The document provides an overview of statistical methods, including the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It discusses the significance of statistics across various fields such as business, education, medicine, and politics. Key concepts include descriptive and inferential statistics, data classification, scales of measurement, and sampling techniques.

1. STATISTICS
WITH
LABORATORY
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2. Statistics
It is a scientific body of
knowledge that deals with
the collection, organization
or presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of data.
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3. Steps in conducting research
1.) Collection
2.) Organization or presentation
3.) Analysis
4.) Interpretation
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4. Defining a Problem
1. Personal Choice
2. Interest
3. Economic Considerations
4. Specificity
5. Significance
6. Relevance
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5. 1.) Collection
It refers to the gathering
of information or data.
e.g. Interviews, questionnaires,
rating scales
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6. 2.) Organization or presentation
It involves summarizing
data or information in
textual, graphical, or
tabular forms.
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7. 3.) Analysis
It involves describing the
data by using statistical
methods and
procedures.
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8. 4.) Interpretation
It refers to the
process of making
conclusions based on
the analyzed data.
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9. Why do we need to
study statistics? Is it
important in our lives?
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10. In Business
 Statistics is used to test consumers’
preferences and to discover what it
is about a product that gives it its
appeal.
 Statistics can also be used in
planning marketing and advertising
strategies and in making changes in
a product’s quality to increase sales.
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11. In Education
 The performance ratings of students
in national examinations are
monitored for the improvement of the
quality of education.
 Enrollment rates are also used in
developing programs that can be
reach out to out-of-school children
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12. In Medicine
Statistics is used in medical
research, providing healthcare
professionals with new
knowledge and technology for
better diagnosis, treatment,
and the prevention of certain
diseases.
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13. In Sports
Numerical measures about
the performance of
individual players and
teams can be calculated
using statistical formulas.
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14. In Politics and Government
Statistics is used to obtain
information about voters’
attitudes toward certain issues
and candidates. This will help
candidates plan their
campaign strategies.
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15. In Entertainment
The most favorite actresses
and actors can be determined
by using surveys.
Ratings of the members of the
board of judges in a beauty
contest are statistically
analyzed. jfermin@spup

16. In Agriculture
Through statistical tools, an
agriculturist can determine
the effectiveness of a new
fertilizer in the growth of
plants or crops.
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17. Descriptive
and Inferential
Statistics
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18. Descriptive Statistics
 It is a statistical procedure
concerned with describing the
characteristics and properties of a
group of persons, places, or things.
 Generally, it involves gathering,
organizing, presenting, and
describing data.
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19. Inferential Statistics
 It is a statistical procedure that is
used to draw inferences or
information about the properties or
characteristics by a large group of
people, places, or things on the
basis of the information obtained
from a small portion of a large
group.
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20. Tell whether the following
situations will make use of
descriptive statistics or inferential
statistics.
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21. 1. A teacher computes the average grade of
her students and then determines the top
ten students.
2. A manager of a business firm predicts
future sales of the company based on the
present sales.
3. 3. A psychologist investigates if there is a
significant relationship between mental
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
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22. 4. A researcher studies the effectiveness of a
new fertilizer to increasing food production
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
5. A janitor counts the number of various
furniture inside the school.
6. A sport journalist determines the most
popular basketball player for this year.
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23. 7. A school administrator forecast future
expansion of a school
8. A market vendor investigates the most
popular brand of vinegar.
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
9. An engineer calculates the average height
of the buildings along Taft Avenue.
10. A dermatologist tests the relative
effectiveness of a new brand of medicine in
curing skin diseases. jfermin@spup

24. Terminologies
in Statistics
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25. 1. Population
 It refers to a large
collection of objects,
persons, places, or
things. A population is
denoted or represented
by N. jfermin@spup

26. 2. Sample
It is a small portion or part
of a population. It could also
be defined as a subgroup,
subset, or representative of
a population. A sample is
usually denoted by n.
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27. 3. Parameter
It is any numerical or
nominal characteristics of a
population. It is a value or
measurement obtained from
a population. It is usually
referred to as the true or
actual value. jfermin@spup

28. 4. Statistic
It is an estimate of a
parameter. It is any
value or measurement
obtained from a
sample.
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29. 5. Data
These are facts, or a set of
information or observations
under study. More specifically,
data are gathered by the
researcher from a population
or from a sample.
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30. Classification of data
a. Qualitative data
b. Quantitative
data
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31. a. Qualitative data
 These are data which can assume
values that manifest the concept of
attributes. These are sometimes
called categorical data. Data falling
on this category cannot be subjected
to meaningful arithmetic operations.
ex. Gender, nationality
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32. b. Quantitative data
These are data which are
numerical in nature. These
are data obtained from
counting or measuring.
ex. height, scores
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33. Qualitative or Quantitative
 number of students in school
 civil status
 nationality
 body mass index
 kinds of poetry
 number of siblings
 number of hours playing online games
 speed of light
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34. 6. Variable
It is a characteristics or
property of a population
or sample which makes
the members different
from each other.
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35. Classification of a variable
a. Discrete Variable
b. Continuous Variable
c. Dependent Variable
d. Independent
Variable jfermin@spup

36. a. Discrete Variable
It is one that can assume a
finite number of values. In
other words, it can assume
specific values only. The values
are obtained through the
process of counting.
ex. Number of student in a class
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37. b. Continuous Variable
It is one that can assume
infinite values within a
specified interval. The
values are obtained through
measuring. ex. Height of the
building
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38. Discrete or Continuous
 weight of male teachers
 passing score in the test
 number of cable television companies
 number of domestic animals
 height of PBA players
 weight of infants at birth
 books in a library
 distance of a capital from a town
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39. c. Dependent Variable
It is a variable
which is affected
or influenced by
another variable.
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40. d. Independent Variable
It is one which
affects or influences
the dependent
variable.
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41. 7. Constant
It is a property or
characteristics of a
population or sample, which
makes the members of the
group similar to each other.
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42. Scales of
Measurement
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43. Measurement
Assignment of
symbols or numerals
to objects or events
according to some
rules
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44. The Four Measurement Scales
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale
Note: In SPSS, there are only three scales of measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Scale
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45. 1. Nominal Scale
Comes from latin word “nomen”
which means ‘name’.
Used to distinguish one object
from another for identification
purposes.
Cannot be quantified or ranked
 Ex. Gender, Nationalitty
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46. 2. Ordinal Scale
Data are arranged in some
specified order or rank.
Can say that one is better
or greater than the other,
but the degree of their
differences cannot be
determined. jfermin@spup

47. Ex. the ranking of
contestants in a beauty
contest, of siblings in the
family, or of honor
students in the class
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48. 3. Interval Scale
Can be ranked or ordered,
and quantified
Can specify the amount of
difference
No point of reference which
is called an absolute value
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49. Ex. Scores in an
examination
To illustrate, suppose Maria
got 50 in a Math examination
while Martha got 40. We can
say that Maria got higher than
Martha by 10 points.
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50. 4. Ratio Scale
Similar to an interval
the only difference is that the
ratio level always starts from
an absolute or true zero point.
there is always the presence
of units of measure.
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51. Ex. Weight
To illustrate, suppose Mrs.
Reyes weighs 50 kg, while her
daughter weighs 25 kg. We
can say that Mrs. Reyes is
twice as heavy as her
daughter. jfermin@spup

52. 1. Eye color
2. Phone number
3. Lot number
4. ID number
5. Weight of a
box
6. Test Score
7. Lot area
8. Civil status
9. Religion
10. Land area
11. Number of jets in an airport
12. Job positions in an office
13. Length of time to finish a
game
14. Height of the building
15. Volume of water
16. Number of houses in a
village
17. Size of a T-shirt
18. Salary of workers
19. Number of houses in a
village
20. Employee’s hourly wage
Classify the following according to its
scale of measurement.
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53. jfermin@spup

54. Processing the Survey Activity
 How did you
conduct the survey?
Was it
advantageous?
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55.  How did you choose
your respondents?
Describe your selection
procedure.
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56.  Did you encounter
problems in tabulating
the results? What are
these?
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57. Survey VS Census
 Survey: it is a form
of data collection
conducted to gather
opinions or feedback
from people about a
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58. Survey VS Census
 Census: the data
gathered come from
the entire population
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59. A.Primary Sources
B. Secondary
Sources
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60. Primary Sources
 includes information
collected from an
original source of data,
which is firsthand in
nature
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61. Primary Sources
 government
institutions, business
agencies,
e.g. (PSA)
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62. Secondary Sources
 includes information
collected from
published or
unpublished sources,
such as books,
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63. Sampling
 is the process of careful
selection of members of
a population to study and
make generalizations
about a population
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64. Sampling
1. It is more economical
2. It is faster to accomplish
3. It allows for wider scope
4. It produces accurate info
5. It is sometimes the only
feasible method to use
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65. n=N/1+Ne2
Where: n= sample size
N=population size
e= margin of error
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66. n=N/1+Ne2
Ex: In a population
size of 1000 with
e=5%, what would be
the sample size?
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67. --a procedure used
to determine the
individuals or
members of a sample
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68. A.Probability Sampling
B. Non-Probability
Sampling
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69. --a sampling technique
wherein each member or
element of the population
has an equal chance of
being selected as
members of the sample
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70. A.Random Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Stratified Random Sampling
D. Cluster Sampling
E. Multi-Stage Sampling
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71. A.Lottery Method
B. Table of Random
Numbers
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72. -- select a random
starting point, then
draw successive
elements from the
population
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73. k=N/n
Ex. The population is
45 and sample size
is 14
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74. -- dividing the elements
of a population into
different categories or
subpopulations
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75. A group of students
wanted to conduct an
experiment in the
university about the use
of cellular phones.
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76. Strata Number of
students
Elementary 2500
High School 9500
College 4500
Total 16500
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77. Strata Number of
students
Percentag
e
Samples
to be taken
Elementar
y
2500
High
School
9500
College 4500
N=16500
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78. -- sampling wherein
groups or clusters
instead of individuals
are randomly chosen;
area sampling
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79. --is a sampling technique
wherein members of the
sample are drawn from
the population based on
the judgment of the
researcher
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80. --is also called subjective
sampling
• Convenience Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
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81. Convenience
Sampling
- samples are determined
based on convenient,
availability, proximity or
accessibility to the
researcher
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82. Quota Sampling
- samples are determined
with the same percentage
(as that of stratified) but
not done randomly
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83. Snowball sampling
- A member of the sample is
chosen through referral of
the other members of the
sample
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84. Modal Instance
sampling
- members of the sample are
selected based on the
typical, most frequent
observation or modal cases
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85. Exercises
1. An actress is preparing for
the role of a young female
who was recovered from a
severe drug addiction. She
decided to get information
from people who have been
in such a case.
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86. Exercises
The actress looked for a
reliable person who can
refer her to somebody who
has recovered from the
same addiction. What
method of sampling is this?
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87. Exercises
2. A group of computer science
graduates wants to put up an
internet café. To ensure that
they will cater to their target
clients’ needs, they conducted
a survey by giving out survey
forms to college students and
yuppies
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88. Exercises
Strolling at the nearest mall. To
identify the respondents, the
researchers listed the
characteristics of the students
and yuppies, looked for persons
who fit the criteria. What was
the method of sampling used?
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89. PRESENTATION
OF DATA

90. GROUPED DATA
ARE DATA THAT ARE
ORGANIZED AND
ARRANGE INTO
DIFFERENT CLASSES OR
CATEGORIES
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91. UNGROUPED DATA
ARE DATA THAT ARE
NOT ORGANIZED, OR IF
ARRANGED, COULD
ONLY BE FROM
HIGHEST OR LOWEST
TO HIGHEST
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92. METHODS OF
PRESENTING
DATA
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93. jfermin@spup

94. IMPORTANT
CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE DATA ARE GIVEN
EMPHASIS
 IN PARAGRAPH FORM
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95. 3 5 2 24
7 7 23 24
25 26 22 23
28 25 28 20
20 30 25 24
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96.  THE HIGHEST SCORE
OBTAINED IS 30 AND THE
LOWEST IS 2. 15 STUDENTS
GOT 20 AND ABOVE, WHILE
ONLY 5 GOT TEN AND BELOW.
GENERALLY, THE STUDENTS
PERFORMED WELL IN THE
TEST.
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97. jfermin@spup

98. SHOWS THE
GROUPINGS OF THE
DATA INTO A NUMBER
OF CLASSES
(intervals/categories)
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99. SHOWS HOW THE
DATA ARE
DISTRIBUTED AMONG
CLASSES
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100.  TABLE NUMBER: FOR EASY
REFERENCE TO THE TABLE
 TABLE TITLE: EXPLAINS THE
CONTENT OF THE TABLE
 COLUMN HEADER: DESCRIBES
THE DATA IN EACH COLUMN
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101.  ROW CLASSIFIER: SHOWS THE
CLASSES OR CATEGORIES
 BODY: MAIN PART OF THE TABLE
 SOURCE NOTE: PLACED BELOW
THE TABLE WHEN THE DATA
WRITTEN ARE NOT ORIGINAL
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102. TABLE 4: DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS IN XYZ HIGH
SCHOOL ACCORDING TO YEAR LEVEL
Year Level Number of Students
1st Year 300
2nd Year 250
3rd Year 285
4th Year 215
N = 1050
SOURCE: XYZ HIGH SCHOOL REGISTRAR
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