This document discusses various topics related to health and human development including definitions of health, dimensions of health, determinants of health, the role of healthcare in development, economic development and inclusive growth, and sustainable development goals. It provides details on the physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotional dimensions of health. It also examines indicators of health development, the impact of malnutrition on human development, and the role of health in economic and inclusive growth.

2.  Meaning,
 Scope & Dimensions of health and well-being,
Determinants of health,
 Role of healthcare in Human Development,
 Economic Development and inclusive growth.
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3. What is health
 As per WHO ,Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity.(1994)
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4. Dimensions of Health
1.Physical Dimensions :
 Physical health means perfect functioning of the body in which each
organ is working in harmony with the maximum capacity.
 Physical health is achieved by the exercise, healthy diet, adequate rest
and sleep and no smoking or alcohol intake.
 To maintain proper physical health there is need for taking safety
precautions, and regular follow up with the health care providers.
Signs of physical health :
 A good complexion.
 A clean skin.
 Bright eyes.
 Not too fatty.
 A sweet breath.
 A good appetite.
 Sound sleep.
 Regular activities of bowels and bladder.
 Smooth, easy, and coordinated bodily movements.
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5.  Evaluation of Physical Health :
 1. Self assessment of overall health.
 2. Inquiry about ill health and risk factors.
 3. Inquiry in to medications.
 4. Standardized questionnaire for cardiovascular and
respiratory
 diseases.
 5. Clinical examinations.
 6. Nutritional and dietary history.
 7. Biochemical and laboratory investigations.
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6. 2.Mental Dimensions :
 Mental health is a state of balance between body and
mind .
 Earlier the body and mind were considered two
separate entities.
 But these are interrelated as physical illness can result
mental illness and vice versa.
 How mental illness influence physical health has been
shown in Fig.
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7.  Characteristics of mentally healthy person :
1. Mentally healthy person will be capable of making personal
and social adjustment.
2. Mentally healthy person is free from internal conflicts.
3. He faces problems and tries to solve them intelligently.
4. He has good self control balances rationally and
emotionally.
5. He knows him self his needs problems and goals.
6. He has strong sense of self esteem.
7. He searches for identity.
8. He lives a well balanced life means able to maintain the
balance between work rest and recreation.
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8. 3. Social Dimensions:
 An individual is socially healthy if he is able to maintain
 harmonious relationship with other members of society in which
he
 lives.
 Social health rooted in “positive material environment” and
 “positive human environment” which is concerned with the
social
 network of the individual.
The social dimensions of health includes;
 Communication
 Intimacy
 Respect
 Equality
 Social functioning
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9. 4. Spiritual Dimensions :
 Spirituality means in touch with deeper self and
exploration the
 purpose of life, as people believe in some force that
transcend
 physiology and psychology of human beings.
 It includes love , charity, purpose , principles , ethics,
integrity, hope of life.
 Meditations ,prayers, or spiritual gatherings are
organized to maintain spiritual health.
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10. 5. Emotional Dimensions :
 Emotional health is closely related to the mental health and is
considered as an
 important element of health.
 Mental and emotional aspects of health are now viewed as two
separate entities for human life.
 Cognition is related to the mental health whereas emotional
health is related to the feelings of a person.
 Emotional health includes ;
 An emotionally healthy person has a positive thinking and is
capable of coping and adjusting self.
 An emotionally healthy person participates in all the activities
which are related to personal growth and his self esteem.
 Emotionally well people have the ability to express feelings freely
and manage feelings effectively.
 They are also aware of and accept a wide range of feelings in
themselves and others.
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11. Determinants of Health
The health of an individual may be affected by various
factors. The factors within the individual and the factors
within the society are as follows:
i) Heredity
ii) Environment
iii) Life style
iv) Socio-economic conditions
v) Health and Family Welfare Services
vi) Other factors
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12. Role of healthcare in Human
Development
 Health is considered an important aspect of
development. It is one of the primary social needs
which every nation has to ensure to its citizen in order
to meet its development goal. Healthy individual can
make a healthy nation. They are more productive than
unhealthy individuals. Therefore, investment in health
can be regarded as an investment in human capital,
which ultimately promotes development.
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13. Healthcare delivery system
 A system consisting of number of interrelated
components which function as unified whole to
provide desirable, continuous and comprehensive
health care services to people at large in their place of
living without any discrimination and disparity to
achieve the goal of HFA(Health for all).
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14. Navita Vijay
Relationship between Health and Development

15. The eight Millennium Development
goals –UN Year 2000
 The eight Millennium Development goals are:
 i) Gender equality and women empowerment .
 ii) Reduction in child mortality
 iii) Improvement in maternal health
 iv) Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
 v) Ensuring environmental sustainability
 vi) Developing a global partnership for development
 vii) Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
 viii) Universal primary education
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16. Sustainable Development Goals-
UN 2015
 The SDGs were formulated in 2015 by the United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA) as part of the Post-2015
Development Agenda, which sought to create a future
global development framework to succeed the Millennium
Development Goals, which ended that year.
 The COVID-19 pandemic had serious negative impacts on
all 17 SDGs in 2020; a scientific assessment released in 2022
determined that the world is not on track to achieve the
SDGs by 2030 and concluded the SDGs have so far had only
limited political effects in global, national and local
governance.
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17. Sustainable Development Goals –
UN Year -2022
 Goal 1: No poverty- End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
 Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger)-End hunger,
achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture
 Goal 3: Good health and well-being-Ensure healthy
lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
 Goal 4: Quality education-Ensure inclusive and
equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
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18.  Goal 5: Gender equality-Achieve gender equality and
empower all women and girls
 Goal 6:Clean water and sanitation- Ensure availability
and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
 Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy- Ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
 Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth- Promote
sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full
and productive employment and decent work for all
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19. Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure-Build resilient
infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization
and foster innovation
Goal 10: Reduced inequality- Reduce inequality within and
among countries
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities- Make cities and
human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production- Ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13: Climate action- Take urgent action to combat climate
change and its impact
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20. Goal 14: Life below water- Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Goal 15: Life on land- Protect, restore and promote sustainable use
of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions- Promote
peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17: Partnership for the goals- Strengthen the means of
implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for
Sustainable Development
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21. SDG and Health
SDGs 1 to 6 directly address health disparities, primarily
in developing countries. These six goals address key
issues in Global Public Health, Poverty, Hunger and
Food security, Health, Education, Gender equality and
women's empowerment, and water and sanitation.
Public health officials can use these goals to set their
own agenda and plan for smaller scale initiatives for
their organizations. These goals are designed to lessen
the burden of disease and inequality faced by developing
countries and lead to a healthier future.
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22. Health Indicators
 Indicators which are used to assess the health development
of a nation are:
 1. Health services indicators-like number of health care
delivery centers and the number of medical and
paramedical staff per center.
 2. Mortality Indicators-Maternal Mortality Rates and
Infant Mortality Rates are largely used as indicators of
health development by different nations, and by agencies
involved in assessing and promoting health care.
 Morbidity Indicators-The number of people suffering
from various diseases are also used as indicators of health.
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23.  The WHO has devised a new parameter to assess the global burden of
diseases called Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY). DALY is a time
based measure that combines the year of life lost (YLL) due to
premature mortality and years of life wits disability (YLD) or years of,
life lost due to time lived in states of less than full health.
4. Demographic Indicators-Demographic indicators such as birth rate,
death rate, and life expectancy rate are also used for assessing the health
status of a nation.
 Both the birth rates and death rates are high for developing countries
as compared with developed countries. The quantity and quality of
health care services influences birth and death rates.
 The propensity to enjoy higher standards of living and good health and
to remain in workforce participation are among many factors
responsible for lower fertility.
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24.  5. Immunization Indicators-Various immunization
packages used by countries are BCG polio, measles,
and hepatitis. 'There is a direct relationship between
immunization and child survival rate.
 6. Nutrition Indicators-Malnutrition is one of the
important causes of mortality and morbidity in
developing countries. Almost all developing countries
are facing this problem and it is more pervasive in
rural areas, among the impoverished sections of
society, and, particularly, among woman and children.
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25.  The most common form of malnutrition is known as
protein calorie malnutrition (PCM).
 The percentage of population suffering from
inalnutrition is quite high in South Asia and sub
Saharan Africa as compared to other developed
countries. Rentlinger and Selowsky remarked that in
Asia,, the Middle East and Africa, there were shortfalls
ranging from 135 to 230 calories per day.
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26. Impact of malnutrition on Human
development
i) malnutrition among the toiling masses reduces their labor
capacity and consequently affects productivity
ii) malnutrition in women results in spontaneous abortion, poor
conception, and even infertility
iii) malnourished women may give birth to low birth weight
babies, infants that weight less than 2.5 kg, ;):la premature
delivery
iv) malnourishment among women sometimes results in still
birth and spontaneous abortion
v) malnourishment among children is one of the causes of infant
and child Mortality
vi) malnourishment leads to loss of memory among school going
children
vii) malnourished children are lethargic compared to normal
children, and are less likely to take part in sports and scout
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27. Role of Health in Economic Development
 The role of health in economic development is
analyzed via two channels: the direct labor
productivity effect and the indirect incentive
effect. The labor productivity hypothesis asserts that
individuals who are healthier have higher returns to
labor input.
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28.  The labor productivity hypothesis asserts that
individuals who are healthier have higher returns to
labor input.
 The incentive effect is borne of the theoretical
literature, and individuals who are healthier and have
a greater life expectancy will have the incentive to
invest in education as the time horizon over which
returns can be earned is extended.
 Education is the driver of economic growth, and thus
health plays an indirect role.
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29. Role of Health in Inclusive Growth
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30.  Accounting for the simultaneous determination of the
key variables .growth, education, fertility .the results
show that the indirect effect of health is positive and
significant. Without recognition of the indirect role of
health the economic benefits of health improvements
are underestimated.
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31. What is inclusive growth
 Inclusive development occurs when average
achievements improve and inequalities in these
achievements fall. By analogy with the income case,
we can define pro- poor development as occurring
when improvements in average attainments are
accompanied by improvements of achievements below
a critical threshold.
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32.  Beyond income and wealth, people’s well-being is
shaped by a range of non-income dimensions such as
their health, educational and employment status.
Improving the human capital of those at the bottom is
fundamental to ensure they access jobs and earn a
livelihood.
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33. Important Links to read
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/care-
for-health-perspective-on-indian-healthcare-sector-in-
2021-and-beyond/
https://www.ibef.org/industry/healthcare-india
https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitutio
n
https://wellnessjoy.life/the-seven-dimensions-of-
wellness/
https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PuYLifV8TNzD1
3GqiK3JmN/Healthcare-and-economic-growth.html
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