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Estrategias y enfermedades reproductivas humanas
- 1. Ciencias Biológicas 2 © 2006 Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byres
- 2. Capítulo 3: Reproducción y sexualidad Reproducción Animal
- 3. Estrategias Reproductivas: Asexual GGeemmaacciióónn RReeggeenneerraacciióónn FFiissiióónn PPaarrtteennooggéénneessiiss
- 4. Estrategias Reproductivas:: SSeexxuuaall RReeqquuiieerree ddee llaa mmeeiioossiiss yy ddee llaa uunniióónn ddee ggaammeettooss RReeqquuiieerree llaa eennttrreeggaa ddeell eessppeerrmmaattoozzooiiddee aa llaa hheemmbbrraa • FFeerrttiilliizzaacciióónn EExxtteerrnnaa • FFeerrttiilliizzaacciióónn IInntteerrnnaa
- 5. Gemación
- 6. Fisión seguida de regeneración El gusano Planaria se corta en dos partes Mitad posterior sin cabeza Crece la nueva cabeza Mitad anterior sin cola Crece la nueva cola
- 7. Indicios ambientales podrían sincronizar el desove
- 8. Anatomía reproductiva humana: Masculina GGóónnaaddaass • TTeessttííccuullooss eenn eell eessccrroottoo • PPrroodduucceenn ggaammeettooss mmaassccuulliinnooss ((eessppeerrmmaattoozzooiiddeess)) – EEssppeerrmmaattooggoonniiooss __ mmiittoossiiss __ eessppeerrmmaattooggoonniiooss – EEssppeerrmmaattooggoonniiooss __ mmeeiioossiiss __ eessppeerrmmaattoozzooiiddeess • PPrroodduucceenn tteessttoosstteerroonnaa
- 9. Anatomía reproductiva humana: Masculina Epidídimo Conducto deferente—paso desde los testículos hasta la uretra Glándulas asociadas • Vesículas seminales, próstata, glándulas bulbouretrales • Las secreciones activan el nado de los espermatozoides Uretra Pene — transfiere el semen a la hembra
- 10. El tracto reproductivo masculino humano
- 11. Cambios en el flujo sanguíneo producen la erección Corte transversal del pene relajado
- 12. Cambios en el flujo sanguíneo producen la erección Corte transversal del pene erecto
- 13. Estructuras que intervienen en la espermatogénesis ((aa)) CCoorrttee ddeell tteessttííccuulloo • TTúúbbuullooss sseemmiinnííffeerrooss • EEppiiddííddiimmoo • CCoonndduuccttoo ddeeffeerreennttee ((bb)) CCoorrttee ttrraannssvveerrssaall ddee uunn ttúúbbuulloo sseemmiinnííffeerroo • CCéélluullaass ddee SSeerrttoollii • EEssppeerrmmaattooggoonniiooss
- 14. Hormonas y producción de espermatozoides GGnnRRHH LLHH FFSSHH TTeessttoosstteerroonnaa
- 15. Control hormonal de la espermatogénesis HHiippoottáállaammoo -- PPiittuuiittaarriiaa ((hhiippóóffiissiiss)) aanntteerriioorr CCéélluullaass iinntteerrssttiicciiaalleess ++ -- células de Sertoli y espermatogonios GGnnRRHH ++ LLHH FFSSHH ++ Testosterona SSppeerrmmaattooggéénneessiiss ++ -- -- Hormona liberadora de gonadotropina Hormona luteinizante Hormona estimulante del folículo
- 16. Los espermatozoides se producen por Meiosis MMeeiioossiiss II MMeeiioossiiss IIII DDiiffeerreenncciiaacciióónn espermatogonio espermatocito primario espermatocitos secundarios espermatozoides
- 18. Anatomía reproductiva humana: Femenina GGóónnaaddaass——oovvaarriiooss • PPrroodduucceenn ggaammeettooss ffeemmeenniinnooss ((óóvvuullooss)) • OOvvooggoonniiooss __ oovvoocciittooss pprriimmaarriiooss • FFoollííccuullooss OOvviidduuccttooss ((ttrroommppaass ddee FFaallooppiioo)) • PPaassoo ddeessddee eell oovvaarriioo aall úútteerroo • SSiittiioo ddee ffeeccuunnddaacciióónn
- 19. Anatomía reproductiva humana: Femenina ÚÚtteerroo • SSiittiioo ddee ddeessaarrrroolllloo ddeell eemmbbrriióónn • EEnnddoommeettrriioo yy mmiioommeettrriioo CCeerrvviixx —— aappeerrttuurraa mmuussccuullaarr hhaacciiaa eell úútteerroo VVaaggiinnaa —— rreecceeppttááccuulloo ppaarraa eell ppeennee
- 20. El tracto rreepprroodduuccttoorr ffeemmeenniinnoo hhuummaannoo
- 21. The Structures IInnvvoollvveedd iinn OOooggeenneessiiss ((aa)) ((bb))
- 22. Hormonas yy pprrdduucccciióónn ddee óóvvuullooss EEll cciicclloo mmeennssttrruuaall • GGnnRRHH • LLHH • FFSSHH • EEssttrróóggeennoo • PPrrooggeesstteerroonnaa HHoorrmmoonnaass ddeell eemmbbaarraazzoo • GGoonnaaddoottrrooffiinnaa ccoorriióónniiccaa hhuummaannaa ((HHCCGG)) • EEssttrróóggeennoo // pprrooggeesstteerroonnaa • PPrroollaaccttiinnaa • OOxxiittoocciinnaa
- 23. Control hormonal del ciclo Menstrual
- 24. Los óvulos ssee ffoorrmmaann ppoorr mmeeiioossiiss MMeeiioossiiss II MMeeiioossiiss IIII ovogonio ovocito primario ovocito secundario (óvulo) cuerpo polar óvulo cuerpo polar cuerpo polar cuerpo polar
- 25. Un folículo iirrrruummppee ddeell oovvaarriioo
- 26. El ovocito secundario y la fecundación oovvoocciittoo sseeccuunnddaarriioo ((óóvvuulloo)) ccoorroonnaa rraaddiiaattaa zzoonnaa ppeellúúcciiddaa
- 27. El ovocito secundario yy llaa ffeeccuunnddaacciióónn Espermatozoide Ovocito Espermatozoide Espermatozoide
- 28. Control de la natalidad: Anticoncepción Método del ritmo (planificación natural de la familia) Abstinencia — 100% efectiva Esterilización • Vasectomía • Ligado de trompas Píldoras anticonceptivas • Altas dosis de estrógeno/progesterona • Impiden la ovulación Condón (masculino y femenino) Diafragma y espermicida
- 29. Conrol de la natalidad: Esterilización Después de la vasectomía Macho normal
- 30. Conrol de la natalidad: Esterilización Después del Hembra normal ligado de trompas
- 31. Enfermedades ddee ttrraannssmmiissiióónn sseexxuuaall UUnnoo ddee ccaaddaa cciinnccoo ppeerrssoonnaass eess iinnffeeccttaaddaa SSee pprreesseennttaann 1122 mmiilllloonneess ddee ccaassooss nnuueevvooss ppoorr aaññoo DDiissttrriibbuucciióónn ddee eeddaaddeess • DDooss tteerrcciiooss ddee iinnffeeccttaaddooss eenn ppeerrssoonnaass mmeennoorreess ddee 2255 aaññooss • UUnn ccuuaarrttoo eenn aaddoolleesscceenntteess
- 32. IInnffeecccciioonneess bbaacctteerriiaannaass Gonorrea (Neisseria gonorrheae) • 22 mmiilllloonneess ddee ccaassooss aall aaññoo eenn EEssttaaddooss UUnniiddooss • PPuueeddee ccaauussaarr eesstteerriilliiddaadd Sífilis (Treponema pallidum) • 43.000 casos en 1995 (Estados Unidos) • Si no se trata puede destruir muchos órganos y dañar el cerebro
- 33. IInnffeecccciioonneess bbaacctteerriiaannaass CCllaammiiddiiaa ((CChhllaammyyddiiaa ttrraacchhoommaattiiss)) • Más de 5 millones de infectados al año (U.S.A.) • Puede infectar y bloquear los tubos uterinos y causar esterilidad en la mujer • Puede causar inflamación en los bebés de madres infectadas • En el 50% de los casos es asintomática
- 34. IInnffeecccciioonneess vviirraalleess Herpes genital • 44 millones de americanos (1 de cada 5 sobre los 13 años de edad, U.S.A.) • Nunca sale del cuerpo • Si se transmite al niño, puede causar severas incapacidades mental o física. • Aumenta el riesgo de contraer SIDA Verrugas genitales • Causadas por el virus del papiloma humano • Existen 40 millones de Americanos infectados • El 90% de los carcinomas cervicales son producidos por las verrugas genitales
- 35. IInnffeecccciioonneess vviirraalleess SIDA (Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida) • 4 millones de casos diagnosticados en los últimos 15 años (en el mundo) • Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) • Se propaga primordialmente por actividad sexual y por sangre, y por agujas contaminadas
- 36. IInnffeecccciioonneess ppaarraassííttiiccaass Tricomoniasis • Es causada por un protista flagelado que coloniza las membranas mucosas que recubren el tracto urinario de ambos sexos – Los síntomas son derrame causado por una inflamación en respuesta al parásito. – Una infección prolongada sin tratamiento puede producir esterilidad.
- 37. Infertilidad Una de cada seis parejas es incapaz de concebir LLaass iinnffeecccciioonneess ddee ttrraannssmmiissiióónn sseexxuuaall ppuueeddeenn ccaauussaarr iinnffeerrttiilliiddaadd TTééccnniiccaass rreepprroodduuccttiivvaass • Fecundación IInn vviittrroo —— SSee hhaann llooggrraaddoo 2266..000000 bbeebbééss ddee pprroobbeettaa.. • FFáárrmmaaccooss ddee ffeerrttiilliiddaadd yy nnaacciimmiieennttooss mmúúllttiipplleess..
- 38. FFIINN
Editor's Notes
- The offspring of some cnidarians, such as the Hydra shown here, grow as buds that appear as miniature adults sprouting from the body of the parent. When sufficiently developed, the buds break off and assume independent existence.
- Some flatworm species reproduce by dividing across the middle. Then each offspring regenerates the missing half of its body.
- Along the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, thousands of corals spawn simultaneously, creating this “blizzard” effect. Spawning in these corals is linked to the phase of the moon. (Inset) Close-up of a package of sperm and eggs erupting from a spawning hermaphroditic coral.
- The male gonads, the testes, hang beneath the abdominal cavity in the scrotum. Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubules of a testis to the epididymis, and from there through the vas deferens and urethra to the tip of the penis. Along the way, fluids are added from three sets of glands: the seminal vesicles, the bulbourethral glands, and the prostate gland.
- (a) Normally, smooth muscles encircling the arterioles leading into the penis are contracted, limiting blood flow.
- (b) During sexual excitement, these muscles relax, and blood flows into spaces within the penis. The swelling penis squeezes off the veins leaving the penis, thereby increasing the pressure produced by fluids within the penis and causing it to become elongated and firm.
- (a) A section of the testis, showing the location of the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, and vas deferens. (b) Cross section of a seminiferous tubule. The walls of the seminiferous tubules are lined with Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. As spermatogonia undergo meiosis, the daughter cells move inward, embedded in infoldings of the Sertoli cells. There they differentiate into sperm (spermatazoa), drawing on the Sertoli cells for nourishment. Mature sperm are freed into the central cavity of the tubules for transport to the penis. Testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells in the spaces between tubules.
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH. LH stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. Testosterone and FSH stimulate the Sertoli cells and the spermatogonia, causing spermatogenesis. Testosterone and chemicals produced during spermatogenesis inhibit further release of FSH and LH, forming a negative feedback loop that keeps the rate of spermatogenesis and the concentration of testosterone in the blood nearly constant.
- Spermatogenesis is accomplished by meiotic divisions followed by differentiation, producing haploid sperm. Although 4 chromosomes are shown for clarity, in humans the diploid number is 46 and the haploid number is 23.
- (a) A mature sperm is a stripped-down cell equipped with only the essentials: a haploid nucleus containing the male genetic contribution to the future zygote, a lysosome (called the acrosome) containing enzymes that will digest the barriers surrounding the egg, mitochondria for energy production, and a tail (a long flagellum) for locomotion. (b) False-color electron micrograph of a human sperm.
- Eggs are produced in the ovaries and swept by cilia into the uterine tube. A male deposits sperm in the vagina, from which they move up through the cervix and uterus into the uterine tube. Sperm and egg normally meet in the uterine tube, where fertilization occurs. The fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus, where the embryo develops.
- (a) External view of the ovary and uterine tube. (b) The development of follicles in an ovary, portrayed in a time sequence (clockwise from the lower right). 1) A primary oocyte begins development within a follicle. 2) , 3) The follicle grows, providing both hormones and nourishment for the enlarging oocyte. 4) At ovulation, the secondary oocyte, or egg, bursts through the ovary wall, surrounded by some follicle cells. The remaining follicle cells develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes hormones. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down after a few days.
- The menstrual cycle is generated by interactions among the hormones of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the ovaries. The circled numbers refer to the interactions discussed in the text on page 728.
- The cellular stages of oogenesis. The oogonium enlarges to form the primary oocyte. At meiosis I, almost all the cytoplasm is included in one daughter cell, the secondary oocyte. The other daughter cell is a small polar body that contains chromosomes but little cytoplasm. At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg, and a second small polar body discards the remaining “extra” chromosomes. The first polar body may also undergo the second meiotic division. In humans, meiosis II does not occur until a sperm penetrates into the egg.
- The mature follicle grows so large and is filled with so much fluid that it moves to the surface of the ovary and literally bursts through the ovary wall like a miniature volcano. It then releases the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube.
- (a) A human secondary oocyte shortly after ovulation. Sperm must digest their way through the small follicular cells of the corona radiata and the clear zona pellucida to reach the oocyte itself.
- (b) Sperm surround the oocyte, attacking its defensive barriers.
- (a) Vasectomy in the male involves removing a 1/2 inch (1 cm) length of the vas deferens and tying off the cut ends. This prevents sperm from leaving the body. (b) Tubal ligation in the female involves removing a portion of the uterine tube and tying off the cut ends, preventing sperm from reaching the oocyte and preventing the oocyte from reaching the uterus.
- (a) Vasectomy in the male involves removing a 1/2 inch (1 cm) length of the vas deferens and tying off the cut ends. This prevents sperm from leaving the body. (b) Tubal ligation in the female involves removing a portion of the uterine tube and tying off the cut ends, preventing sperm from reaching the oocyte and preventing the oocyte from reaching the uterus.