2. OUTLINE
Introduction to Functions
Properties of Functions
Advantages of using Functions
Types of functions
Intercommunication among Functions
3. What is a Function?
A function in C language is a block of code that performs a
specific task.
It has a name and it is reusable i.e. it can be executed from as
many different parts in a C Program as required.
It also optionally returns a value to the calling program
4. Properties of Function
Every function has a unique name.
This name is used to call function from “main()”
function. A function can be called from within another
function.
A function performs a specific task.
A task is a distinct job that your program must perform as
a part of its overall operation, such as sorting an array,
etc.,
A function returns a value to the calling program.
This is optional and depends upon the task your function
is going to accomplish.
5. Advantages of using Functions
It makes programs significantly easier to understand.
Even without software engineering, functions allow the structure of the
program to reflect the structure of its application.
The main program can consist of a series of function calls rather than
countless lines of code.
Well written functions may be reused in multiple programs
Enables code sharing
The C standard library is an example
Functions can be used to protect data (esp. Local data)
Easy to locate and isolate faulty functions.
6. Types of Functions
C language is collection of various inbuilt functions.
They are written in the header files
To use them appropriate header files should be included in the
source code
Header Files Functions Defined
stdio.h printf(), scanf(), getchar(), putchar(),
gets(), puts(), fopen(), fclose()
conio.h clrscr(), getch()
ctype.h Toupper(), tolower(), isalpha()
Math.h pow(), Sqrt(), cos(), log()
Stdlib.h Rand(), exit()
String.h strlen(), strcpy(), strupr()
7. User Defined Functions
General structure of a function
<return type> FunctionName (Argument1, Argument2, Argument3......)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
Statement3;
}
Example of a function:
int sum (int x, int y)
{
int result;
result = x + y;
return (result);
}
8. Function Prototype Declaration
A user-written function should normally be declared prior to its use.
The general form of this function declaration statement is as follows:
<return type> FunctionName (data_type_list);
There are three basic parts in the declaration.
Function Name: it is the name of the function and follows the
same naming rules as that for any valid variable in C.
Return type: it specifies the type of data given back to the calling
construct by the function after it executes its specific task.
data_type_list: the list specifies the data type of each of the
variables.
9. Function Prototype Declaration (Contd..)
Examples of declaration statements:
a) float tempcon(float celsius);
b) double power( double, int);
c) int fact(int);
d) void display(void);
If there are no parameters to a function, you can specify the parameter
list as void.
The name of a function is global.
Semicolon is required at the end of a function protoype.
If the number and order of arguments does not agree with the number
of parameters specified in the prototype, the behavior is undefined.
10. Function Definition
The collection of program statements that describes the specific task.
It consists of the function header and a function body, which is a block of
code enclosed in paranthesis.
The definition creates the actual function in memory.
The general form of function definition is:
return_type function_name(data_type variable1, data_type variable2,..)
{
/* Function body */
}
The function header in this definition is
return_type function_name(data_type variable1, data_type variable2,..)
Function header is similar to the function declaration but does not require the
semicolon at the end.
The list of variables in the function header is also referred to as the formal
parameters.
11. Function Call
A function will carry out its expected action whenever it is invoked (i.e, called).
The program control passes to that of the called function.
Once the function completes its task, the program control is returned back to the
calling function.
The general form of the function call statement is
function_name(variable1, variable2,..)
or
variable_name= function_name(variable1, variable2,..)
• A function will process information passed to it and return a single value.
If there are no arguments to be passed in the function, then the calling statement
would be
function_name();
or
variable_name=function_name();
Information will be passed to the function via special identifiers or expression called
argumensts or actual parameters and returned through return statement.
13. return statement
The general form of the return statement is:
return expression;
or
return(expression);
where expression evaluates to a value of the type specified in
the function header for the return value.
The expression can also include function calls, for e.g.,
x=power(power(2,5),2);
if a function returns a value , it has to be assigned to some
variable since a value is being returned.
14. return statement example
There may be more than one return statement in a function but only
one return statement will be executed per calling to the function.
• Function definition to check whether a given year is a leap year or not.
void leap_year(int year)
{
if(((year%4==0) && (year%100!=0))|| (year%400==0))
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
15. Inter Function Communication
• Communication between calling and called function is done
through exchange of data.
• The flow of data is divided into 3 strategies:
Downward flow: from the calling to called function
Upward flow: from the called to calling function
Bidirectional flow: in both the directions
• Implementation of Inter function communication is done through
3 strategies:
Pass by value
pass by reference
return
• C language uses only pass by value and return to achieve the
above types of communication
17. • In this the calling function sends data to the called function.
• No data flows in the opposite direction
• Copies of the data items are passed from the calling function
to the called function
• The called function may change the values passed, but the
original values in the calling function remain unchanged.
• Example of this type is function with arguments but no
return statement.
Downward flow
19. It occurs when the called function sends data back to the called function without
receiving any data from it.
Example of this type is function with no arguments but return statement
Upward Flow
21. While the previous example works well for only one data item to be returned.
C does not allow us to directly reference a variable in the calling function for
returning multiple data items.
The solution is for the calling function to pass the address of the variable to the called
function.
Given the variables address the called function can then put the data in the calling
function. So the called function needs a special type of variable called pointer
variable, that points to the variable in the called function.
Example: function_name(&variable1, &variable2); // calling function
void function_name(int *variable1, int* variable2); //called function
The called function needs to declare that the parameter is to receive an address, we
use asterisk which signifies that the variables are address variables holding the
address.
Accessing the variable indirectly through its address stored in the parameter list
through * (asterisk) is know as indirection operator.
Function that return multiple values
22. Example : Function that return multiple values
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void calc(int x, int y, int *add, int *sub)
{
*add = x+y;
*sub = x-y;
}
void main()
{
int a=20, b=11, p,q;
clrscr();
calc(a,b,&p,&q);
printf("Sum = %d, Sub = %d",p,q);
getch();
}
24. A recursive function is one that calls itself directly or indirectly to solve
a smaller version of its task until a final call which does not require a
self-call.
It is like a top down approach
Every recursive function must have atleast one base case.
The statement that solves the problem is known as base case, the rest of
the function is known as general case.
For example: In factorial using recursion example,
the base case is factorial(0) or factorial(1) ;
the general case is n* factorial(n-1). It contains the logic needed to
reduce the size of the problem
Recursive Functions
25. Example: factorial of a number using recursion
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int);
int main()
{
int num;
int result;
printf("Enter a number to find it's Factorial: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (num < 0)
{
printf("Factorial of negative number not possiblen");
}
else
{
result = factorial(num);
printf("The Factorial of %d is %d.n", num, result);
}
return 0;
}
int factorial(int num)
{
if (num == 0 || num == 1)
{
return 1;
}
else
{
return(num * factorial(num - 1));
}
}
