Shenandoah National Park And Florida Geologic Setting

Shenandoah National Park And Florida Geologic Setting
Shenandoah National Park and Florida Geologic Setting Introduction Florida and Shenandoah National Park have many commonalities as well as
differences that makes each of these geologic setting unique. Though North America looks like Florida and Shenandoah National Park never seemed
to collide with one another, Shenandoah has a rock record of being about 1 billion years old that constructed the North American continent and a
building block that formed the Appalachians through orogenies. Florida falls about 300 million years old with the North American plate, however
findings that were part of Gondwana provides evidence of the origin of Florida. With a vast time difference of these rock records, what can be
furthered analyzed of what the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rodinia started to rift around 750 to 600 million years ago and the Iapetus Ocean opening up as seen in Figure 1, the Swift Run Formation with
Grenville, volcanic debris and ash material produced the Catoctin Formation that contains flood basalts supporting Shenandoah. With modern day East
Africa rift and Red Sea curst stretched, this allowed flood basalts and rhyolite seep through the ocean floor and eventually made its way to the surface.
Florida didn't really start until Rodinia started to break apart through rifting and seafloor spreading. This rifting and seafloor spreading ripped apart the
eastern part of North America and made shorelines that are smaller than coves and high lands near the surface of the ocean (M.C. Smith, written
communication, 2017). This created a conjugate margin that made North America wait for Gondwana where orogenic belts can be created. Just like
Shenandoah the Iapetus ocean started to open separating land masses Laurentia and Gondwana as Florida's basement rock comes from the Gondwana
region. Within the Neoproterozoic there is granitoids and igneous rocks that are found in central and northeastern part of Florida as evidence of Florida
being part of Gondwana(M.C. Smith, written communication, 2017). In Figure 2, Findings of minerals such as schists and quartz
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Pangea Research Paper
The world once was one big landmass called Pangea. Alfred Wegener, the man who discovered that Pangea happened, tried to explain to people
how he knew Pangea was real. He found lots of evidence including animal and plant fossils, which showed that some of the fossils of the animals
could only survive in fresh water so they could not swim all the way across a salt water ocean, or how are they are about 50 of the same types of
trees right on the border of South America and Africa. Next, there are rock sequences, they are the exact same rock layers underground of South
America and Africa. Also, there is glacier evidence that shows that there are glacier marks on rocks in Africa and South America and those places are
way too hot for a glacier.

Pangaea Research Paper
Pangaea, the colossal supercontinent, was the first land mass on the Earth. It is a panoramic, conglomerate of all the continents, which existed
during the Triassic and period. The word Triassic originates from a discovery made by the German paleontologist, Friedrich August von Alberti. In
his discovery he identified and dismantled, three different layers in the rock strata which are now called the Bunter, Muschelkalk and Keuper. The
original names for the rocks where the Trias, which later became the Triassic. The entire Triassic period occurred between 251 million and 199
million years ago, which is about 51 million year. It took 6 legacies of mass extinctions to get to the Triassic period. These extinctions led to the lives
of many new organisms on our planet.
Seeing that we are in the 8th grade, we know that dinosaurs existed, but how did these ostentatious creatures thrive and survive. Most prestigious
scientist accede that the first dinosaurs lived around 500 million years ago. Christians and scientist always have irksome clashes on this subject
because of different beliefs. The bible says that the world has only been here for about 6000 years, but it also says in 2 Peter 3:8, "One day is like a
thousand years in God's eyes." For this reason I believe that the earth might actually be billions of years old. Proof of this theory can be found ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What's interesting is how long it took for the rock to shift on its side. After months of hard work paleontologist were able to carbon date the prints
back millions of years. It is estimated at about 30 million years around the Jurassic period. After doing further research I found out it happened because
of the continents shifting into the places where they are now. The theory originally was supposed to have 6 continents instead of 7 but they separated
Europe and Asia from each

How Did Wegener's Failure To Predict An Earthquake?
In 2009, six seismologists and a civil servant failed to predict an earthquake that killed 308 people in Italy and were charged with manslaughter.
They were sentenced to six years in prison. Only a century ago though, a German meteorologist named Alfred Wegener, was ridiculed for his idea
about continental drift. To try to prove his idea, he cut out the continents from a map, stretched them, and fit them together. He also used the evidence
that animals and plants on opposite sides of the world look very similar as well as the fact that layered geological formations on one side of an ocean
look as though they could go together. For years after he presented this idea, it was attacked and not believed. In the mid–1960 the theory was finally
accepted but Wegener did not live to see it.
I am surprised that seismologists were actually charged with manslaughter just for not predicting an earthquake. It seems like it was probably just a
mistake not on purpose, so I cannot believe they actually went to jail. I thought the part about Wegener stretching the continents to make them fit
together was very interesting since I never thought about the fact that mountains were not always there. It is also surprising that it took so long for
people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was able obtained a master's degree in geology during the 1940s despite the fact that only 4 percent of earth sciences doctorates were achieved
by women. She started working at Columbia University's Lamont Geological Laboratory but cold not go on the research vessels since she was a
woman. Instead, she stayed with Bruce Heezen and charted the data. Here is where she discovered a huge valley in the middle of a gigantic ocean
ridge but Heezen did not believe her since she was female. After a year and more evidence, we finally believed her and took credit for her work. Today,
the Mid–Atlantic Ridge that Tharp mapped is evidence for continental

Permian Time Frame
The Permian Time frame was the last time of the Paleozoic Time. Enduring from 299 million to 251 million years back, it took after the Carboniferous
Time frame and went before the Triassic Time frame. By the early Permian, the two–extraordinary mainland's of the Paleozoic, Gondwana and
Euramerica, had crashed to frame the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea was formed like a thickened letter "C." The best bend of the "C" comprised of
landmasses that would later wind up present–day Europe and Asia.
North and South America framed the bended back of the "C" with Africa inside the bend. India, Australia and Antarctica made up the low bend. Inside
the "C" was the Tethys Sea, and the greater part of whatever is left of Earth was the Panthalassic Sea. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Permian (alongside the Paleozoic) finished with the Permian– Triassic annihilation occasion, the biggest mass eradication in Earth's history, in
which almost 90% of marine species and 70% of earthbound species kicked the bucket out. It would bring great into the Triassic for life to recoup
from this catastrophe. Recuperation from the Permian– Triassic termination occasion was extended; ashore, biological communities took 30 million
years to recover.
The Permian saw the broadening of the early amniotes into the genealogical gatherings of the warm blooded creatures, turtles, lepidosaurs, and
archosaurs. The world at the time was overwhelmed by two mainlands known as Pangaea and Siberia, encompassed by a worldwide sea called
Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest crumple left behind huge districts of leave inside the mainland

Proving Pangaea Existence Proven
Pangaea Existence Proven Have you ever heard of Pangaea? Do you think it is real? Do you need someone to prove it for you? Well,I am here to
prove Pangaea's existence to you. To begin with, you need to know what Pangaea is. Pangaea was thought of in the year of 1912. This theory was
called Continental Drift and was proposed by Alfred Wegener.Pangaea was thought to be a Super Continent. When Alfred Wegener proposed this
theory no one really believed him because he did not have much proof. This proof brings me into my topic "Pangaea Existence Proven". To start off
with fossils that were from, for example,Europe were found in, for example, North America. This is a good reason because i do not think

North America Continents Research Paper
When you hear the word continent, what breezes in your mind? North America, South America? Have you ever pondered over the thought that was
these continents always the same? What made these continents form? What did it look like years ago?
By digging into the history of continents, we might be able to answer these questions of what made these continents shape up the way we see them
now and how they looked like years ago.
Let us start with the simple definition of continent. By definition, a continent is a huge piece of land separated from other land masses by oceans. But
if we think about it, this definition is little questionable because neither North America nor South America are separated by oceans. Similar is the case
with Asia, Europe, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The continents are not at rest. They are still moving and drifting apart every inch each year. The constant movement of these continents causes
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and builds Behemoth Mountains.
Though Geologists have a fair amount of evidence about Pangaea, there are still questions about how Pangaea looked like and how it fragmented into
various continents.
Far in the future, it has been predicted by some scientists that these present continents would crash together again to form a supercontinent and this
supercontinent will be again on a constant move and later will break into different new continents. Geologists expect that this process will go on.
After extensive study and research, we can just imagine a particular scenario of how the continents looked like millions of years ago. We are still not
sure of its physical form at that time. It is still a mystery, maybe in the future; we might be able to answer this perplexing question.
After billions of years, our next generation would be thinking about the same issue about the shape and size of the continents millions of years ago.
Maybe then the advanced technologies would solve this riddle of what our Earth and its continents looked like millions of years ago. Well, it might
remain a mystery. Only time will answer this puzzling

Continents Adrift: Article Analysis
After reading the article, "Continents Adrift", we learn that our planet is constantly changing, and that this change has to do with continental drift. As
noted on page 196, "About 250 million years ago, most of the land on Earth was clumped together. Instead of the seven continents, there was a single
large landmass called Pangaea. Over time, Pangaea split apart." The idea that the continents are drifting or moving apart has been studied by scientists
since the late 1700s. For instance, scientists such as Georges–Louis Leclerc Buffon and Alfred Wegener theorized that continents were drifting apart.
Although these scientists had the right idea, people did not believe them because their proof wasn't strong enough. As more scientists

Why Did Pangaea Exist
1. Continental Drift:
The theory of continental drift was first put forward by Alfred Wegener, a meteorologist and geologist in Germany. The theory stated that the land on
Earth's crust slowly drifted apart. Alfred Wegener formulated the hypothesis that the modern day continents were once combined about 200 million
years ago. He called this supercontinent Pangaea meaning " all–land". Then, he claimed that Pangaea began to break up into the continents
Gondwanaland and Laurasia due to the parts of Pangaea slowly drifting apart. Millions of years later, the modern day 7 continents were formed. There
are 4 main pieces of evidence to support Pangaea's existence. One piece of evidence would be that the modern continents have a puzzle–like fit. If the
continents can fit together, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, fossil distribution supports that Pangaea existed because the same fossils are found in more than one continent. Some ancient animals are believed
to not be able to survive traveling across an ocean. This proves that the continents were connected and when the landmass/continent moved, the
remainings of that animal moved with it. For example, the fossil of Mesosaurus was found in both South America and Africa. Since Mesosaurus lived
in only freshwater habitats, there is no possibility that they traveled back and forth through the salty Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, glacial marks on
rocks support the existence of Pangaea because a continent with mild climate could not have possibly had a glacier on it due to the fact that the glacier
would melt. Therefore, this continent was located more farther away from the equator at a certain period of time. This means the continent did move.
Finally, mountain ranges give evidence that Pangaea existed and the continents drifted apart because mountain ranges on 2 continents can match up.
For instance, the mountain range in South Africa line up with a mountain range in Argentina. From this we can conclude that South America and

Plate Tectonics and Landscape
Chapter One The theory of plate tectonics explains how forces within the planet create landforms. This theory views Earth's crust as divided into more
than a dozen, rigid, slow–moving plates. Some plates are as large as a quarter of the planet, but others are only a few hundred miles across. The plates
slowly move across the upper mantle, usually less than an inch per year. Scientists use the theory of plate tectonics to explain the long history of Earth's
surface. They believe that about a few million years ago, all the continents that we have now today were part of one super continental called Pangaea.
Pangaea then broke into two smaller supercontinents called Gandwana and Laurasia. These two then broke into the modern continents we... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two Oceanic Plates – When two oceanic plates collide, one may be pushed under the other and magma from the mantle rises, forming volcanoes in the
vicinity. Two Continental Plates– When two continental plates collide, mountain ranges are created as the colliding crust is compressed and pushed
upwards. Lateral Slipping Plate Movement: When two plates move sideways against each other (at a transform plate boundary), there is a
tremendous amount of friction which makes the movement jerky. The plates slips, then stick as the friction and pressure build up to incredible
levels. When the pressure is released suddenly, and the plates suddenly jerk apart, this is an earthquake. LANDSCAPE A landscape is part of the
Earth's surface that can be viewed at one time from one place. It consists of the geographic features that mark, or are characteristic of, a particular
area. A natural landscape is made up of a collection of landforms, such as mountains, hills, plains, and plateaus. Lakes, streams, soils (such as sand or
clay), and natural vegetation are other features of natural landscapes. A desert landscape, for instance, usually indicates sandy soil and few deciduous
trees. Even desert landscapes can vary: The hilly sand dunes of the Sahara Desert landscape are very different from the cactus–dotted

Overview of EarthВґs History and Periods Essay
Precambrian Era The Precambrian era laster 4600–541 million years ago. During this time, there were no plant life on the planet. Most of the things
that were on the planet were rocks. The most common type of rock was Isua greenstone. Most rocks have been eroded away, subducted, or
metamorphosed. During this time, the atmospheres and oceans were formed, plate tectonics began to build up continental masses. The air during this
time was mostly made up of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Later on, oxygen was formed from early animals taking in carbon dioxide and
releasing oxygen. Scientists know this because oxygen was formed with iron, forming iron oxides (rust); after there were was no more iron to mix
with oxygen, so it would... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anthropodes also evolved in this period, and more than 600 types evolved worldwide.
Ordovician Period The Ordovician Period lasted almost 45 million years. During this period, most of the area was almost entirely ocean, and most of
the world's land was collected into the southern supercontinent Gondwana. Throughout the Ordovician, Gondwana was submerged underwater. This
period is best known for its animals, including graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods, and the conodonts. Plants invaded the land during this period.
The most recent types of like animal was tetrahedral spores that are similar to land plants have been found, suggesting that plants invaded the land
at this time. Later during the period, the Earth experienced a milder climate; the weather was warm and the atmosphere contained a lot of moisture.
Although, when Gondwana finally settled on the South Pole, massive glaciers formed, and caused shallow seas, and sea levels to drop. This most
likely caused extinctions at the end of the Ordovician in which 60% of all marine invertebrate genera and 25% of all families went extinct. The
ecosystems was still dominized by algae and sponges, and in some cases by bryozoans. However, there apparently were also periods of complete reef
collapse because to global disturbances. The major global patterns of life went through changes during the Ordovician period. Many species of
graptolites went extinct by the close of the period, but the first planktonic

Analysis: The Tectonic Plate Model
The tectonic plate model project was a fun, yet informative project that showed students how to effectively move things from one place to another
and also how Pangaea moved to how it is today. By using two big foam boards, big blue sheet, artificial grass sheet, magnets, tape, copy paper, and
pencils, we were able to create an accurate representation of how Pangaea moved from over 4 billion years to now. How we created this project was
by using magnets. Magnets are very versatile and we attached them accordingly onto the continents and poster board to create a moving project of
Pangaea. By gluing magnets onto each continent and the blue sheet, we were able to create moving continents that show Pangaea's movement. To do
this, we followed a

How Did Wegener Support The Theory Of Continental Drift
Continental drift is the theory that Earth's continents have moved around the Earth's surface throughout geologic time to get to where they are at today.
The theory of continental drift has been a controversy, but findings have made the theory more supportive. This theory at the time changed the way on
how we viewed the origin of the continents. It was a big discovery but many were reluctant to accept the theory. The man that came up with the theory
of Continental Drift was Alfred Wegener.
Alfred Wegener was a German geographer and meteorologist who also relied upon other researcher's hypothesis such as A. Snider and Eduard Suess
that helped develop Wegener's theory of continental drift (Levin, p. 178). Alfred Wegener proposed the idea... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fit of continents about 200 million years ago (Levin, p.179).
With this in mind, if you did try putting them together, you probably might have put Africa and South America something close to the figure. It
definitely looks like South America and Africa continents does seem to be a puzzle piece together. For the most part, this was Wegener's simplest clue
but his evidence gets more complex.
Another piece of evidence for his continental drift theory was fossil evidence. In this case, the fossils that have helped with this theory are the
Glossopteris, Mosasaurs, Cynognatus, and Lystrosaurus fossils. The Glossopteris flora, which is a type of plant that been discovered on all the
continents that were once Gondwana. These continents were Africa, South America, India, Australian, and Antarctica (Wincander, p. 42). Furthermore,
the Glossopteris had to be from the same origin because the continents now all have different climates, and the seeds pertaining to the Glossopteris
could not have flown far enough due to their heavy weight (Levin, p. 181). As you can see in figure 3 below, the most reasonable explanation for this.
(see figure 3,

Carboniferous Research Paper
The carboniferous period lasted from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago, during the Paleozoic era. The name "carboniferous" came from the large
amounts of carbon–bearing coal that was formed during the period. Several major biological, geological, and climatic events occurred at this time.
The amniote egg allowed further exploitation for certain tetrapods. It enabled ancestors of birds, mammals, and reptiles to lay their eggs on land
without fear of being dehydrated. The carboniferous period was divided into two major subdivisions, the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian. The
Mississippian was the early half and the Pennsylvanian being the last half. Climatically there was a trend towards mild temperatures The beginning
of the carboniferous generall had more tropical and humid climates than exists today. The plant fossils form the carboniferous period resemble that
they lived in tropical and mildly temperature areas today. This climate may have been a result of the large expanse of ocean that covered the surface
of the globe, except a localized section. The early part of the period was warm but the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Life of the carboniferous period was sizable and luxuriant. It included ferns, fernlike trees, giant horsetails, club mosses, or lycopods, seed ferns, and
cardaites. Plants in the Mississippian were creating lots of oxygen in earths atmosphere. Plants started to develop bark during this time. Land animals
included primitive amphibians, reptiles, spiders, millipedes, land snails, scorpions, enormous dragon flies, and more than 800 different types of
cockroaches. The inland waters included fishes, clams, and many crustaceans. The Mississippian animals had tetrapods, many grow in the high
humidity and oxygen. Sea life animals included sharks and corals which were

Christopher Columbus Rationale
1.Rationale: The class has recently learned about Christopher Columbus. We discussed about Christopher Columbus sailing around the world and that
he supposedly found land. During that lesson plan the students learned a new vocabulary word which is "continents" and that continents is another
word for land. I will be taking their knowledge about continents already and broaden their information by demonstrating how continents were once
joined land called "Pangaea".
2.Concept:
Pangaea name came from all 7 continents when they were joined together
The Pangaea was once called a "supercontinent"
Continents have drifted away from each other
3.NYS Common Core Standards: Domain 5: Geography 3, History: 4, Science: Earth and Space 4, Physical

Scientific Theory Of Evolution Research Paper
Can Religious beliefs Coexist with the idea of Evolution? "Evolution is the process by which different kinds of organisms gradually develop from a
simple to a more complex form", (National Geographic). The scientific theory of Evolution had been introduced by Charles Darwin in 1859. Although
Evolution was just a theory, Darwin had the speculation that there was more to the idea. I believe that Evolution did occur, but not without the help of a
higher being. Although I do believe in Evolution I am convinced that Creationism ties into the concept of Evolution. Creationism is the belief of
organisms and the universe originating from an intelligent entity. Can faith and scientific theories coexist? Yes, I believe that the scientific theory...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The name Pangaea was coined by Alfred Wegener, Chief proponent of Continental Drift in 1915.", (Science Daily). Wegener believed that Pangaea
formed 300 million years ago, due to continental drift, which was later discovered as tectonic plate movement. Pangaea, scientists believe, existed
during the Permian and Triassic geological time periods, which were times of great change. The supercontinent was surrounded by a global ocean
called Panthalassa which assembled in the first part of the Permian era. Throughout the span of Earth's history there has been numerous Pangaea–like
supercontinents. Moreover, the alternative supercontinents were said to have been formed during the Precambrian time some 1 billion years ago. For
this reason I looked into the movement of tectonic plates, in present time. Recently I have found that plate motions are bringing the continents
together once again. "Africa has begun to collide with southern Europe, and the Austrian Plate is now colliding with Southeast Asia", (Encyclopedia,
Pangaea). In addition to tectonic plate movement, fossil evidence proves that Pangaea did in fact exist. Some fossil counts have shown similar
species on continents thousands of miles apart. Additional evidence concludes that Pangaea has matching geological trends between the eastern
coast of South America and the western coast of Africa. While I was researching Pangaea, the idea came acrossed my mind; what if Pangaea had
help from a higher being, like God, rather than tectonic plates. I acknowledge that Pangaea is the concept of all the land masses on Earth, were at
one time, connected, but I think that God had something to do with it. Genesis 1:9 records, "And God said, 'Let the water under the sky be gathered
to one place, and let the dry ground appear.' And it was so." I have found, nonetheless, that in the book of Genesis it mentions that the Earth was
divided into days of

Carl Zimmers
De–extinction, or resurrection biology, or species revivalism is the process of creating an organism, which is either a member of, or resembles an
extinct species, or breeding population of such organisms. Carl Zimmer is a popular science writer and blogger who has specialized in the topics
of evolution and parasites. In Carl Zimmers' article he writes about "the history of life for a living" and longs to go back in time. When writing this
he gives the readers a suggested time frame dating back to 520 million years ago. In his Ted Talk as well he elaborates on the different eras and
explain what each one entails. Traveling back in time would be amazing, there would be so many new life to experience. About 100 million years ago
Dinosaurs and Woolly Mammoths roamed the earth.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time shows a whole new routine of life never imagined before. In this time the world was not as we know now, there was no technology or
pollution. In this time there were animals who lived freely and did as they pleased without a human race nagging over them. There would be
much more land for the animals to roam around and much more food. As a human race we have taken away much of wildlife's homes and made
our own that harms them. Our contribution to society has hurt instead of helped animals of all kind. In Carl Zimmeras' video he describes the fact
that 500 million years ago not a lot of animals were on land but in the water. As his video progresses he describes 100 million years ago in which
large animals were on land and feed. I would like to go the era where dinosaurs were to understand better how they acted towards each other. Fossils
can tell apart animals but can't dignosis exactly what their purpose was. Literally looking at them in actual view and not how they we preserved would
be incredible. The continents would be completely different,everything

petro hw #3 Essay
1.What is the first priority of a petroleum engineer? (5 points)
The first priority of a petroleum engineer is safety.
2. What are the 5 elements of a petroleum system labeled on the illustration above? Green indicates hydrocarbon fill and E refers to the anticlinal
structure. (10 points)
A. Top Seal Rock (impermeableshale)
B. Reservoir Rock (Porous sandstone)
C. Source Rock (Organic–Rich shale)
D. Potential migration route (Non–sealing fault)
E. Anticlinal Trap
3. Name the four major disciplines of Petroleum Engineering. (4 points)
Reservoir Engineering, Production Engineering, Petrophysics (Formation Evaluation), and Drilling.
4. What are the three main purposes of drilling fluid (mud)? (6 points) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(10 points)
There are clastics, nonclastics, and evaporites. Clastics include sandstone, which is a reservoir, and shale, which is a source, trap, and also a
reservoir. An example of a nonclastic is carbonate, which is a reservoir. An example of an evaporite is salt, which is a trap.
10. The seismic reflection coefficient R for the interface between two layers of rock is given (approximately) by the following equation for normal
incidence (sound raypaths hit the interface between two rock layers at a right angle), where ПЃ1 is the density of layer 1 (top), ПЃ2 is the density of
layer 2 (bottom), v1 is the velocity of sound in layer 1 (top) and v2 is the velocity of sound in layer 2 (bottom):
Calculate the reflection coefficient R if ПЃ1 = 2.1 gm/cm3, ПЃ2 = 2.2 gm/cm3, v1 = 1500 m/s, and v2 = 2000 m/s. (5 points)

The reflection coefficient is 0.17
11. Why do Petroleum Engineers care about Plate Tectonics? (4 points)
It tells them about the creation of structures and basins. It also helps them identify places where there are potential reservoirs or source rocks.
12. Flow from a pressured "zone" (interval of porous rock) encountered while drilling is controlled when the mud weight in the wellbore provides a
pressure that equals or exceeds the pressure of the zone. There is a pressured zone at 8000psi penetrated while drilling at 15,000ft

Essay about Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener was a meteorologist and astronomer. He was the first scientist to introduce the theory of the continental drift. Wegener theorized that at
one time the continents were one large landmass or Pangaea that had drifted apart. His ideas were initially rejected by other scientists. It was not until
long after Wegener's death that proof was obtained and his theory verified.
The Life of Alfred Wegener Alfred was born in Germany in 1880 and led a very busy life. He received a PhD in astronomy but quickly moved on to
meteorology. He and his brother experimented with kites and balloons. They set a record flying a balloon during his first expedition to Greenland in
1906 (PBS, 1998, para. 2). Alfred taught meteorology and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wegener's theory was met with much controversy by other scientists. The fact that he was primarily a meteorologist and astronomer rather than a
geologist further discounted his theory. Wegener provided numerous explanations and documentation in support of hiscontinental drift theory. He
provided two fossils as evidence. Glossopteris because it had been found on several continents that were widely separated. Glossopteris, also
known as a seed fern fossil, was too large to be transported by the wind. The other was Mesosaurus which was a small aquatic freshwater reptile
(Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014, p. 154). Other scientists believed this was possible because land bridges had once existed or explained it away as
drafting. Wegener most likely did not offer fossil sharks or jellyfish as evidence due to the fact that these fish inhabit all major oceans on the planet.
He also used an Austrian geologist's theory that the continental crust, sial, was lighter than sima and the sial layer could move across the ocean floor
(Healey, 2006, para. 15). Wegener further stated that the tides could cause the continents to move and later came to the conclusion that magma could
also be responsible for the movement. Wegener made two more journeys to Greenland to conduct meteorological and geophysical studies. His final trek
in 1930 included the examination of the glacial sheets to provide further evidence regarding

Why Did Pangea Really Exist?
Using geological evidence, scientists have determined that there was, in fact, once a supercontinent. This supercontinent, Pangea, was made up of the
seven continents and was a large landmass surrounded by water. The theory of a supercontinent originated from Alfred Wegener's theory of continental
drift. This theory suggests that continents are slowly drifting around earth. Wegener wasn't the only one who proposed this theory. The idea has been
around since the 16th century, the first time being by Abraham Ortelius. Wegener used geologic, fossil, and glacial evidence from opposite sides of the
Atlantic Ocean to support his theory. During the 1960s, discoveries of sea–floor spreading and magnetic reversal proved that Wegener's theory was real.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first piece of evidence that Wegener discovered himself was that the continents look like they fit together. For example, South America looks
like it could fit into Africa. Fossils have played a large factor in this theory as well. They found similar fossils on Australia and southern Asia,
which could have been next to each other in Pangea. In addition, Wegener discovered that fossils of animals and plants from the same geological
period were found in rocks on different sides of the ocean. Not only did he find this, but he also saw fossils of animals that once lived in tropical
climates now in cold climates. How could this have happened, you ask. Well, if Pangea did exist, then these animals did not move to different climates
by themselves, but by the continental drift. Finally, the geological evidence shows that there are similar rock types on the western coast of Africa and
eastern coast of South America. Pangea has a long history, which scientists have seems to uncovered. Our continents have been drifting apart over
billions of years. Pangea existed when dinosaurs were roaming. The most recent time that Pangea included all seven continents was roughly 300 million
years

Pangea Real Research Paper
Was pangea real or is it all a mystery,nobody knows if pangea is real because it still remains a mystery I think,let's find out.long long ago the earth
wasn't seven continents it was just one big landmass surrounded by a ocean called panthalassa. Alfred winger was the person that found out about
Pangea. He figured out that Africa and South America fit together. And also from my own experience I was watching The History Channel then
there were two of the same dinosaurs in Africa and South America at the same tip of each continent that's why they know that Pangea is real
because dinosaurs cannot swim across a whole ocean . The mechanism breakup proves that Pangea is real because each year The continents move
2.5 centimeters. that means over those three million years ago did moved how far they are today. That is a perfect explanation for how Far apart the
continents are today. That's why I believe in the Pangea theory. And Pangea is also a good. Because Africa and South america can connect and it
would be like one big landmass.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another thing that interests me is that people figured that out a long time ago when it was really hard to navigate.I don't get how by looking at a map
and seeing that southamerica could probably fit together with Africa could change everything that people

Alfred Wegener Research Paper
Alfred Wegener was a scientist who proposed the continental drift theory. The hypothesis Wegener had been the continents were once all together,
then over time they drifted apart from each other. The example Wegener used were jigsaw puzzle. If you put all the continents together, they will
match exactly up such as a puzzle. Plenty of scientist did not agree with Wegener because of his evidences. Wegener gained more evidences such as
similar fossils were on the edge of South America and Africa, were Wegener believed were once together.
This relates to the origin of man from a geographical perspective because as the Pangaea separate, the humans where on certain parts and slowly
moved with the continent. It happened so slow man cannot feel the

The Mesozoic Era
Jurassic is a period of time with Dinosaurs, rodents and birds. There were also island seas consisting of sharks, sea monsters and blood–red planktons.
The existing plants in that period were cycads, ferns and conifers. The Mesozoic era was about 245 million years ago to 65 years ago, so it almost
lasted about 180 years in total. The Mesozoic era is divided into three periods of Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous. Mesozoic era means middle animals
and it is the era, which the word's fauna has changed from what is in the Paleozoic era and the most famous organisms of this era are dinosaurs. In the
Mesozoic era, the extinction of more than 90 percent of species in the earth was observed and the reason behind it was mostly volcanic eruptions and
climate changes. On the other hand, this era had massive changes that represented ecological niches and rise to new creatures such as rodent–size
mammals and first dinosaurs. In Triassic, which was the first period of Mesozoic, the mammals and first dinosaurs existed. Later than that, the second
period was Jurassic, which giant shaped dinosaurs and other kinds of dinosaurs were developed. Besides that the first flowering plants and primitive
birds, with long teeth appeared in that era as well.
Atmosphere
In Mesozoic era, there were only two continents present in the world. Mesozoic era's climate compares to the Paleozoic era is more uniform and
there were no trace of glacial isotopes observed in that period. That is because of the

Ancient Africa Research Paper
Africa is the world's oldest inhabited continent, filled with the richest recourses and perhaps the richest history. However, in order to truly understand
Africa's amazing culture and society, we must first start at the very beginning. We must first look at how Africa came about, why it looks the way it
does and why it's location makes it such a unique place.
Before the continent of Africa existed, the earth was comprised of just one single supercontinent called Pangaea. To understand how Pangaea was
formed we first look at how the earth was formed. Billions of years ago our solar system was made up of nothing more than dust particles. The
explosion of a nearby star caused these dust particles to form a solar nebula (a huge spinning disk).

Precambrian Era Essay
The Precambrian is the name given for the first super eon of Earth's history (Mary Bagley, Accessed: 20th Aug 2016). This era itself has been recorded
to be about seven–eighths of the entire earth's history. This era stretches across from 4 Billion years ago up until only 543 Million years ago (Mya)
which shows how large and substantial this era was.
Precambrian itself refers to the time before the Cambrian period. It also refers to the entire period of time before the formation of the oldest rocks
with recognisable fossils. Lately, however, it has been seen that some hard to distinguish fossils from in the Precambrian times have been found. The
Precambrian Era can be split into three eras: The Hadean, the Archean and also the Proterozoic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Life on earth began in the early Archean and fossilized organisms became far more abundant through the entirety of the Precambrian time.
Three billion years ago there was no traces of oxygen in the atmosphere, this caused no life to be able to live on earth. At around 2.4 billion years,
oxygen was beginning to be released in the oceans as photosynthesis began in cyanobacteria. This process caused the gas levels to slowly grow and
eventually made up 1% of the earth's atmosphere at around 2 Bya. By 800 Mya, oxygen levels reached around 20% which let organisms to slowly
breathe to life. This spike in oxygen also caused the earth's surface to be shielded from solar radiation. This was the start of the first unicellular
organisms.
The first multicelled animals started appearing in the records of fossils around 600 million years ago. Fossils found at this time were known as
Ediacarans and showed a very important time of evolution for earth. Ediacara fauna was specifically named after the Ediacara hills in South Australia
in which they were discovered in the early 1900's. These organisms even predate the explosion of life forms at the beginning of the Cambrian

Explain What Was Alfred Wegener's Hypothesis For...
1.What is continental drift?
Continental drift is the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.
The theory of plate tectonics, which use to be called continental drift, is described as the movement of the continents and sea floor across the surface of
the Earth. The theory explains many odd facts about Earth's geology, such as the present arrangement of landmasses which have stated that the Earth's
crust slowly drifts atop a liquid core.
2.What was Alfred Wegener's hypothesis forcontinental drift, and why was his idea not accepted?
Wegener hypothesized that there was a gigantic supercontinent 200 million years ago, which he named Pangaea, meaning "All–earth". Pangaea started
to break up into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the evidence is Divergent which is almost all of Earth's new crust forms at divergent boundaries, but most aren't known because they lie deep
under the oceans. The next one is Convergent which is when two plates collide. The last one is Transform which is when two plates slide by one
another in opposite directions The San Andreas Fault is the most known translational interface.
5.Provide a brief summary of how the scientific method is applied to develop the theory.
The Scientific method is the process of providing evidence to support a theory. You can break it up into six steps as follows 1. Make an Observation.
2. Develop some questions based on the observations. 3. Create a Hypothesis on the observations. 4. Test your hypothesis. 5. Analyze the data
collected. 6. Reproduce the experiment and develop controls to replicate with little error.
6.Explain 1 example of invention or innovation that was used or is currently used to collect more information on the continental drift theory and plate

Continental Drift
Continental Drift
Should the Fixists have accepted Alfred Wegeners' idea of continental drift more quickly? I personally have more sympathy on Wegeners' part, having
some very sound evidence to support an exceedingly well claim. The idea that Pangea, a supercontinent consisting of all the landmasses on earth,
existed 300 million years ago, was all Wegeners'. In this essay, I will give evidence to support Wegeners' claim such as plate boundaries, glacial
scratches, mountain ranges, and fossil evidence.
Plate boundaries are pieces of earths' crust and upper mantle interacting with each other. There are three ways these plates can interact with each other,
transform, convergent, and divergent. When plates transform to each other, they are when two plates slide past each other, currently there are
transforming plates in California right now. Convergent plates are two plates going towards each other, one going other the other, and the other
overlapping. The final type is divergent plates, two plates going away from each other, one of these is found between North ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After all the evidence is scanned and analysed, I do in fact, believe in Wegener, that there was once a Pangea. Plate boundaries help us determine
weather continents are getting farther apart from each other, or closer together. Glacial scratches tell us that the continents must have been together, or
else there would be less scratches and marks. Mountain ranges tell us that the continents pushed together and formed lots of mountains. And finally,
fossils tell us that organisms such as dinosaurs lived and thrived on Pangea, and spread their skeletons on the supercontinent. In conclusion, Wegener's
idea of the supercontinent Pangea changed geology forever, even though the Fixists were against it in the beginning, if this evidence was known in
1920, the time of the Fixists, everyone would be in support of Wegener's

Pangaea Research Papers
The Earth (or Terra, due to its terrestrial nature) is the third planet from the Sun and home to almost 14 million species unable to live on other planets.
Out of the many impressive aspects of our world, I have chosen to write about Pangaea, the supercontinent that once represented the only form of land
in a planet made of water.
The great terrain which, in the course of 300 million years, became 7 different continents broken apart and spread across the globe existed during the
late Paleozoic and early Mezozoic eras. In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern
hemisphere and surrounded by a super ocean, Panthalassa. The name is derived from Ancient Greek: pan meant entire,

Using Paleomagnetic Data For The World 's Landmasses Of...
A supercontinent, known as Pangea, was formed by the aggregation of all the world's landmasses in the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic. This concept of a
supercontinent was originally proposed by Alfred Wegener (Wegener, 1915). He suggested that all continents assembled into a single supercontinent,
approximately 300 million years ago, and then according to the theory of plate tectonics, began to break apart 175 million years ago (Rogers et al.,
2004) Immense geologic and geophysical evidence have been presented, by Wegener and others, to support this theory for the Late Triassic–Early
Jurassic. However when analyzing the paleomagnetic data for the Late Paleozoic time, inconsistencies are present which suggest a very different
Pangea construction. These inconsistencies are seen in Late Paleozoic paleomagnetic data apparent polar wander paths (APWPs) for Laurussia and
Gondwana. To fit Wegner's Pangea reconstruction, the APWPs suggest a substantial crustal overlap and shearing (Domeier et al., 2012). This paper
looks to review proposed alternative reconstructions for Pangea, using paleomagnetic data as the quantifiable method for determining the
supercontinent's location.
Paleomagnetic data as evidence for Plate Tectonics
Paleomagnetism is the study of earth's magnetic field as preserved in the magnetic orientation of certain minerals. For example, when igneous rocks are
formed, during cooling, certain minerals align themselves with the earth's magnetic field and

Volcanism In Memphis
Ted Mader
Doctor Mostofa Sarwar
EES 1000
19 November 2014
Memphis was at the Coast of the Gulf of Mexico When picturing the state of Tennessee, one would imagine snow–covered mountains and thick,
coniferous forests. Located in the Southeastern United States, Tennessee sits about 270 m above sea level with its highest point being about 2025 m at
Clingmans Dome. Memphis is the state's most densely inhabited city, with a thriving population of about 653,450 according to "Population Estimates"
in the United States Census Bureau. The metropolitan center lies about 1094.35 kilometers north of the Gulf of Mexico. However, at a time about 85
million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period, the land of present–day Memphis was at the coast of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that attempts to explain the movements of the Earth's lithosphere that have formed the landscape features we
see across the globe today" (Briney). Geology defines "plate" as a large slab of solid rock, and "tectonics" is part of the Greek root word for "to
build." Together the words define how the Earth's surface is built up of moving plates. The theory of plate tectonics dictates that individual plates,
broken down into large and small sections of rock, form Earth's lithosphere. These fragmented bodies of rock move along each other atop the Earth's
liquid lower mantle to create the plate boundaries that have shaped Earth's landscape. Plate tectonics originated from meteorologist Alfred Wegener's
theory, developed in the early 20th century. In 1912, he realized that the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa appeared to piece
together like a jigsaw puzzle. He further examined the globe and deduced that all of Earth's continents could somehow be assembled together and
proposed the idea that the continents had once been linked in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. To explain today's position of the continents,
Wegener theorized that they began to drift apart approximately 300 million years ago. This theory

Why Did Pangaea Break Apart?
Pangaea is real!
The seven continents, Africa, Asia, Europe, north and south America, and Antarctica. We all are familiar with these continents and where they are
placed, but do we really know where they come from? Or perhaps where they were before? It's simple really, Pangaea, the great and almighty
supercontinent. However, if Pangaea was so great, then why did it break apart? Better yet, why did it form in the first place? Well, let's find out, why
the great Pangaea formed, and how it drifted apart.
In the early years, long before humans roamed the earth, there was a protocontinent it's name was Gondwana. And of course Gondwana wasn't as big or
as mass as Pangaea was, that's because Gondwana wasn't alone. In fact, there was another protocontinent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Closer and closer, until BANG!
Gondwana and Laurasia crashed together, forming what remains now as the appalachians along eastern North America. When the continents crashed
into one another, without realizing it, formed the supercontinent known presently as Pangaea.
After the collision of Gondwana and Laurasia and the formation of Pangaea, all was calm, for at least 100 million years give or take. It was the
colossal rents that began Pangea's breakup and the start of our world we know today.
The colossal rents is the precursor of two oceans, the start of the oceans we have come to know as the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Sidetracked back to
the topic at hand here, the breakup of Pangaea has started as has its slow but sure dance of inches–per–year. This dance will make the shape of the
world we all live on currently.
Far fetched you say? Well my fine friend you would be correct on that part. the idea does seem a bit... obscure, however that does not mean that i
have told you all lies in fact i believe you will start to believe the idea of a supercontinent to actually be

The Continental Drift Theory: How Pangaea Was Pushed Apart...
The continental drift theory is the theory of how pangaea was pushed apart and made the world we know today. The theory was that before all
humans the continents that made the world was once combined to make pangea. and over millions of years they slowly separated to make the world
we know today. When I started researching the continental drift I was in the library reading a book about fossils When I noticed something unfamiliar.
It was that that the same species of animals were dug up at different continents around the world the cynognathus was found in south america and
western africa and the thecodont was found in europe and eastern north america. So I kept reading in the book at all the animals found in those places.
Then I found the

Modern Pangea Research Paper
If a modern Pangea were to happen, the world would be different and it would affect many interactions. Objects in the world would be displaced.
Other factors that might change may be the government, economies, societies and immigration. The relations between countries and continents
would change as well. If all the continents were to collide into one supercontinent, things would have to change. These changes would be both
positive and negative. Modern Pangea would be a very different place than it is today due to animals, transportation, and daily life. First of all,
animals would be able to roam freely. This would be mainly negative for multiple reasons. Invasive species would definitely endanger other species
or even cause them to go extinct. There would have to be extreme restrictions to prevent the risk of the endangerment or extinction of a species.
Animals could also go extinct because of the climate. If animals might only do well in a warmer climate, then they most likely would not survive in a
colder climate. Since the continent would stay in that position for several million years, then unless the species is moved to a suitable location, the
species... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The usage of planes would probably be terminated, because there would be no need to travel across any oceans. Instead, high–speed electric trains
would be a common method of transportation. This is phenomenal, because it would no longer harm the environment. Although it means that the
need for traveling overseas will be eliminated, that would cause most of the modern Pangea to be landlocked. This is unacceptable, because most of
the countries would have not direct access to water. Since the countries would be so close to each other, illegal immigrants would also pose a major
problem. What once was a difficult boat ride across the ocean would now be a climb over a wall. This would not only affect the U.S and Mexico, but
it would affect other countries

Cretaceous Mass Extinction
The Cretaceous mass extinction is the most well–known case of meteorite impact on the earth, but it certainly is not the only one. It is merely the most
well–known. Due to the impact, debris entered earth's atmosphere and caused the plant life of the time to die off due to the lack of sunlight to
survive. This made food much more scarce for the species that were dominant at the time. The competition was simply too much for them, and as the
plant life died out, so did the herbivores and then the carnivores died out as well. Not only the land was impacted, however, the sea life was affected
heavily by this impact as well. The lack of sunlight caused the oceans to become colder, causing the habitats of many marine animals to be drastically
altered

Pannotia Research Paper
The supercontinent Rodinia broke up about 750 million years ago into three different continents. They later likely regrouped into the supercontinent of
Pannotia. As this happened the rocks that are now at Blackstone are essentially unaffected however they would have felt that last magnetic reversal of
the poles that happen around this time.
Pannotia was short lived for a supercontinent as the collisions that formed it were glancing and hence not so binding as they were for Rodinia. It
lasted a mere 60 million years.
The last supercontinent was Pangaea and it formed around 300 million years ago. Blackstone's rocks, safely floating and rotating on Laurentia, as it
headed towards a collision with what would become Africa. Pangaea lasted 100 million

Alfred Wegener Research Paper
Alfred Wegener
Alfred Wegener was born on November 1st, 1880 in Germany's capital city, Berlin. In university Wegener took a variety of science classes. He
specialized in meteorology, physics, and astronomy. In 1902 Wegener began a PhD degree in astronomy. He spent a year at Berlin's famous Urania
Observatory, whose purpose was to bring astronomy to a wider public. Although he was qualified to become a professional astronomer, Wegener
worried that he may not discover anything new or interesting in the world of astronomy. Wegener believed he could make a greater impact and
contribution in meteorology, and he did. Wegener achieved several great accomplishments throughout his life but, the one we're focusing on is the
theory of continental drift.
Continental Drift?
Continental Drift was a groundbreaking scientific theory developed in the years 1910–1912 by Alfred Wegener , a German... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the work of other scientists who had theorized about horizontal movement of the continents over the earth's surface during different periods of
geologic time, and based on his own observations from different fields of science, Wegener deduced that about 200 million years ago the
supercontinent that he called "Pangaea," (means "all lands" in Greek) began to break up.
Evidence
Many people were skeptical and didn't believe in Wegener's radical theory. Other scientist need more proof that theses huge lands of mass were
moving. So Wegener provided five pieces of evidence. If you were to look on a map what do you notice? The continents slightly look like a jigsaw
puzzle. Wegener noticed that South America and Africa look like they were once connected. This piece of evidence is what prompted Wegener to
investigate in the

Pangae The Evolution Of The Earth
One of the more difficult ideas for people of all ages to comprehend is the immensity of time over which the Earth has formed and evolved. While
most people have some sense that Biology has an evolving history, the physical Earth has one, too, and they are inextricably linked together.
Scientists think they have a good understanding of how the plates have moved since Pangaea broke up, but the motion is less clear in the time before
Pangaea. Oceanic crust has an average age of only 55 million years (in geological terms, quite young). It is totally recycled into the Earth's interior
every 150 million years or so. On the other hand, the age of continental crust averages about 2.3 BILLION years, with the oldest known rocks dating
back 3.96 billion

Pangaea Research Paper
Pangaea
We believe that earth was one and all the continents were all together together then something happened that split them up.About 300 million years ago,
Earth didn't have seven continents, but instead one huge supercontinent called Pangaea, which was surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa.
Beyond that, the details get fuzzy. While the heat formed in themantle likely comes from the when a radioactive substance breaks down of unstable
elements, such as uranium, scientists don't agree on whether there are mini–pockets of heat flow within the mantle, or if the whole shell is one big heat
conveyor belt.
The supercontinent began to break apart about 200 million years ago.
The explanation for Pangaea's (creation and construction/ group of objects) brought in the modern explanation of plate (the study of Earth's surface plate
movement), which suggests says that the Earth's outer shell is broken up into (more than two, but not a lot of) plates that slide over Earth's rocky shell,
the mantle. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current setup of continents is unlikely to be the last. Supercontinents have formed more than two, but not a lot of times in Earth's history, only to
be split off into new continents. Rightnow for instance, Australia is slowly moving toward Asia, and the eastern part of/amount of Africa is slowly
peeling off from the rest of the continent. Land and rock experts have seen have heard have become aware of that there is an almost–regular cycle in
which supercontinents form and break up every 300 to 400 million years, but exactly why is a mystery, Murphy said. But most scientists believe that
the supercontinent cycle is mostly driven by circulation patterns of relationships, movement, or sound in the mantle, according to a 2010 article in the
Journal of

The Triassic Era
The Mesozoic Era contains three geologic time periods including the Triassic Period ,from 252 million to 200 million years ago. The Triassic period
was named in 1834 by the German geologist Friedrich August Von Alberti (1795
–1878). It was originally named the "Trias". It got its name because
this period of geologic time is represented by a three–part division of rock types in Germany . It began 252 million years ago, at the close of the
Permian Period, and ended 201 million years ago. Jurassic Period, from about 200 million to 145 million years ago. During the Jurassic Period, the
supercontinent Pangaea split apart. The Jurassic was a golden age for the large herbivorous dinosaurs known as the sauropods–Camarasaurus,
Apatosaurus, Diplodocus,

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