The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is a physical barrier between blood vessels and the central nervous system that stops many substances from passing through. The BBB is permeable to alcohol and some heavy metals but blocks most molecules that are larger than 500 Daltons from entering the brain. It protects the brain from common infections by preventing antibodies from crossing over. The BBB can be broken down by factors like hypertension, development, radiation exposure, infection, or trauma.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a membrane that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the central nervous system. It is a physical barrier between blood vessels and the central nervous system that stops many substances from passing through. The BBB is permeable to alcohol and some heavy metals but blocks most molecules that are larger than 500 Daltons from entering the brain. It protects the brain from common infections by preventing antibodies from crossing over. The BBB can be broken down by factors like hypertension, development, radiation exposure, infection, or trauma.
This document discusses adjuvant hormonal therapy and chemotherapy for hormone receptor positive breast cancer based on results from the 2013 ASCO conference and clinical trials. It notes that about 50% of estrogen receptor positive cancers will recur within 5 years, and about 2/3 of those patients will die from breast cancer. Several clinical scores and gene expression assays can help determine which patients are at higher risk of late recurrence and may benefit from extended adjuvant hormonal therapy beyond 5 years. Trial results from ATAC, IES, BIG 1-98 and MA.17 suggest that node positive patients who did not receive chemotherapy still experienced recurrence rates of 12-16% and may benefit from extended hormonal therapy, especially if other high risk factors are present.
This document provides an overview of hormone therapy (H/T) for breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors. It discusses H/T in the adjuvant, metastatic, and local-regional recurrence settings. For patients with ER+/HER2- tumors, H/T alone is not inferior to chemotherapy and may be superior. For patients with ER+/HER2+ tumors, combining an aromatase inhibitor with HER2-targeted therapy such as trastuzumab improves progression-free survival compared to an aromatase inhibitor alone in the metastatic setting.
This document discusses adjuvant hormonal therapy and chemotherapy for hormone receptor positive breast cancer based on results from the 2013 ASCO conference and clinical trials. It notes that about 50% of estrogen receptor positive cancers will recur within 5 years, and about 2/3 of those patients will die from breast cancer. Several clinical scores and gene expression assays can help determine which patients are at higher risk of late recurrence and may benefit from extended adjuvant hormonal therapy beyond 5 years. Trial results from ATAC, IES, BIG 1-98 and MA.17 suggest that node positive patients who did not receive chemotherapy still experienced recurrence rates of 12-16% and may benefit from extended hormonal therapy, especially if other high risk factors are present.
This document provides an overview of hormone therapy (H/T) for breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors. It discusses H/T in the adjuvant, metastatic, and local-regional recurrence settings. For patients with ER+/HER2- tumors, H/T alone is not inferior to chemotherapy and may be superior. For patients with ER+/HER2+ tumors, combining an aromatase inhibitor with HER2-targeted therapy such as trastuzumab improves progression-free survival compared to an aromatase inhibitor alone in the metastatic setting.
19. Avastin ( 癌思停 )
抗血管新生
Somatic
mutation
Small
avascular
tumor
Tumor secretion of
proangiogenic
factors stimulates
angiogenesis
Rapid tumor growth
and metastasis
Angiogenic inhibitors
may reverse this process
Folkman J. N Engl J Med. 1971;285:1182-1186.
29. • Trastuzumab continually suppresses
HER2 activity
• Flags cells for destruction
by the immune system
• Pertuzumab inhibits HER2 forming
dimer pairs
• Suppresses multiple HER signaling
pathways
• Flags cells for destruction
by the immune system
HER2 receptor
Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Subdomain IV of HER2
Dimerization domain
of HER2
Trastuzumab and pertuzumab bind to different regions
on HER2 and have synergistic activity
30. • Trastuzumab continually suppresses
HER2 activity
• Flags cells for destruction
by the immune system
• Pertuzumab inhibits HER2 forming
dimer pairs
• Suppresses multiple HER signaling
pathways
• Flags cells for destruction
by the immune system
HER2 receptor
Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Subdomain IV of HER2
Dimerization domain
of HER2
Trastuzumab and pertuzumab bind to different regions
on HER2 and have synergistic activity
32. This presentation contains non-licensed product information.
T-DM1 MoA:
Endocytosis
• HER2 receptor–T-DM1 complex is internalized into the tumor cell via
endocytosis
Erickson et al. Cancer Res 2006
33. This presentation contains non-licensed product information.
T-DM1 MoA:
Lysosomal degradation
• Once endocytosis is complete, trastuzumab and the HER2 receptor are
degraded and a cytotoxic metabolite* is released
Erickson et al. Cancer Res 2006
Lewis Phillips et al. Cancer Res 2008
*Lysine-bound emtansine plus linker
13-05-01 CCO Pfizer CME Virtual Presentation May 2010 To better understand these developments, it is useful to go to the original hypothesis regarding the concept of using antiangiogenic drugs for cancer treatment that Judah Folkman, MD, published in 1971, and to note how much has changed since then. The basic elements of the hypothesis, as shown here, are well known. Small incipient tumor masses will not grow beyond the size of approximately 1-2 millimeters unless they can develop a blood vessel supply to provide the necessary oxygen and nutrients to allow progressive expansion of tumor mass. Dr. Folkman envisaged that during the course of tumor development, cells within some of the small microscopic occult tumors—for reasons that were unknown back then—would start to secrete a single tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF); we now call TAF a signaling molecule. TAF would diffuse out from the tumor cell population, bind to adjacent endothelial cells of mature blood vessels, and trigger a form of angiogenesis called sprouting angiogenesis, leading to the development of new blood vessel capillaries. Those capillaries would then infiltrate the microscopic tumor mass and set in motion the possibility of progressive expansion of tumor mass and hematogenous metastatic spread. Dr. Folkman hypothesized that it might be possible to block this process, for example, by developing a monoclonal antibody to the hypothetical TAF molecule made by the tumor cell population. Blocking the activity of TAF would reverse or retard the process of tumor angiogenesis and reintroduce a state of tumor dormancy, thereby prolonging survival. One of the ways that the angiogenesis model changed is that there is no longer any evidence of a single TAF. Instead, a large family of different proangiogenic growth factors contributes to the development of new blood vessels. In addition, the model now includes evidence that starving a tumor of oxygen and inducing an elevated state of tumor hypoxia can have both positive and negative effects, at least in theory, and probably in practice.