2. Statistics
It is a scientific body of
knowledge that deals with
the collection, organization
or presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of data.
jfermin@spup
3. Steps in conducting research
1.) Collection
2.) Organization or presentation
3.) Analysis
4.) Interpretation
jfermin@spup
4. Defining a Problem
1. Personal Choice
2. Interest
3. Economic Considerations
4. Specificity
5. Significance
6. Relevance
jfermin@spup
5. 1.) Collection
It refers to the gathering
of information or data.
e.g. Interviews, questionnaires,
rating scales
jfermin@spup
6. 2.) Organization or presentation
It involves summarizing
data or information in
textual, graphical, or
tabular forms.
jfermin@spup
7. 3.) Analysis
It involves describing the
data by using statistical
methods and
procedures.
jfermin@spup
9. Why do we need to
study statistics? Is it
important in our lives?
jfermin@spup
10. In Business
Statistics is used to test consumers’
preferences and to discover what it
is about a product that gives it its
appeal.
Statistics can also be used in
planning marketing and advertising
strategies and in making changes in
a product’s quality to increase sales.
jfermin@spup
11. In Education
The performance ratings of students
in national examinations are
monitored for the improvement of the
quality of education.
Enrollment rates are also used in
developing programs that can be
reach out to out-of-school children
jfermin@spup
12. In Medicine
Statistics is used in medical
research, providing healthcare
professionals with new
knowledge and technology for
better diagnosis, treatment,
and the prevention of certain
diseases.
jfermin@spup
13. In Sports
Numerical measures about
the performance of
individual players and
teams can be calculated
using statistical formulas.
jfermin@spup
14. In Politics and Government
Statistics is used to obtain
information about voters’
attitudes toward certain issues
and candidates. This will help
candidates plan their
campaign strategies.
jfermin@spup
15. In Entertainment
The most favorite actresses
and actors can be determined
by using surveys.
Ratings of the members of the
board of judges in a beauty
contest are statistically
analyzed. jfermin@spup
16. In Agriculture
Through statistical tools, an
agriculturist can determine
the effectiveness of a new
fertilizer in the growth of
plants or crops.
jfermin@spup
18. Descriptive Statistics
It is a statistical procedure
concerned with describing the
characteristics and properties of a
group of persons, places, or things.
Generally, it involves gathering,
organizing, presenting, and
describing data.
jfermin@spup
19. Inferential Statistics
It is a statistical procedure that is
used to draw inferences or
information about the properties or
characteristics by a large group of
people, places, or things on the
basis of the information obtained
from a small portion of a large
group.
jfermin@spup
20. Tell whether the following
situations will make use of
descriptive statistics or inferential
statistics.
jfermin@spup
21. 1. A teacher computes the average grade of
her students and then determines the top
ten students.
2. A manager of a business firm predicts
future sales of the company based on the
present sales.
3. 3. A psychologist investigates if there is a
significant relationship between mental
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
jfermin@spup
22. 4. A researcher studies the effectiveness of a
new fertilizer to increasing food production
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
5. A janitor counts the number of various
furniture inside the school.
6. A sport journalist determines the most
popular basketball player for this year.
jfermin@spup
23. 7. A school administrator forecast future
expansion of a school
8. A market vendor investigates the most
popular brand of vinegar.
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics
9. An engineer calculates the average height
of the buildings along Taft Avenue.
10. A dermatologist tests the relative
effectiveness of a new brand of medicine in
curing skin diseases. jfermin@spup
25. 1. Population
It refers to a large
collection of objects,
persons, places, or
things. A population is
denoted or represented
by N. jfermin@spup
26. 2. Sample
It is a small portion or part
of a population. It could also
be defined as a subgroup,
subset, or representative of
a population. A sample is
usually denoted by n.
jfermin@spup
27. 3. Parameter
It is any numerical or
nominal characteristics of a
population. It is a value or
measurement obtained from
a population. It is usually
referred to as the true or
actual value. jfermin@spup
28. 4. Statistic
It is an estimate of a
parameter. It is any
value or measurement
obtained from a
sample.
jfermin@spup
29. 5. Data
These are facts, or a set of
information or observations
under study. More specifically,
data are gathered by the
researcher from a population
or from a sample.
jfermin@spup
31. a. Qualitative data
These are data which can assume
values that manifest the concept of
attributes. These are sometimes
called categorical data. Data falling
on this category cannot be subjected
to meaningful arithmetic operations.
ex. Gender, nationality
jfermin@spup
32. b. Quantitative data
These are data which are
numerical in nature. These
are data obtained from
counting or measuring.
ex. height, scores
jfermin@spup
33. Qualitative or Quantitative
number of students in school
civil status
nationality
body mass index
kinds of poetry
number of siblings
number of hours playing online games
speed of light
jfermin@spup
34. 6. Variable
It is a characteristics or
property of a population
or sample which makes
the members different
from each other.
jfermin@spup
35. Classification of a variable
a. Discrete Variable
b. Continuous Variable
c. Dependent Variable
d. Independent
Variable jfermin@spup
36. a. Discrete Variable
It is one that can assume a
finite number of values. In
other words, it can assume
specific values only. The values
are obtained through the
process of counting.
ex. Number of student in a class
jfermin@spup
37. b. Continuous Variable
It is one that can assume
infinite values within a
specified interval. The
values are obtained through
measuring. ex. Height of the
building
jfermin@spup
38. Discrete or Continuous
weight of male teachers
passing score in the test
number of cable television companies
number of domestic animals
height of PBA players
weight of infants at birth
books in a library
distance of a capital from a town
jfermin@spup
39. c. Dependent Variable
It is a variable
which is affected
or influenced by
another variable.
jfermin@spup
41. 7. Constant
It is a property or
characteristics of a
population or sample, which
makes the members of the
group similar to each other.
jfermin@spup
44. The Four Measurement Scales
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale
Note: In SPSS, there are only three scales of measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Scale
jfermin@spup
45. 1. Nominal Scale
Comes from latin word “nomen”
which means ‘name’.
Used to distinguish one object
from another for identification
purposes.
Cannot be quantified or ranked
Ex. Gender, Nationalitty
jfermin@spup
46. 2. Ordinal Scale
Data are arranged in some
specified order or rank.
Can say that one is better
or greater than the other,
but the degree of their
differences cannot be
determined. jfermin@spup
47. Ex. the ranking of
contestants in a beauty
contest, of siblings in the
family, or of honor
students in the class
jfermin@spup
48. 3. Interval Scale
Can be ranked or ordered,
and quantified
Can specify the amount of
difference
No point of reference which
is called an absolute value
jfermin@spup
49. Ex. Scores in an
examination
To illustrate, suppose Maria
got 50 in a Math examination
while Martha got 40. We can
say that Maria got higher than
Martha by 10 points.
jfermin@spup
50. 4. Ratio Scale
Similar to an interval
the only difference is that the
ratio level always starts from
an absolute or true zero point.
there is always the presence
of units of measure.
jfermin@spup
51. Ex. Weight
To illustrate, suppose Mrs.
Reyes weighs 50 kg, while her
daughter weighs 25 kg. We
can say that Mrs. Reyes is
twice as heavy as her
daughter. jfermin@spup
52. 1. Eye color
2. Phone number
3. Lot number
4. ID number
5. Weight of a
box
6. Test Score
7. Lot area
8. Civil status
9. Religion
10. Land area
11. Number of jets in an airport
12. Job positions in an office
13. Length of time to finish a
game
14. Height of the building
15. Volume of water
16. Number of houses in a
village
17. Size of a T-shirt
18. Salary of workers
19. Number of houses in a
village
20. Employee’s hourly wage
Classify the following according to its
scale of measurement.
jfermin@spup
62. Secondary Sources
includes information
collected from
published or
unpublished sources,
such as books,
jfermin@spup
63. Sampling
is the process of careful
selection of members of
a population to study and
make generalizations
about a population
jfermin@spup
64. Sampling
1. It is more economical
2. It is faster to accomplish
3. It allows for wider scope
4. It produces accurate info
5. It is sometimes the only
feasible method to use
jfermin@spup
69. --a sampling technique
wherein each member or
element of the population
has an equal chance of
being selected as
members of the sample
jfermin@spup
70. A.Random Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling
C. Stratified Random Sampling
D. Cluster Sampling
E. Multi-Stage Sampling
jfermin@spup
78. -- sampling wherein
groups or clusters
instead of individuals
are randomly chosen;
area sampling
jfermin@spup
79. --is a sampling technique
wherein members of the
sample are drawn from
the population based on
the judgment of the
researcher
jfermin@spup
80. --is also called subjective
sampling
• Convenience Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
jfermin@spup
81. Convenience
Sampling
- samples are determined
based on convenient,
availability, proximity or
accessibility to the
researcher
jfermin@spup
82. Quota Sampling
- samples are determined
with the same percentage
(as that of stratified) but
not done randomly
jfermin@spup
83. Snowball sampling
- A member of the sample is
chosen through referral of
the other members of the
sample
jfermin@spup
84. Modal Instance
sampling
- members of the sample are
selected based on the
typical, most frequent
observation or modal cases
jfermin@spup
85. Exercises
1. An actress is preparing for
the role of a young female
who was recovered from a
severe drug addiction. She
decided to get information
from people who have been
in such a case.
jfermin@spup
86. Exercises
The actress looked for a
reliable person who can
refer her to somebody who
has recovered from the
same addiction. What
method of sampling is this?
jfermin@spup
87. Exercises
2. A group of computer science
graduates wants to put up an
internet café. To ensure that
they will cater to their target
clients’ needs, they conducted
a survey by giving out survey
forms to college students and
yuppies
jfermin@spup
88. Exercises
Strolling at the nearest mall. To
identify the respondents, the
researchers listed the
characteristics of the students
and yuppies, looked for persons
who fit the criteria. What was
the method of sampling used?
jfermin@spup
96. THE HIGHEST SCORE
OBTAINED IS 30 AND THE
LOWEST IS 2. 15 STUDENTS
GOT 20 AND ABOVE, WHILE
ONLY 5 GOT TEN AND BELOW.
GENERALLY, THE STUDENTS
PERFORMED WELL IN THE
TEST.
jfermin@spup
100. TABLE NUMBER: FOR EASY
REFERENCE TO THE TABLE
TABLE TITLE: EXPLAINS THE
CONTENT OF THE TABLE
COLUMN HEADER: DESCRIBES
THE DATA IN EACH COLUMN
jfermin@spup
101. ROW CLASSIFIER: SHOWS THE
CLASSES OR CATEGORIES
BODY: MAIN PART OF THE TABLE
SOURCE NOTE: PLACED BELOW
THE TABLE WHEN THE DATA
WRITTEN ARE NOT ORIGINAL
jfermin@spup
102. TABLE 4: DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS IN XYZ HIGH
SCHOOL ACCORDING TO YEAR LEVEL
Year Level Number of Students
1st Year 300
2nd Year 250
3rd Year 285
4th Year 215
N = 1050
SOURCE: XYZ HIGH SCHOOL REGISTRAR
jfermin@spup
