O documento descreve a estrutura e função dos gânglios da base no cérebro. Resume que estudos encontraram aumentos de volume de 14,2% nos gânglios da base total, 27,4% no globo pálido, 15,9% no putamen e 9,5% no núcleo caudado em esquizofrênicos comparado a controles. Maiores volumes do caudado estavam associados a piores resultados em testes neuropsicológicos.

27. GLOBO PÁLIDO TRANSAXIAL

28. GLOBO PÁLIDO TRANSAXIAL

29. GLOBO PÁLIDO SAGITAL

30. GLOBO PÁLIDO SAGITAL

31. GLOBO PÁLIDO CORONAL

32. GLOBO PÁLIDO CORONAL

33. PUTAMEM TRANSAXIAL

34. PUTAMEM TRANSAXIAL

35. PUTAMEM SAGITAL

36. PUTAMEM SAGITAL

37. PUTAMEM CORONAL

38. PUTAMEM CORONAL

45. Within the context of the neurobiological theories of consciousness mentioned in the introduction, the highly networked nature of the claustrum raises the question of whether it acts as a sort of ‘ Cartesian theatre’. This is a metaphor, introduced and ridiculed by the philosopher Dennett (1991), for the Fictitious centre where the mind and brain meet , where ‘it all comes together’ and consciousness occurs. We think that a more appropriate analogy for the claustrum is that of a conductor coordinating a group of players in the orchestra, the various cortical regions. Without the conductor, the players can still play but they fall increasingly out of synchrony with each other. The result is a cacophony of sounds. This metaphor would suggest that different attributes of objects, both within (e.g. colour and motion) and across modalities (e.g. visual form and sound location), are rapidly combined and bound in the claustrum.

49. CLAUSTRUM

65. Córtex envia input glutamatérgicos para o neoestriado Os Neurônios do neoestriato utilizam GABA e recebem input de DA da Substância Negra compacta Os Neurônios GABA do neoestriato projetam-se para o globo pálido interno e substância negra reticulada (neurônios GABA) Projetam-se para o colículo superior e tálamo VA/VL As projeções da SNr para o colículo superior e pedunculopontino influenciam os movimentos oculares e do tronco

67. Neocórtex envia informações para um 2º conjunto de neurônios GABA no Neoestriado Neurônios GABA se projetam para o Globo Pálido Externo que se projeta para núcleos subtalâmicos -(glutamatérgicos) Núcleos Subtalâmicos projetam fibras para o Globo Pálido Interno e Substância Negra Reticular

70. Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus Volume in Schizophrenia: A Quantitative MRI Study Hiroto Hokama, M.D.1, Martha E. Shenton, Ph.D.1, Paul G. Nestor, Ph.D.1, Ron Kikinis, M.D.2, James J. Levitt, M.D.1, David Metcalf, M.A.2, Cynthia G. Wible, Ph.D.1, Brian F. O'Donnell, Ph.D.1, Ferenc A. Jolesz, M.D.2 and Robert W. McCarley, M.D.3 ABSTRACT Basal ganglia structures have been reported to be abnormal in schizophrenia, However, while component structures of the basal ganglia are functionally differentiated, there have been no evaluations of their separate MRI volumes using small voxel (1.5 mm3) SPGR techniques and multi-plane assessments. We examined MRI scans from 15 male, right-handed neuroleptic-medicated schizophrenics and 15 age, handedness, and gender-matched normal controls. Compared to controls, schizophrenics showed enlarged volumes: 14.2% for total basal ganglia, 27.4% for globus pallidus, 15.9% for putamen and 9.5% for caudate. Increased volumes, especially caudate, were ssociated with poorer neuropsychological test performance on finger tapping and Hebb's Recurring Digits. These findings indicate abnormalities throughout all basal ganglia structures in at least a subgroup of schizophrenics