sa:.li t n"ptbl( al F nnn:n hd '.riJ.rb'd", oppl /,.Indp.
/ d,.ar,{.- n-5 ;ot o ,lv moultn:n.: sL? l,{' :11.,.-
Ione $as ih€n in the days ot ler 8lory.
d'"_./in limbaj spo.tir', eohipelecareiau parte lfl o competirie internalio-
nali poarti numeleldrii pe care o reprezinti, nume care, tn gramatici. este
consideraica substantiv peffonal colectiv, acordal c thelj, their |i eho:
nopon:o n'l /n,i" lrJ Jl $innins lrp D,d:, Crp.
t;] at Btitr.^ ,' .rorp lo $inning hd 4 orld ChJnpio r :p .
d"") numeletlrii estedat,ti sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai
ffl)e (veziShakespea.e,picseleisto ce, 'King Lear", etc.),precum ;i nurnele
de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajelerespectiv€:
o,-t.o.rr-., ".sl,
'"
-e-el" ll,nr'".,1 .
-r '.n.'
.t n "t.o"toll, A'.a.
lltr J 1." l'.t1,.,. t-..i.,..11. 1, L,ral n ,, ,.rt. .t tttonJ e ..
t-iI..
l.r'sOnslc"irt"Iilnsl-c{f".dar.a'sr{fDilif,,lLLiiiorilitiro|js.jnir.
!73
$8r
s7r
$7
s75
s?6
s78
s79
s8{)
30. s83
$8r
!a 'i.1
Ssr:
86M
N,rm^1. ilF /r;/,r"r,/,,/; .inl tol tpmininp:
Cambittge ULi'ersitlJ,Ox[ad] (jLire.sitlt, late UaieqsitlJ,.t
Numele dr.l.lrJ" qi ale tti;rlelor etc.
art, thiloso|hY. scicn.c, el0.
Denurnirile de
pare a Ii lnzesirat
noloare, st1niui, toI ce
,3. New-York. 19ri1.
t'eingornrd bj dr. FancJ se.jng i/ pvfl
r€rolrlont. Io'o,noLivc,!ff-
Neutre pentm majoritatea vorbitorilor, denumirile acestor obiecte sint
ad.spahrnininF.tn spF,isl pcrtrJ p.rsosnclc.ar.l. manipula€z;:i sint ata-are
srl nd;d{i l. I r l'ijn nrnnplsa-d e". Bi4. dtuk".
I a pr. "oro o. mv.. 'dn | | r1k,./., our "!"rv dJv.
{J p.";" .,a thp ttotb.
"h?,ottah"a
qn,t tarj a, i n th"n sl" s oDl] d.
1r.r i- hr Inalrir $i .o.r,o/o,," tl.r: sr- so.. sronr?
I s"j.d lh g,,.:.n. ia.n ou.. '^ nnJpl. -
_ Distinctia intre obiectclemasculineii celefeminine.a5acum a fo:t erpusi
lr a.acl pLnir. nI ,51. LAdpir,rtr..pp'lat6 ,JpLoli auror;irtip..rp dintr. ri
l.in.t Inu libcr ;msginrlrel.
ln rezumst, tot ce at'esau pare a aveao personalitate- {io un alinal. o
plJnl
'
."u .hi.r u l,i.ru ,dr" dpcimnatprln pronumel.ppf"^r"l n.., utin
..,r hr.;',in, dupr crz. Dir pu rir ,, fiinl4" lip.itn de nersonaLtaie c"oiii
mi' i. arrimalcle1i ,tiarp"r."in"t"rr,a,ur.. si-r dpspmnareprin pr,num"l.
personalneutnl it. cuiormele corcspunzitoarcir fi ;rsef, sar disprcluii,orltuit.
. _pJSul'btaliolo oolp.lire..drp dcsFmnpd?do plur0litaltd" .obi," o.
prirlF.a Jn rol si .urp ..,or',truip...u
"ij.;ularLl3.Jot tla gpnul n-Ltru:
'lhe .feQ nds obeyednr olliceN.
The fdnil!/ is praud ol tr membeF.
Thearltr. whichrns trlt ot ts usurl e,rthusiasm,
.rlrsscd ii unrcsorcdly-
(Pe^tn lturnl yezi S tt!)
IY. NU.}IANL'L SUBSIAI-TIWL OR
CONSIDERATIIGENERALE
Substantivclcpot,aveadoui numere:singularqi plural.
1) LInsnbstaniivestela sirgnlal (Singula;Nn ;be;) arunci cinddesem-
neaza un "qrngur oDreci:
bool w:rlcli )abl leaf
_",
tJru,'i
TJ,::?l'r "stera
pt tat(PlaratNunbet) atuncicinddesenneazd
loots Falcles babies l.ares
Nu au plural decltsubstantircIenumeiabile.
1aetur,lon?
tBtn.) aipl n" tAn ).2(1. tino, En"tL,lt C;on,nt. '),r($-orld
Jou liLc to ;auJ ,U,/.,,r. I;r'),
3'e7i !' 112a.
31. NUMANUL SUBST^NTITELOR 87
ln )imba cnglezd,in mult mai mare misuri decit in limba rolnini. nu S 89
erisi:1intotdeaunaun acordintre lorina substantilului si numdrul tui: cuvi te
cr: iormn de singularpot aveainleles dc plufnl invers, cuvirte cu lorme de
plural pot avea intelos dc singular.
PI,URALUL SUBSTANTIV]'I,OR S 90
1) Ileguli gcncra)i. - Pluralul substantivclor sc formeaznadduginduse $ 9l
-s la ring,rlar..csr spIrron,,nl.l"J dupi con.oanalasurdpr.i [z] dupi .Flc
Eonorprsau rlupAvocalelec€resc i,r{l:
cheque .|.qucs
8das. - garagcs
tsl bead --heads lzl
tsl chrir -.hairs lzl
Is rir.jle .iril|s lzl
tsl nccl hecls l,l
rillagc -village.s
jnds-o - juds.r
cinola cn'enm lzl
l21
tL1
tarcc -payees tri
2) Substantivetelcrminate in c mut preoedatde litcrclc c' (d)9, s sau z' S 9S
pro,,unlar.rFspari l.r. lr.. ldrl. ., vu fzl ptim,. "'H tlural l.,minrlid
-.s llltr lrlonrLnlofulrzl:
3) Substanl,iveleterni atil la singutarin lii.crete-s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $ 93
primesc ternjnalja -rs la plural:
bn*r fliintr -.hinl,z.s
claser iish lrshc
-- Io.r I'cach bea(,hA
- lillLzes mrtoh .. Datch,s
lez.zta s.ndi.| -saDdNichesa
nizz.s pincc{cz pi!.c+26
A se observapluraleleplasses(sg. plus) Fi rareori,llJscs Gg. bus) (i'eDit
din SU,).
Obscre&t,ie
Substantive.letumiDate in -ch pronunlat [k] sau hl6 urmeazn regu)a
generah erpusi la inccpuLul acestui caprtol:
ri..t' tkl r/ah. [].1 , ',',,r' 'r- - ',nufl'i t-t.l
parridnr, L - t'd ,idr.l'. ' k. i'nih l.Ll "on h l."
aDoch t-tl -cloflis L-ksl loc? l xl -lochs l'.sl
4) Substantii'ele terminatc in -y lrecedat de co'rsoani lomeazn pluralul
!n -ics3 astiel:
s94
s96
Adi . r, p) 6.n l.'. U, lhl, Ll. t . Ll ii 0 .
. J,i,,',i,,1 snnir.h bl tJ LE.LI-. Inl.Jn.'ul. a.r-.i[,]'.
iSubsldn':v'lll@ds"thrusl-leu! ihdu/.4 d" o I'r^nrnli sprfi'li I' pl "'r.
! li".r'.,/r."nl pron,nral.d:i or'
"arstd.t.
rn^ri r' cT ii t.ar'r'Il
'-imb,'l'il lt ri u1 .l 'l in l" rordn'. 1,,'.1rlulr . n"l " '. "o' I
?Dronuntat flr-'.
3icrminilia:i..-fonsle din s tuil (semnLLlpldralultri),lror.nil din ir.nsf.rf,a.ca
vocd0i Ii.ile :? si 'e Itocrl{ {lc l.giil!rl1l.
32. .L
!... | !; i: rrrm^1.r'n.trir :i t.,rril.,1" rorl'ira .ub.rrnrirarc.in mod
cu rnrur rce ronrr:
ou. l,$o L .1s thc l,vlvs slitrid D-s
rll il,r llcnf-{s llif Tlr.fs $hr-s
96 (ln irsn -)' e,{teprourlat de 1.ocalii.l.r t,lural se adaugi nunai un -s
pl|,oun!it lzl:
iroy r)o]s (liv d{Jr- kft lic.lJ
117 Substa l.ir(le teurin.ric ir -qu} nu (msliluie o e.eptie. dar tiind cX
.'r'rul rrt F/.r'r ' fri 1ir,r. /
"r t,r,,,l. J ,'l , a ".re o:,',,; ro.rl;
l l, oe.r ,.Ir'rr.'t cu
'.r
n'iIPrP:
colloqtrI - - ( olloqui/:- !ol lrtrr - solLloqfiis
-{ !e oLrscry.rsi fornrrlrrlf lhr.nl rll] rrrtrr:LtLirutuisubsta ri':
is! rlk,li pt I .lliti: s ir n r)1,r1i...1
lrl 5) lI i(,ritatreslbslfrticlor t.nrir.rte jn singularirr "f sau-f0 primesc
.t ]a t)lural:
.lr' ,:l i, a!
linr.ll.n lri ,l lrindkfr lrilfs tfu.i - Irroofs
itricr g..i ijtfl ililr,
rrLLlf nnritr srn, silcs
glrll grlls Ii ! ijl,,s
iLrQfl dnrrti- sirilc *striies
99 tlnclo substalrl.ivcld.ninatc in -t sau -Ie formorrarnir.i pluralui in -/es
Prcnuntat lrzl:
i,..I bf(?s3 clt -. L,ps
lPaL len'.r sr,[ s!tr?.s
slreNt srrerris slltl .hcl,.s
Lh'fi lhigrs lroli ol.cs
loaf - lo{r.r krile kni|cr
.rLI -- r!l.r tilt, - tn.er
lru - lulr'.s wil, - rir"s
100 un eazspecial:srill,iilr,(: nat,,ri n,,,artn).pt. .ri/i/-t'tr.
Citevasuhstantireau anrbelefolmt de pluial:
B8
s.rrrf s.rd.ls. srinr(.::
slafl - si{flJ. star.rr
llDf - Ioris lioorPi;
N'll{l - $liitrls. lthures.
l0l 6) r, Substnnt.ircl.termiratoin -o preccdairle consonnjtiornreaziDlu-
ralrl in fs cind sint cuvint€obisnuites:r, inrrodusede mai nutrn vremi tr
Iimba englezi:
r go
_
rdio r(,ho.r
lres, o lr.sl olr
lr.ro lrcroA
mosqIilo - inosqrilo/j
t "on nr,,jp. +.. .Fti
'
|.r rt lr. t,, ,,,2
"1.,.. i.,r t/../.,r. rr, ii lu,,/.,.,../,..,
numai.ci!{t niseadrii,.vitr irfirtrr ibii.r,, sna,.irl
.n^r''. .''l ,,
r vezi l. 14;
5 U,rrli,l /.r.,?J .slr .r,i
'rf. Lrl!,a.. rstr nnj tr,Ffi, (lrfit ,,rdrA
nfgro - negro.s
l{l.llf o polalo..s
loriilo tomal{rcr
lornado -torn{ilo?r
iofll d0 L.fpedo€s
rfto - rrlo.r
I: dii.Iil.'rcalii,',tide rarne de racl)
33. oa 89
,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul €ste rcgulat (adicn S 102
t€rminat in -s):
porioiolro lorlololios
.nbrro edbrJos radio -rrdios
iolio lolios secnario - s.en.rios
nnnoio lunoios shtdio sl,rdios
Iamboo -}amboo.. Hindoo Hindoos
cx(ntoo - 0L,clioos Lang&oo ltangaroor
c, Dintre substantivele terminate in -o prov€nile relaliv recent din lim- g 103
bile sirnine (tn special din linba italiann). un€lc capii,i -s la plural dacd stnt
mai pulin frecvente sau daci au o sonoriLal,cprea sirdin6:
albino allinos
cnsino -.asinor
.h.ono .hrodos
dJnanio dXrrno.s
rugnfto - magnetos
photo lhoios
prrno p'{nos
qrarlo -rNnrtos
d) ,ll.e substantil.estrnine iefminfltc in -r) au ambeleforme de plural, ! 104
fapi car€dovedeDtee; sjnt pe ealc(lo a li asjmilatede limba eurenti:
b.njo -barjor, banjoer l.s$ -l.sso.", lrssoes
iJrad: }|aor, hraroes Danilcno manireslos, minireslo,s
.alico .alioos. 0llico.s daronto ncmcnhs. mencnlocs
(ontralto - rorl.ralLo.(,*n|ralLt nrollo - xiottos. nroLtods
orino3 -dminos. do!,nh8 torli.d torti0os, portico.s
i.a .n;o I nineo lr, .r'so." !roi.o t! ."'r. trovr'o,s
1..."o - fr"., o" Ir". o, olo
,,h"'o _jh.||,,.. t "|lo..
.,,tr LU -..opr.,no. .op"dt
grolro -grottds. gtullo.r stiletto - stjlcttos, stilcttoes
halo -halor, lralo.s lola.ro lo!a(os, Lobir(,oc.{
ln timba contemporani. substantivelesirnire terminalc i -o la s;ngular
tind s,, iib., li pl,r'.'l rmb.lp r"rmindrii.
e) ,brcl ialiilc terminate tn -o primescla plural sufixui s sau 's (vezi ! 105
s 184).
7) Suhsiantiveleterninate in -th prim€sc -.t la plural. S 106
Tcrminntia {}s sepronun,tn[0s]:
d, Ctndesteprecedatdde o rorale scurti saude o consoanii,indusir.r:
breruri, deatni,nout, sn,iLhr,births,he.rthi, hcnlths,siaurr,nroDtlrs
,, in cuvintele:
lcaLhs, faii}s, !+owths, sloths
c, In celelaltecazuri l,ls se
bath tborol
j',uil' ai',.0I
pronunldIdz]:
- Iatl,s lbo,dzl
- nouths t atrb4
- ti{lhs fpo:ozl
Ioul.Is ljr:0zl
Orlograliat li tyfo.
'/tus
./on,m (trrsoaDi. I'aina
l: nwtit,or. rovi(l
34. | 107 8) Plurdle rcregulirte. Urmdtoarele subslantive fornreaze pluralul
prin s"himbareavo";lci t tlutotrcnPI.rrttk):
lo,l -let morac: - mnie
1,,1,h -i€€th lozse -troe
g,0se - ge€st
Trei subslantive primcso termrltdlin '€n:
child- childre, brothe.- btthr,n- {! 14s)
(Penl.rDsubstnrlivclccotrluse ctr acfsle iuvniic, !€zi S16! 1tt)
40
Unel. substantive au insd amb€l€ pronunleri:
. I tl
-81
lrrutl'.lrJ0sl
I Ilrrc:01 broll,s Ibrrdzl,tbrr:osl
I tkl.Ol olollN [kl.0t (: Ie]urideslola,Irlluil sau alLemdle.iale)
1 .,,
"
. ll .1/l bu il, J" JniJ pln/r s ru rl mJtpridh)
[ -, ]uLh,sr LLlu',i4 (: ll'intsl
r,.0r - drll'" [.u lJ/l
lrlh lo:01 ldll's rlo:G, lo:1/l
"d
L o..oi oJ'l'- o,0"-
',J
l
Jredh ,f.:oi -.l,i lf li:0.1, ti.')/l
[ir,.oj rn, 0.. r J/]
rPdrl' iri 0r tr J lF r'i:0-. "i:n/
s r08
s 109
9) I'lurals cu acecrfi lormi tn li sirguhrelo respettire:
Unele substantive di limba ntglezi au aceeali lorma utiL la singular,
cit ti la plural. Din aceasl.iLategonciac lartc:
o, ' rl,d d, un.rrr !1. drr,/r' d l6l);
l/ sub.lbnliv.l" o/r'l - 0'u :'r 1 ',i 1or"7 "
,./ |a, iLhsld'Iiv"rn I s:s,./ l.t s sLlpt[; isc''a
dr ur,pl, .ub.rarrir"
'1'-
J.nu,er. urilrii ,l . mJsurS. ca
fothon,taot,patthl.cton.,rrrr"orir:r,r',i/or.;-r,dr". I'plufal aldturiJ" lorma
ia -s.aL,si
"
i"rm
'
dn plurJl, nl,' it rJ'',.i., (u
",,
pau siagularului.it spp,ial
tn limbai'orbitn, cilrd sint umatc de un nuneral ce ildice subdiviziunilesau
de un adjeciiv:
Thewil.e. sas tci f.t, ls{n faat) ttitter'
'fhe rikc Nas LPti latlon(s) n..p.
'fh€ d.ptll ol l.Ie $atu wrs lour /nr','ns
Itc is si' Io,l tdll
ll'r ol lPoaot t r '''i I'llll'r/ oI
DJ,u, pJv ldr-i ;r
"iJ
rr' o t.,"d'.' itt. l"r':
h" luinl ..l.:lr'J F,,. t/ ) ".n",
(rl l
'r
' o l ' l" l or'..' J '.o '/tli
(i,i i,i 5 l.lB9i
Subsiantivul rl.Jn.s.cind des€mlreazdunitatca denisuri' esleinvadabil!
sl,cweisl'stcn!tr'?: s[o hasrrt on wcight.
Tric! b;rlghl l.*o r/dre oi ilour lot lhc .anteen.
',/ ,, rca d o.:-i'r" sirrcu
'r
ld.,/" ' 'F d f i n'"l"rl a 5lo' ioue
fortu.rl .",r;..j .
'
r,m.' .,"','lo'. d L l'r'rr"l,/r'r' l,'ri' Srnsrltr lruoa-
na, ndrar.plrd'lL ,r
-1.'r.l
iItin D r. ta ndiriJ'r" " ' Ll 'u !l.r'lul ui"u'
t d.rn&usa. trl. dtnLkt
'P 'r.,lctaL r, Ito^t..Ilii n /
a_rt,". r,..r, r,;i" ,nr .1, .'u,"n'r'u plr"' lu i'.: 'o'', i.i'u rlul
a.l |.',,]la-1,,,,l.l"l,sr;l I il' rr' 'ar'-or ' lr''nL "lr' Ptu."t.? "a
L', 1'
'
d' rr' : r'unr''
'r'
l"nii l li r l'l a r' i'1
oo, l'r n L P r,lar 't- oJr' | - / 4.' rt: L; li lr'rP.
35. 4l
?,, Substantiv€lnfoat, lrcrse,sail au la plural forma de singular cjnrt in S 110
seamnn,,infanteri,sti''Jr€spcotiv ,cavalcrjrsti:!,,,na.i,c,i,cu sens(otectiv:
Two llionsand /oot n?z o. thc ru.
Th.cc hurd.ed /me.on. 10 th| r.s.i.
Twcnt.j- sdil /,ar., ,ro, lhc bai.Ue.
f) Cruft, aicraft, sedcraft.space-taft etc. au plural cot€et;v cu aceeasi q l1l
formd ca aceeaa siDgularului,dar ou verbul lft plurat:
! r.,lIJr, ,l, o -.,-.t i'trral rlr'liantr'or$1.Ipr,j.
'lha,rrlk w1, i. o'ol.i.,r a, pt) al.tl 1i,:dr.
t0) Pluralul ti substantireleeolectirc.
ol s'rbs'rntirelp .ol..ri!a s I tn gFn.'e (vezi$ t,1,o .ineLrra torrrru
-Fc
d..ir'-ul-r si
'lpq"n,..a/duplurctirHtede.hip.rFrd.n'i., t,r:irp,.0 un
1ot- I "-ilolrF F e.mol rpor'in r,".t-r ..,t.Aorir. ,,r n,utt m;i ,,umcroasd
lD limba enslezddccit in li'oba rnhini:
$ r12
n.my
a$emlh , rotrd otlsprinAr
,1.:r j,,mily l*ri)l
g'nFrnmFrtrtrno.
.onmittce juri iesinr€Dl
.omlany pu ic Loop
llignt6
^. ,Substanrrrele.,lp.rf"i sus arj tntalps d.,ingut,r s"rr J" pt,rr"tdup.i ,r2,0.
Lrn4
'rFnumpc..olp.
rr alpa.o .rdprJli
'd
un intr,E. sint ,ubitsntif" indi
riduale qi se construj€sc cu singalaral:
Tle.ldss oar laken nv a vfrr aue teronf.
Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc.
llis /n,ri1, s,as sma1l.
ll "
,,'-:r ," n^$ b i, . rdr. d .1 .'l .o" . ,,., .otl r,p f.,n,,.
'I hc lruf( JnD{dlsto d lirse ,!r;i..
Tr( tra,hing sra//,,as tagi.
. Cin,l lp FhrJ lnq, l" m"mbrir ..nfon-n1i 1i "otF" i!it"lii. sub.r ,r.tiJit€
cole.lra sp .onstr,rics, Lu p/rfalrl:
N.,rlJ ,ll rr"./,.r ,'p"" !i"1 rool r"r't...
hovP
' .F o dn .nd"bl.'.liI. .
Hi" lannlt ,krc all dsl.cl, n lhrr lcds.
Tl,rsr rn,lrl, n.! !rrv lin..
th t;bt"a" rs.r.,,/ rqrr.-t ,l tok,r ,,ii lJr rr1.s_
'Il'4 ril hin ' -,.,// u.' itt , !,,' J to Ir
'ru
l.y ,ru,t,ti ,,.
I russ : poDoll.
_.- "1::i,l:.-"'t-l"!! t.i,,,"dr -i i|l,s,i..n{.t,r nd;r,.rJ -rip$.,s,r. oi f"4e. a tortlJ n n nerj . _H. , od
'Ja
,gt,tFrwi tt Lt alt, pt,r"
-,PotJ patrt. .
"lh"ht 't,l;d" pl".,r. r,, t" is-r,. p$Jdrtd dpJrio"ni.
iln;l r"' I (rl€ tupr, ciini ct, )
on rrn... ,. ,ht
r n Ja-J loul" to,sd., . l, tr,n d p st /. LUn-
-
..1-L.;"
t, r,r.r rrut i , nr s" ri .i. r.'ri|r Jol .r:.i rr. .du . Ld i. tvr .!. o
3 Lal ban. d. tr"r i, d"lf,n:, I.Jlple), rkrt:dpm.
, r/,/ trerchdiP
r0Numnrul unui sxlstaniiv .ot€ctiv csre indicat de verbul sau dc d€terminantii
!:sprclivi (arliool nehol{.jt, adjectiv d€moruiraiiy etc.).
36. !19
D/ Linelcsnb-clanl,iveeolective.cu verbul intotdeauna la Plural fcon."d-
buldr!. i fantry, mili.turtj.palirc €to.).pot fi preceddtoii de un jrumeral cars
le dn sensde pluratindividxal:
,..ral con!Iabrrrlt u/c licepirlt ofrler al, l,fc al,ih.
tit. tlu'1stt,l. l.Nroh t,ftnt, d,e/? iacins thc litrglisl,.
,r.ne nilitatll /d,. slopt)ed l,o Natch thc pflio{fls in lhc prtk.
?i,o ,,lnr (: noli,len,c,rl di..d thts t.i!rli,i.
Numrroascsubstantirerok{tic au ti tormn (le plur individual in -s
cu ingelesuld{i.,maim,,ltegrupede; divizi din categodarespcctivn":
rrngressii he s ptrl)li.s
ronnfils horseholls sPnat.s
..o{ds iurns soNietics
lLfms sqtradrons
I lefls tuinistrn,s 1.rnrs
il).lis pr'rks irt,cs
g.odps poutlrics irros. et,i.
infornariof melrlrtr,dis. lfosrss
inlclii{.nof" rNnel
kror! dse strerqlh
ldsjrge lNdrrair roda
busvness'
hrppiness
-1;rIea.e nlnnr
lnil.ion saDd
113 r) SubsLantivulcalllr:,rc o situatieaparte trila!'c:rin trecut
-si
sensde
singuiar.dcsemninclun singurarril1lal.in limba englr:zi:lcLualiest. conltruii
numai ru pluralul:
'hcD{iai,rihe .altl.anr tt frl /)rir h,Lr, r/,e, ridl thf ilol in 1[c an3.r.
114 dj tinii granruticicnitcc,rlsidetira fiin,l roleciile ,sisubsl{oiivelemen-
tionat; la S 108 109 d, l), d. e. i47 r, b, r, tiil. 16r. cu alte ruYinlc orice
substartive cu formn de sinsLtlarfi tu-telesde plural
115 11) Snqulflro ftrrl plural. - Lnele subst&ntivo din limba englezi au
trumri singular. in vr€me ce. ir limb.r rominn. substa tirclc corespunz;toare
au alit si gular, 0il li Plrral:
precurnql:
hail. lightning. slftt. lhundcr, 0lc.
116 ln generat. sdslanlitcLc alistrdcreB,nuneLedc nLatcriil !i nxmeLc.rrno.
produs'Tatuati { .r.alc cr..l. uneori.hiar prFlu.'dlP UUn'rnrrr'incular Si
d€ci sirt Ienum€rabrle:
b,rdey
a dse.G. Curme,op. cii. etc.1H.W. r'owie., l Dictiotut! o[ Mod.m Dngtish
. Vezi ii $ 10.
?Vezi si $ 15.
3Ve2isi $ 31.
t A nn sc ra.e conluziolntfe subsl,anl,ivele
o.utrati actititate intcns{) si 6us,acsst'btznrsl i:
sralni, rronunlic ii Inteles.
] inreIte.n"" . intormdlii s"crplp.
{ rll's".on"Lndd ,u bins la"Dl indiv,J,ril lad@r ,pt- uodt,") L.r tnsFrmA
,,pro,lusix 8.n ral lnllrrfJi .au indnql";il'_ PArttl PNdu.' r'd numJi un
'ingald
ru
Inlpler cnlcLtiv (: t'roduse naturalF. agfluole).
,ur?Fss t l,rzrnlsl (: hph,l dc a li
{laceri), ca.e $e deosebesep.in o.lo'
37. {l
Her adrt d a@ alfa* excelleDt.
lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.)
The fnnrute in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s peiods oI srne.(tlabikk nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.)
-*.^_
rlr.4-llurblp ;Flunot;aa hr. Iolto$ed rhp trun.t,ins nt mll)nad st!.,.r.I, into
_- _|4r4t,;rtt
n'.,r":nl^.mt:; pvtio.tr i urn,., lanslrii naL.t.r-t,driat".,u,"t,ipaj
rGn. In spal,ur €r1r,nt'rsLro.)
Hi Anontpdeeof hisrorv ir apr. sticht.
t( "t,einI lui d" is,ori.. /iri tojrt, .t,,b..)
'rn n:" lra 1 al luBro" ;. to b" ,ht.uqr-t in r',,an.
Li x+st jrn. toatp boEart" ttobu^ dpp's" L v.,ronut 4p b.,cajp.)
"
-"."."
lh.', bmgsar' rJtha,l .,,5 .urpfl- Ls.
i'41 l' d1"nql
IIi. ,""
" . Lr" .J' .s g tt s1tr.t,, ,,r.
,I..:-..ct. tr' tJ .rmbd ..gt!;J ..r,. ro.,rt. :1tr.tu,otnir.,
Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr.
t Pteile . pdftseeu cn repczi.ri!nc.)
-' 1 , o 1., 1u". 1,.r. n, tt th tp- n, d t;-rrr.s :r, lh.
"Lr. .l rJ I I'i.: ppr,.r. .d
'r'r.'
.r r.,tLd,.'
Obs.rralii
. a/ Trpbui.re{lnurlaptul.x sub.ranrivptcdemaisus(S il .rj,r.onbi_ $ t17
:{,-rrn:,rrarpinljmhaenglezA'hr"ratulci,jndsint plurnlFinlinbaro,rdnai -
./
'lnprpdrnrr..Ibstantrvplpn. susmcnlionot.{j lli,. arnd , |rtetes
' lA lr. ru pot ,ala idma dp.ingrtar s"u rJcptural.i a.ri
",
r,"r a,;;;l;i
L-r!"l lnFhotdrjld .aUdr. al carujInrpt.sFst;dp (ineul6r.DFA..Fs.or; de.:'- oll r,FrofpflmIn unul singur dintr. plcmentch.;mpon"ntc al" t^rali,
';tL rF.,rrspmla un.ulnt ajutdror {i/pn. /n-. et..) ca;c sli redcanuania
-stfel:
'n !l'l a ,;a/ nt +lrcc
o mobillr - d p,,a ot wrrt.,
lnn @ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall
o Prostrc : a pta? ol nonsensc
o
'n-ormilP
i P'4' ot intorm,rtion
(ar rem ot inlorrnatioD):
o pnne : a ioat ol b.ead
rn rulter d /dst or lrghtninF
'r .drl oI r]'und,rr
grindine {piatrl): haitt a haitsroae.!l_ }aitrronss
Tltis gouet js a beauiifur ptac oi rorl.
l2).Plurale ldri_singulara. ln aceostl caLegoriese al]i substa tivele care { lt8
:, nu l.,il latna dF plurdl {mcjorirut"r t.rjninal. in .sr tara un .incular "
f-.pr,l,/i
^r
, u d- losi intpbs. Subsranti!Fl" .up, insp 1" ace"r,t,ur.cr nrrr,,*":
n mohil,i: o pi.s.r din nrobilifr'l ,9,i'1,;i".r
",.mp..,,..r'.t , i.. .n iat . !1lalor.i de.. l. I sa:.,tt, at,.;,. j.rr.d.ot ,,., i .. i". a;.*;.,;,..;-
at 1,r^ttt,,.. .rt,-',tn .1!..,. 4. i . .t.,| ,_..,r:r r..rnt.,,lc rrn.tr..
:1L- ..:L.r. tnt.DndtLah. k.trs.
:.l l,r' .1 h, a4t.4, i. ii.i,',, rlu",' ,-,,' t...t tn. r,. lio_r-r:
tt" ttLndp, a[ " fh f,",* .
',:.:nl .prin5-:r sLbs,a!tip.", d rr ri fornrjd . n...t.,.. intrebur,t ,t".n..1
t r:: s.rs 1g151-1,14).
38. 44 MONFO!OGI^ - SUBSAANTIVUL
SIl9 oIt'ti ol tt"t)'lu;
bowcls, cDtnils, genitals, gill.ls, loifs. iLfws. Litrls. elc i
S 120 b) bali.ti stdri dc sqiritl
5r2r
s 122
mp.(, , n'..nn. .ri ..bF. m lJrLuli" !'i l','l"j'lruds
1 J.pr n'r . durt,- d pr 4' ridg l lluo n l,rsr-l
irisnlei, sullts, elc.;
c) imhtiicdminte .onpusd din daud sau rai tnultc pdrli:
LtooT.r.. lfr--, u"..iLFs.,lo n.5. ll r.. t.r.. kar l.rh. lnr"kpF
boc|pr'|/jn:.,o"r|||.,'.,,rd"'p'U|.l.nn''!'''''l'..lour'''.hUr
'rd. r'r';,lir.. 1F. lilhl .l"'nlrno lror r'l'r'1
"
lin rl nJ onq. bbPB'
r-, 1., ; ;r4r'. L blr.. 1r llrr . $hi "l'
d,) unclte ti instrumente conpuse din daud pdrlil
bllo$", lin^.1". ''l ipr'
"n'l- -rp rl''{ so"nl ' nprdF l
'a'kpB.
nn"'., pli_ : l Irl r' f'l 'la'. l^ ks b'rr '/n frmpot
a" r^ | | , .nc" l".p- f.. ..
bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN (sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts.lorl8its,
marue1 nirretins, quoits, shrl,il's, ulo.I
f) tti.inlc $i obieLtedc studiu (substantive lcrminate in -i.s3r:
J.troDlvsc'. i_ol. i-, 1"r' lr*. d lrl.c Flronduris i lri". b'li'l: 'ihs.
dd(.:: . .0.^on, .lt,q.,ru r'', . d plom li.. 'lvnbrrrcr-
Aon^mrs, elq'r0n,'r..lhr,tr,
"orpn.- Apnths'.. g'r..lr, rrmn, rdrn'r ! )dro'Larrs. Frnlmlnis'
kinri,". li
-'r'Ji
,n lhrari -.mpr"..Ilvnd.'.i rn lr 1ol' rr onp|G,
1rrs".1oit.",. !o lri. r'f li ...'j l' r'Ll " l"L rrpr lpLLr^. rc:
e) n me leagnltt I
thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians.tlie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands.lhe lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' tho
Ilnil,ed Statesol ]ntrrca. .lu.i
h) stlbstantir. r.tbaLe i 'in| t s.
dissnrgs. doiigs, lcclinltsr, eiriings, sonrgson, leav;ngs,iodsnlgs6,Frings. lickingsl
pioio"iLine.,roting", scranting$ shalhgs, sctthrgs, sltoricomings'su..oundn'gs, slip-
pings, sweepings,trilings, iakings, ltinniDgs,etc.i
i) tuljective d.utenite substanti'tepri'n atldullarctl terminaliei -s,
{nli(E, bctters,litte$, cmoni.als, chemi.rls.comesr.iblcs'eommons'd.inla|lcs' ediblee
em!ii.s. n..csdics, nervs,nulli{ls, odds. Ohmlics, perishables,rcgimentals,riche*
shorls, sla.ks. Urcatric{ls,1ighls,ralurbles, cic;
5193
! 124
$ 125
$ 1!0
5 12?
I Sinquldul or.ralt alc hlelesul de "halal." ipentu personal sanitar. muncito.i
elc.l: o,cf;lrs lDl.l 1: salopFti)
,c,l
-r,"i ir .ubsl.bnllvul)i biLlir,d . tn"nd dp sin6',ldr rltu1
'
a' ''nr sub5ldn
rite d s"mn"d;d und d,n rp pip'l. trP ,Llr;",:"sc ,o, ul IFSPAlr : o
'dtd
I o ' 4tF
de joc), d ninept, (: o I,^Pi'i) ett
' f, oo!.r'.' ,u J;o,.b,F r'-mi1JL:' -is lJ'1 nr1r,lor iul rror tiilrpor ii
obq' or dp.r 'diu in t.rp r","'"r'lrno' nclF/
a l:i l1 -i o for,.r.im.,i "dr'
,l. L ..j'J. oi" "m J pnn lrr
'
o"t' rnl"/bJ'1
late Jn lilnzoli I the .otunLni.I Pthic
5f../inf.. : qh
' ttiLilltilF, .rrnpltir'
oi r.,. ,i..li, .r-,r',rr. I.r:;.; l,'J l, 'lr''ir -rt a, el;! lade,1i.
b.d and todEins rtc.
39. NUMARUi SUBSTNTTVtrTOE 15
. rr"nd.., annals. ,'rl,,vps. a"n5r. .6.i2 . 1-spi.... ! n ,) . b.T.' rs. .ln'h ..
con:n"., conlpnls (
'olli
ul). ,orn j rr'j
",.'^
,- (- dr.
:."s opsirAJb"i, J6,, dreg6."ut..
!.'p..
' h r., -prq..'obr' .n.d i
. o
'.. '
t"r.., . .ap iri 1r'J,tirF$nrr(. 1= o drdlith:i),lund. g,llo{-. e"ilr. gro. dr
..1. ,rojdh: p1"iul
-
pi .lrdiir'. sroals. c-o. s hJJoubrp=. h,.igi. inton.
I : bt4). ior,in,r.,rpds,(L'olilli1kq, l.l.rarr, lp1nr. I'nliq.j. Inunrrronc.
: I.iA, oulsq ur s, ltin o.lpnPa1,. pFad. nr'r'. i'!'u:l . pro ds qudrler'
.o uinLl ,, -- - ir'l ,, .om
'
i1 , ,rds. cra.{l'. I . c',ur'). hd,',11 . "lo!s.
spif ls [ -'1i..
'/'" rL', r'dd " a
_.
- , ".r, .'r'1r..,,rn_ron.. 1.r15 l anli. Ld nc. sp"ts, vidnJs.
i :r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj erc.
li) sltbstantiwcn pLural latin sau cu dspectlatinl
.:ndoiaj, ta.eliae,imtedimetli, imlondoabilia, litt'rati. n:rrsimli memoralilia,
I Aici slnt cup.inse si subslantivele cnle au ta m'4 obitnuit tot'rl ile llurat, lormr
,i. sinsdlar (ttril -s) fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I,
.- . b pjuy. . iond.'ilr,rl "ru r:nd o dm.orn d.'r li (o t.pi" Nd 4',.ust n hu+.
':eAart- din. smtun, qothl
: ,rbrd.tiut e4. i ,rf p(lp dp oburi Jn r,lr.d'.
qin;,rl,rrl d.m ,sr" rdr ri
l! r,.clcririir Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll /.4!,n-
-r'; o fli4 Ddbl ll Jp srnrrlar, sr.;'. ru 4 li lnlFl"5
r r ii o'orm, i r.l"lr d" -iogrld,r6'p ln Fbu, .r'1.,,.m'i 1 a1,rm:rr cdlufi:
:.: E"at.It P roe-.o ttrtne 44BPd 1t!4 wrg. Innlnu4- o"'tr.
.8 198
s1re
,(jordul cn vcrbul fi cu detorminan,tii,- Sulostantivclcnenlionate la $ 130
..rit purct (12) se construiesctn generecu determinanlii Siverbul la plural.
:..! €rceplre:
arl numele oe Jodafr:
jyin'riB r.'"@s sreatskill.
Dtu;shb is"a lciy entc.t ning game.
b) d.o.iLname d.eboli: - measles9i mnrnps'.
. on"lid ". @dJps,rs sev.|P.om!li"dlion
.ltants ts.ontagrous.
.) nunele .rliinlelrr ti ale obiectelarde studi termindl, i4 -ics (cybernetics,
.L,.trbnics, m€chanics, physics, etc.) construiie cu verbul la singular:
,l.oas,ts s,zdtessound.
,,nt.s ts concernedrilh the nrinciples ol norals.
Hrr)nslaLics.ledls$itj! ihe Dressnre6l liquids ai (5t.
M;ftenatics is indispensaua|o ihD siudy ol the exacl scierccs.
arp,t.s r.cd,s ol li8ht,.
Natd
r se observa ci unele dintre aoestesubsLanLiveca: a.oasl;ds. etlict, mech'
r'..,p.)ttli"sl/d,/i.sel(...lndnadosemnoazr)tiin!are.lFclrr',.,uubiatul
:, rdiu, s".uncrruiesc.u verbul la plural:
The dduti.s ol ou. new auditorium lcute noihitg to be desired.
llis ethicsda abovereproach.
te Mhanics ol plRy witing d.s unknown io lim.
't]trci phnneti.see benealh .ontemlt.
Substantivele atlLLetics(: atletism) ;i glmnastica se conslruiesc:
cu yerbul la ring ldr cind au inleles abstract, adicn atunci cind se refed
t,rrctid la arta sau la practica sporturilor sau a exercil,iilor fiTice;
eu 1.€rbul la pldrdl cind au inieles concrel, adici atunci ctnd se refer[ la
sporturile sflu ]a
-ererciliile
lnseti.
40. 16
d/ Numele Un;ted,Statesof Ametica se consirui$te cu singularul cind
lst consideraica numeleunei naliuni, cu pluralul cind sereferi la lnrile care
al(ituiesc naliunea:
Tlre Lizi&li [ta,.r of Atuetk:a hasll'ashington as i.he capital-
'l:he Unnd Slats of Amii.a l@rc roied thcjf rcprescntaiiresir (lonsrPss-
.) I)ir.rsc. - Substantil'ul n?es fiind un singular, de;i are formi de
plural, se construieste numai cu singllarul:
i'hat is the D.,e.s.,lio ,.aB is good nars-
oNadaF n.,rs,fd'ah {iln lghtning spced.
,Ue,rs qi snarnDlessint construite intotdeauna in limla eD-qlezi ronten-
IorAnir cu singdarul.
.lxmrrons, singular. are plLtralul s r?r?ons.s;i se acordiL cu lcrbui la nu-
minrl corcspunzilor:
'i here d'd! a,,.rs al. the li.k oi l.he sqnar..
, st,,,&nr ,rds sdred on u,c grilly pdll.
Tnc iailill is$r,d s..a! lfunaae.
-ltcr the colonirlisi rtiaclr, tl,e ]lrlcrn villrge nas a s/dnrlcs.
I3l Sulrstantivele umritonre cu formi de phirfll ul.ns. arnnds. barracl;*.
.arq'!. gallatrs3. headquartcrs, littlts. mcans. adds, thatiisa. lidi trs, li rtollsd
(: atelicr, uzinn. fabdcii) - sc consl,rui€sc atlt cu singularul, cit lri irr.rpluralul
tn lunclje de intcnl;a orbitorului, fo.ma dc plural a substanlil.ului insi ri-
mtnlnd rceeasi pentru ambele numere:
TIic arDI ,d.'o./a ra t,san o-e) empt-{ {l llte rnonient.
Th. l,h.air. l)ad a .ar?J dc hallci, wllich (ds lamons.
The tx'o amy .o?s /d'e lecn advisedoi Ure ohnngein La.l.ics.
:liere is lne anr h.dokatt.:rsl
Te heddrra e^ or llc
_l$o
i.ade-unionsoe.€ in uic saDresheet.
The.e ,ar u (salt )linksl not lr lrom the niotel.
'rtft (saU-)ti1hsslthir e{sy reacli rr,., ferv.
IL sar oDlv d Dedzs io ar e!d.
tsJ dts e;rs produ.tiliiy ts culain to rcgjster a nurked incleasc.
T)'e meansoi locomoiion {rrc ample.
Yhal's the ,lds:
ID ihc clanpionship .onrcsl.-ihc oddspcreasainstih. Driiish middleseiSht.
flI"nls/ l- ThaDk Iou) Thants lerJ lruchl
I owc
-vou
mony /naz,ls.
.l'. r,lorts .rc reeded.
The glad rlltn(s (c (siu oa") b.oadcasilasi Dighl.
, Iuge nouoD.,tsir .oming inl.o beingin otrr town.
-..trneronsao'ns /dre r.cn occtcd all ore. the country.
Cjtera numc de unolte fi de instrumcnte (S122) sint uneori cotstruite cu
snrgularul.subinlelegindusecuvintula ?a;r'o/: a pab of scissors,of pliersetc.
Trr tn's.w;r'so.s.1, i." ar old,'r or nrin..
Shc has lolglrt and tr is rrllP.l.
n ;. -tn-t. n,,.l'-!'l L- 1):
lth.t n bdrtt I .f tt I r'. t rr' u,.!
:!,r bstrntirnl ,,rt!. nrfarialil ca lornl orj.n.c ar li inlelesul, pluilr.rl sc dis-
linl. (lesnrgrihrlrnr rNruntnrrss lkrri rrl.lkx:rlrsdll4(r, conslldl.,l! o]rnr,l{i si,isnlan,l,a.e ii tlualul sdlro(! inr SU. li tl.
'to...t r. .i
tt..[,t,"...
].
Lt."lt') 't, ,'. tt. 1 t-" n,.
r
tltd tidis cslc liloa. s.r g],,ntrl. uneori lxiin trofic.
" (orisr Veri Fi 1i5.
'Aslizi esle irni oniinuiir r a,ll ,,zae.
41. 0bser0oti,e
Cileva substaniive de la S 118-128, piiDtre care numele de jrcari,
rrecum fi cuvintele scissors,spectucles(: ochelari).tiarlrr1, lroxsdrs,r€rpers
ii... cind au funclie adjectival5 formele compuse,pierd sufiul 's. conlorm
fEsuliide la S 166:
b,lli.,rd ali" bdddr room .usppnd f Lpll
,lrJuqhr bodrd bow.l rompl!i|l rol.'r bul on
nineph player scisso. ca5e thrnk oilering
skitue allev speoiacle irame resper bell
ll&joritatea celorlalte substantive de mai sus pistreaz{ lDsi sufixul -s
tr .ompunere,in generepentru cn singularul dilerii ca sensde plural:
l,..cchespaft llonoursList. Eood!l.r,rin
customsexaminalion sporL!coaL $ofks rornlLittee
(reziti 5 166tent'! con'tleinF)
13) Pluralo striinc, - ln dccursut anilorj numcfoasc cuvinte strnine au 5 132
:: rat in limba €nglezlJcarele a asimilaL- li confirui aOest,prooes intFun
': :, ai mi. s.,.rm0i m1'p dupd vp"hi-r"Jin.'..14/d .i dut.j "rir l"rFJlor
. .r uldt;,. mxi mull -au nai pulin.ir.rm.crisi. .ii ln 1'reranr.cbidr la
.Li ]11aimuli asimilaterpaLternul dupn care au lost consiruite ln limba lor
r: ifiqine rnmine, cu pufine exceplii, vidil sl,riin dc speoificullimbii engleze.
SubstantivelediD aceasti categorie,de fapt "outsiders' foarie ulili, fac S 133
::rfte din marclc numir de cuvinte savanteaflate in sectorulqliinlific, tehnic,
::-."dicaletc., provenilc in spccialdir limbile latinl (uncori prin iniermediui
:r;lnlrezei)
-si
grcaoe (unele difccb. altel€ prin lal,ini).
llulte din acestesubsiantire (spre clcmplu $ 134-137) pestreazi plu-
:]rl lor originar, dar un Ioarte mar0 nunrdr dintre ele (de exemplu S 138-
ll,rlr. pc lingi pluralul lor de origine, azi rezervat mai cu seami speciaiiqtilor,
: L;i un plural englezescin -s,seinnulrodirii Fiasimildriilof prin popularizare.
,r n treiac&tegorie(veziexemplclcS 144),ceamai numeroasii,cuprinde curin-
.l! compl€t asimilatede limba englezi atiL la si.gular, cit Dila plural.
a
Urmltoarele substanti{e de provenienld strdind, in mrjoritate savante, $ 134
jji plstreazh pluralul originar sau au o formd de plural loarte apropiatd de
a)
{sc.
opzs, {masna)olerar coder, cod;d,s,vo.trr,
outos, custoder,eic.;
139):
r Sub+alriul rnaah pJ5bnaz; lDsI tormd dF lluml ln cuvlnr'tl lhanksEiu;as.
: Sincular,l .larlm rslr r{. tnlrebuintll. Plrr.alrl da& esle rneo.i tnloqil, ln lo.ul
.ti tTh:sJolo F "ry uspiul,.
'laf
d" cph hai mrlto ori. hazr se roD5Lruietleja plurcl
pdn ru ,r sp eita .iogularrl dol,n. ' trp sutrJ pr.a p"danl.
42. 48M
S !35 b) pltt.lle se,:etti (v. li S 140):
:L -ic p -n!p oiir" , oll ') I ' l
_ ilA._
'nl
lr i
.,.,oj
-j..
tJrurtr...." n..'. 1, .
"||''."|''|'.mp||np6'''h!olha.:!'}'po,-',.'m'|a.orl'h..
| , r'tralslr'lplrJr.l" rr''r r s.rnopl lnol _ apq t'dr" rpnP'
In . "t mar/ : pi..rn"t, 'fl" td: Dlr''r'l rir' p''n '^44i I iin rrro''
I dr'.ri' d_Dlrprn.rLamJ'o:1l li'" rJrn pr'
13li () plural. france.e(v qi
"s
141)
l roraui!l -lrliu!.'l: b"'' b'l"drrand"" orJ" ri f'0 i^ttr'.t''ri_
n.,,., p,""i.i:t,; 1"o,'. "n",. no,,':,'i. i 5" rr' lr'. la.F lalarn I
U$dirn'es ctc.
13i d) pturuh itoti.ne(t'. s.i i 142):
ObserrolLe
S" rlr,s^ r',nli' e uor-di. r,nLFiJFI'nnun:i- 'li t" rprrnin'i, !in-
;,rl ,rrrl'ri s,s . .r -Jlr f- r'. ksr.l si 0 eeaa plurrlulur -s's r sl.a rr )'s
l- i:i, t"i:rl h roalpsulrrln ;rplF lpr'rinr'F in - ,s a . trc r p/r S | :tl
slrc eriemplu:
pl.
I dsi:z]
*bavs I bc^i:z:
- eritrr I kra,si:zl
i.l,c!es l0i:si:zl
(p)
ll ur , r"Jsp' .In a J, nri in' ,rin, m
'i 'l'
rrln buinl r" arr "ipJ "l'
1,"rrr"lru l luralul l"' ori!';rar.:r u , plur-l errgl'7 s' r' ruldl iir|.r' 'rlpl
,r
'rr
doun lnrm" Je pl,rtll u'nr dihreoliel".a s-r,s:n I0rmu uncorrprcrL
z-. ., mli ol,i.a,rir;sa', . nilrara. .F"ldlld slrrinr' Inlo'ilj in-strlul lrlprir.
siiintjiic sau t;hnic. Numnrul acestor srbstantil'e cu pluralul englezescin
ls crelte neincetat, pe misurd ce ele setnceti,tcnescin 1imb5:
S 1Bs n) IrlLtrtc lali t (v.
'qi
$ 134 a):
Isc, -a: ol. -i ierralizl. d,l: ldl.nna anl,ennas.rnlcnDddr rre'd arcnrr: a'cnde;
n,unla - inim',1 { a it,, 1e), Inrnruld,; la.uno -la|unar' la'rlnad, retr'a -rcirr's,
rftir@. lc.tebro -vtrtelrar, vertebrae, ctc
l,s.-x. r|-.s e Ih7l 'il: ""rr 'J' r-..'c'lr l ulr's
'11'u'vl "al" l''
runeu,t. .n-r' q.
'li ll -i d l:olusa l'lddroir hillopn'rm/'
'
pDolo rr'rca .r'r"'''
DotJmir:amL,.s. i'mbus,|'mbl '
h'. islT 'j
slhmr nl1Fq/r - n,r'.-(r'?
j'r..;'"r.nn'},,r'|n|..5.'|'L;'n'l'1','_'']'U!s'nUi|!lr
.id rj q'.op ,'rs .:ir'op
'r- "Jr"olndgti
s'llJb's .sJrnbr'Ps
sJnr0 r rrnnr_
nu! lplninu . i " 1n ,
"rm
' tumu s. )r" 'r"
l-; {'nr r'1. i1 Jr la lrul"irrnb rn r_ -
'
rd rl p
cln|'"lrrn'..''rl]||'".'oln|-''di,al''oa!-rd|um.
cnri.ulrrns. .dni0dd, dccennnrr?--d ., nr'i ms. d,cPn F drctua -drcr m orru;
dllnrirn -cllh,'iun,r. clrJnrio,-crnrorl!n-.rtlori'rmr, npordj
'ncomrr'z
s|' i, . n"' 1 e. 6;n''r -rn11 s'ir-
int.mg d lurrrn-lrhxm. I tro; ni.lusoleuD- daus'lenms mausorca, ai'
-
,,"';.- .' f rr,a", . rr","tu crttno. t -a ru ts/'tu'
"";.ii.,i""r-.,
.,r1.rI"on n, -ii d,ra,r, o ,-ep-rdrur/ds- t1.,,r4
,lnd
'lgallr
.l t !d ir psl. 64 ' lbd '1.
' -c -u. Il. -i . IUn|'rr ". 'or 'l' : I
d ,rri I an.or
a!1oil.ada, ru[o:rtrad. el.c-
sg.
iheJts t 0i:sEl
hrzi.on., lazzrroni; condoll.icre.con-
bamlino, lambini; p|hzro, lalazz,,'
43. NTMARI-I! SUBSTANTIV]jIOR
','.. m'i o r qi'a n'J; n dirr I I or nlr'm-rImo_ r''
i'.rni"", n'l'In rr i. fill" r'ro rnrm'4
, .r."i"ii"- ."..1-nrtns, mofatorid, rclirr.dlt -rellrendums, r'leFrda, sara
.,.a .' a"i':s-,- -..r.n..b"dr.p. r,r- p ^r.,ri.-ortr'.:
'| . .Jrd"n'.. .,', 'n.'i,4 'vn'iii'rmj rml
,iirnr. ullimat t
'; r'r. -iri r". -nBr"n .r ' 'i," al
'
rli 'r' io' 4 'lp|ndrr p'"_oi''
..".-, ,;.ii,i.. ^r-r'i.". 'rr'
i i rin ,"r'- da r'i'- 0""t"'- -
'""-
,
".,i";...,.r..s',,-"' 'n,,
r ,,,rp ,.;,..i o-o., r:'..
rr:e,irLfl.es,' testatrlr - l,.statrix.s, i.statri.u' fto.
:l',.'r. 1. n"r J3:"otr', -'ort'r:1.
.
'r I ipp-* 1 lnar"l "/
q ipprl' s l'r'1 5
b) pllvale 1recetLi: S llo
tss.-ii pl. -s (engl.),-trttl: ||aumo- lranmt, traumtn,
i,,s.-onrlt. * (engl), -rl aniomat,n-attoDatons, atrtomrlai
"il'cri'a
-
'fite
1..-h.t.-.s
dnald"r'.dronlr
. "^po *5:m"-''nl;' mdJapolia r ni ro
' | , lrcio iv : ne "^pol:s-
'
^'ropol' 'r'
lss. -isi !1. -eF (L'ng!ezl..idesl: chrysitis chrisalises chrisalddr; irls -irjss' irtz'c'",
fs{. -x; !1. -cs (eDgle']. -gesl: lnlJnr - lrrXnx.s' larv.ges; sphint - sphinaes.slhin-
: :]rinr slTrn€i, srrrn!ds. er. :
DrrhF: u,rnp".. 0,'npue u loD,. a.'opr r,..'oD. CJ' nl/slr" "l' :
c) pluruIe francezc'. S l'll
l-, -.r.rur r'. { r'ngl"/l: 'c(')rll: :oF, _ .di" rJ;,, b"ad h" u l r'r'
i "" h;,f J'1..Lrr.o"r' p !'"or - plr Pads.I I'lP^'' r p'"l n n'r - poa n'ln"d/'
':lrtrraniedu
r, lrou$.aa - tronsscaN.troussc4,., et'c:
40
(1.) pluraleitalicne:
lss. -Ni tl. { (e.glezl -el: auloitf{da -autost.adas, autosftad', cic'
tsc. -e. o: Dl. -q an:./1, -i : bd dirr, b'nd:| . bJndi ,.,i io " '"on;r
(llrr.'al" ldil'i'1n i, ilrlplilnlji glplt cl'pllo g|'"llos lrbfFro-lrbrFro
.,"1r1 pr"-ro r_d rij s' n../o - h r/o s hpt/ lod _r0n. sol' !^p"J_n -
^r'"d o. .oprin r i.mm l.mpor. lPmpi: !rr uo'o
c) pl rale ebai(.e:
s 142
.icNl chcNl.(, .|crnt'rn ,
s 143
sr{4pturaleasimilatcln limbr,
tVarialtn amer.: sanitarirh sanita.iutu, sanitarid
!{mJtaralr':J iirrbl drP' o re Jir.'loTp
n ,;;:;a 'o-. nin ,., rr' f.rt . n r In'r'bLial1L.
r lJi obi:
"
t se -p In. I .. Ll ol ta'otus.
6Orascleinorne ale riitonnri
6lo;ni dc sitAurN "sfe clJdoP san c!.laps
'
-i:"i"; "ir."
o ?t,.tu." pcd;nfi-(F T. w;od, the Crcuntaorhol EdstisL Gtamtuat'
Londnn,lt5;) nrt;zi' ponl.exn snol,ism
e"t."tub- root tfdnori. n v:nonli: Imtbin h""n! at
tal.a. nl, adeseaIn bioloqipa..dp.
:0 re ri pt.6"u;i n,hri , i r. l"r"s r S l4<
44. 50
S 145 14) OouI formode plurnl cu irleles diterit:
t btathtre i: irJtil
t,'t^,. l tupthtpnt r*r.dli dps,ngp p,nl ,n.p'.I'11,. i^nIi,i. n'rmlf, di
t aceleiali comDniGti, societili clD.l
f .o{r i: vacil
1 A;d' I
.!',, ($hJ,c. lri"ra|
14i..
/ . mJkilp penrru rurnarea opd..lii.ur. - monddorl
I d1.e {: zarun,
. | :.r.r.es cFn:i. od$Pni d. g.niu,
8 "1"'-
"a,i
s1,i"ir.. ,1"1,,.
It exes I indcuri ln.drii)l
l id "" i ino,
' '"
nat.n;ti" , "'':.i " -
t ,,.dilns f- medii (rersoanill
m.lit m I ndtia i.- .ndjroacC, (d€ _cu]llrarizare a nasclor ctc.) !ezi: aass
I metllt $r tuunrtudLa"
I t en, ;3 moreLle d€ clte trn Dcnnvl4
-'"J r... .'tu' df, in pdn
-- | sbfir i nrll.:lal.e ajo.cr cadre, !.rsonal al unor, irstitnlii elr.)
''tt t "t
1l
t
.r. ^ t I,o.r d Lmu/ ll"
Obseraalie
a,lorh(: nat€rial. stoln,
de stofe sau pinzi). Pluralul
contemporana:
pinzn)are plrralul clrtlsa(: ieluri saubucili
clath.s?(: hain€)nu are singularin engleza
The satesnansloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o chooscr.om-
Thc
'nlodcr
shc Nore 'cre vc.I smart.
$ 116 15) Dord,plumle cu acce$qiformi, r'hr cu irrtelesditerit.s
breech lss.) l: (,hiulas'rrnei urmel, rl. ,f.c.l.r
brc{:lk (pl.l l= rari.alodi pn!'i h sru slb golxn,ihi)
cot ut (ss.) (: c!lo.rre), pl..onrzre
cotaure (pl.) i: dratell
catnpdss {sg.l (: r'usola), pl. .on7d$€s
.onrsser (tl.l {: comPts)
(ss) (:obi&il, pl. .zr,ons
(!1.) t: rmrL)
ddtuse (ss.) [: a!dic), p]. da'ds€s
damaEes lpl ) (: deslilCubni)
dto"eht (sqI ( .Lr'n d" a"r ' lf.l. Dl. d"dr'sl.,s
d4tih^t pt ,o,sni cd plFrnin.,,rl i r" lul
' -inl"l'r ' jo Dl dp
..dnmel
I Ptra1e1eLr.lhr.n ii ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului
,.arl'.n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i.
rs"a.,rs g.niu. on dr g,r'r.: lood ertl B,L;,s .:^r.-b 4r.1.r t),La: q"n;;
ar' )i sg. s,rr.. i
'_r. 'r'
poFdlr'nd nrJb" JF ri 'I'
pl j/nta..
t
'ao'r
Ndto miJL'd." 'h
inrorndrr .i .ul,urdji/r' a m1+lor (prpsi. rd'lio.
lplpviziur...il'.nlarojrir pt .) ti nut'tnpdtn .,riJloa^n mulr'pl . rrrmFn lpliar ,r ini
iimlnl el,c.cn accla$iinlel{s.
I l..lqllr .'Ih/r ,t,-4ts,1 m" hop"t." lor Ine stJmp'.. C.n Jo,r siv' m. t$,,
rL^ . . tot
'-
ropJr'r.
'.
rn,, pe +. J'ter-e. JJ"pa;p o Ino;.dJ-d- i p' n1..
1llFr" ar '$
' 1.../t".'' 1a1" d; d ;un u d. i r.'n.5Cd accast{ acceolic, rluralul s,ueasarc si sinsulrrul star,.
€ r ',. tlJr,l", Jp;s"o"" tn,' pro-ur,u loi:,,ofulhl"0r.,lottsIklJ0sl. rll".0'l
(s r06,) .i,,tu" tkrr,,rDzl.3scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1enu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesu-
.iLcsubstantivclormeDtiorate.l'lulrlel€ la orc singul.fll ru esiem;rlionat nu ausi;guh..
tVezi $ rlt8, trn, 1rloa.
45. NUMARUL SUASIA Tl'EiOB
i: sertnl), Dl. didr.r
{: indispersabiti,iznenc, chilol.i)
(: nr.ct), rl. "//d/s
L: 'f"c]p, brrnuri molile. imbrirtnrirne)
{: s.nljmcDt), pl. /eeli,as
r: srns,bil,trrtF.suscept,b,lital,P,simpiliP)
l: tlarell), Il- f?dnEls
,o,,rr
'1.
hirn4 d" flan"l.,. ln .p,ibl panr ,ton; J" flan"t.1.
I rrtnli la L iclel sdu lJ altc jocurir)
(: motiv), nl sm!,dr
{: ,i1i l.'ra ,n jurul unri Lladiri)
(: soisoare: liierll. !1. Llr.,s
1: dodl. pl. nau na
L: nia'r'er., t)! arer
I rLiqr niil p1._n/s.i,, ldan, rl
(- irPrancorF.lrEletel
{- nriluLl. rl. mrzt16
(- pro.,is-!0ral al unei |edhieJ
(: nnmnrl. pt. dnrar
1: verslrr, loezrei murltmel
1==duerel. 11.tan?s
1- parl.ci rolJ. !1. ralrs
1: rrpmisr, r/1.r,.u ir's
l: ior.n.jmolLl.in(inta)
l= Duncte1c). Dl. r,,i",s
i: imu4
{: dulc,ati de irurrel, !J]. rr.s.rrls
(: o.helan Je }roleclic)
-
(- sl.rt), !1. ru,/rc.s
(: locninfi,,cantonomenl)
(: chitani-r),pl. /adt",s
(: lnapoierel,pl. rerz.us
l= sami lmuz.)i solzl, pl. r.ai"s
t: baranla)
(: bucelicr. lracment), pl. s..dps
l- rcsturi (de mlncare),deFu.i {de mclal et .)l
(: srr€rtmol),!1. sp..rd.t"s
I Irmnn. D.fioJdi. durrlli 'f.mp.lr.l, rn. k,,'
L: t,r,n"n,,iFtutii,rinorluri: Londiljil
(: un I€l de stoli dc lini), pl. ,rc€drs
{- .oslrn din tweed)
1: a!ii), tl. rdra,s
16) Doui plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive
au doud forme de plural: o formi esteidentic[ cu aceeaa singularului ;i are
intalcs colectiv, adirn sereferi la lold1ila1.oobiectelorpe carc ]c dcnumettei
caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. esteur plural irdividu.rl li descmneMir
''ir$ -irIo ^llntut | 'n"l-..1,'..
r'' 'i l.^.l ..r,Ji-'1
.zot ulLimao.tri.){ve/i:i S li2 b).
, /dF?ls: Icluri dc ttrccd.
1Pl)
1sc.J
1!r)
(se.)
(p1)
tpr.l
(pl )
iss)
Lprl
r!1.r
ls8.l
lprJ
issl
lpl.)
isg.)
tprr
lsc.)
(rr)
lss.l
tprr
Gs.)
(pl.)
(ss.)
(prl
(ss.)
lsc)
(pl.)
{rl.)
Lss.l
(pl.)
(pl.)
.^lr7
![cDvIti T c|lTREcr'r'1'roF
"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,slonEbeensamethingof a baxlefield,.
Anon; tl,r mdnu i!:ut" na,ob.inptoryht oL'ti' thotb.t,".n trts"fit||e and
d?s..tplireFlrirudes 1o ,r.age.'r
Cu acestecurinte incepeutn d,inte numeroateleanclrcteefecluatein altima
treme asupra limbii englezeactudlein Anglia.
Prima. atitudine,aceea,,pr€scriptil'n",esteautori.tail, natmotird.,ingrddird
ile numeroasereguli, stibuind,tncd tn idealuriLegamaticii ld,tineale secolnla;
al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{teti rctragrade;(.ead,ea
doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarccelor
d.epe cantinent,"The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtdin 1f68 d,ercpeLeGearye
!11III-lea &l At|glici caclusirp.trtu lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca
unei scali de,:L6enti (rearcaun.i exla:ilii anualecu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritorfilrrdsese,d,in!rctinri stribcchi,tn seamusueeranilor
Si a nobiLilorcatcgaritau in juruL ( rlii. reg(rleri arlulaa"lhej,|rp^Irons". Lituba
d,'st^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l,;rn,t :i sstlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,'
rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ 'to ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl" s".otc.
,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii".
Od,atdinsd cu descoperireaNd,iotel.egrufici.ti a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree
culturii in moseprin intenled,iulacestarsubiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo,
putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou numecoresii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'eni-
mente,$i nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fastnnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI ecurindinsd,
faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau,in direrft d.ialectecnglezc,ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte
coLlwilelumii. LimbaengLetdd.lfu.atilla BBC d tncetatdea mai p eafi consi-
deratd .,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdttermenulde "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
saianta li )Lii en1lezesocatildca rodel. llcest numelare sd aibi n1o.inrulle
Sanse.lc suprarieluirc, deaarecese preteazdIa conslrut:lii earelat reda nusnle
muhiple.atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarteutiLe.Asttcl.,gtumatir&poatefi dascripliA
snrrprfr critt irar.l/on,?nla,ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate
ft stard.rd sousubslandard.a(cptal0le,accepled.archaicsaala re,l.urac-
cepled.rlnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLlesd l,rtfcn€d, |bdcscert. obsolele,anl,i-
quuted. sut,errnrualed.suterseded.old-fashioned,outwoln sduj "it r{!1es
["1'oulhcr]4.il js out cf daic";rlc. nd i,firilum.
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.1... hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonoticsil tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s;incqte s.ria dNfanrirci,"i dic
lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.estudiul littlbii cngleze.
'lll.tl tlntihs .1 dlia.
: L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii
:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6.
po{i-arveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or. .ii li J,mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
rIBC, abl"lia1ia runiclni rndtudiiuzi'Dii hitann'e: 'D tish BridcasttlS
. /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n'brrl"n..drr,l",Ir"+ lFrp |,r-,--.lo . Liilr, l.i.,ri J.r"^1",. din ili
o i nr aPr o.moosr)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)