Peptidoglycan (PG) is a key component of bacterial cell walls that plays an important role in bacterial physiology, shape, antibiotic resistance, and interactions with hosts. The document discusses understanding PG structure and assembly, using a signaling peptide from PG as a potential antibiotic, and exploring PG's role as a signaling molecule that impacts host homeostasis, disease, and the immune system. Future perspectives include using PG detection to diagnose sepsis, using probiotics to prevent inflammatory diseases, and developing new treatments targeting PG signaling pathways.