Napoleon III's alt econ plan for France (as a young man)

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Extinction of pauperism
Author(s): Napoleon
Source: Cowen Tracts,
1847
Contributed by: Newcastle University
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60201169
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2. If—'
3JlT. r;»; C^:: j'y
EXTINCTION
PAUPERISM.
PRINCENAPOLEONLOUISBONAPARTE.
(rflTJKTHEDITION.)
LONDON:
CLEAVE,SHOE-LANE,FLEET-STREET.
1847.
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3. JOIIHTTOETHAM,PRIXI-EB,31%STBVM>.
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4. BEIUNCtER,FROMHISItETREATATTASSY,NEAH
PARIS,
Prince,
I havethehonourofreturningyoumythanksfor
yourlastwork,whichyouhavebeenpleasedtosend
to me,it -willgainyouthesuffrageofall friendsof
humanity.Theideawhichyouhaveexpressedin
yourpamphlet,whichisbuttooshort,isoneofthose
bestcalculatedto amelioratethe conditionof the
industriousandworkingclasses.It isnotwithinmy
province,Prince,tojudgeofthecorrectnessoftheir
calculations,bywhichyousupportyourplan;but
dreani3ofa similarkindhaveoftenpassedthrough
myownmind,andenabledmetoappreciatethefull
worthofyourgenerouspurposes.Byan accident,
fromwhichI deriveafeelingof pride,the Utopian
schemesof myfiresideareirregularlylike those,
whichyouhavedevelopedsoclearly,andsupported
bysuchirresistiblereasons.I speakof my own
speculations,inthisway,Prince,muchlessfromany
feelingofvanity,thantoenableyoutojudgeof the
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5. degreeofsatisfactionwhichthepeiu&alotyourwork
hasgivenme. It is praise-worthyof you,in the
midstoftheannoyances,andsufferingsofcapitivity,
tobeablethustooccupyyourthoughtswiththoso
ofyourfellow-countrymen,whoseevilsareso nu¬
merousandalarming.Thisis theverybestmanner
ofoccupyingyourtime,andit is mostworthyofthe
greatnamewhichyoubear,tomakethosestatesmen
sensibleof theirwrongs,whohesitateso longin
restoringyoutoliberty,andto the enjoymentof a
country.
Withmywishesforyourrccoveringat last,the
one,as wellas the other,be pleased,Prince,to
acceptthe assuranceof my feelingsof profound
respect,*
I havethehonour,
Prince,
Ofbeingyourhumbleservant,
BntAlSGEK.
Passy,30thJune,1844.
*Takenbypermissionfrom"ThePrisonerofIIim"
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6. TOTHE
RIGHTHONOURABLE
THE EARL.OF BESBOROUGIi,
LORDLIEUTENANT
OF
IRELAND,
INSYMrATIIY
WITHHISENDEAVOURS
TOAansuoiutTE
THEAWFULCONDITION
OPTHE
IRISHLABOURINGCLASSES,
THISTRANSLATION
IS
RESPECTFULLYINSCRIBED
BY
THEPUBLISHER.
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8. EXTINCTION
OF
PAUPERISM.
CHAPTERI.
Thewealthofacountrydependsuponthe pros¬
perityof agricultureand industry,the develop¬
mentofcommerceathomoandabroad,andajus.tand
equitabledistributionoftherevenue.Therois not
oneofthesedifferentelementsof prosperitywhich
is notunderminedinFranceby anorganicdelect.
Allindependentmindsacknowledgeit. Theydiffer
onlyinregardtothoremediestobe applied.
Agriculture.—Itisaverredthattheextremedi¬
visibilityofpropertytendstoruinagriculture;and
yet there-enactmentofthelawof Primogeniture,
whichmaintainedthegreatestatesandfavouredthe
cultivationofthesoil,isnowanimpossibility.We
maycongratulateourselvesin a politicalpointof
viewthatit is so.
Industby.—Labour,thesourceofallwealth,has
neithersystem,organisation,noraim. It is like a
machineworkingwithouta regulator,andtotally
unconcernedaboutitsmovingpower.Crushingbe-
tweenitswheelsalikemenandmatter,it depopu¬
latesthecountry,crowdsthepopulationintonarrow
spacoswithoutair,enfeeblesbothmindandbody,
nndfinally,castsintothestreetwhenit,no longer
requiresthem,thosemenwho,to gainsomething,
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9. 0 EXTINCTION
havesacrificedstrength,youth,andexistence.Like
averitableSaturn,manufacturingindustrydevours
itschildrenandlivesbutupontheirdestruction;must
we,however,towardofftheseevilssubjectitto an
ironyoke,depriveit ofthatlibertyon whichalone
itnourishes,andinonewordslayit,becauseitslays
others,withoutcalculatingthe immensebenefitsit
confers?Webelievethatit willbe sufficientto
cure its wounded,and avertits wounds. It is
urgenttodoso,forsocietyis nofictitiousbeing. It
is abodycomposedoffleshandbonowhichcannot
prosper,unlessallitscomponentpartsareinastate
of perfecthealth. We musthavean efficacious
remedyfortheevilsenduredbyindustry.Thewel¬
fareotthecountry,thevoiceofhumanity,andeven
theinterestofgovernmentimperativelydemandit.
HomeCommerce—Suffers,becauseindustrypro¬
ducestoomuchincomparisonwiththe slenderre¬
quitalit givesto the producer,whilstagriculture
doesnotproducesufficient.Thenationisthuscom¬
posedofproducerswhocannotsell,andof famished
consumerswhocannotbuy. Thisloss of balance
causesthegovernmenthere,asin England,togoto
Chinain searchof somethousandsofconsumers,
whilsttherearemillionsofFrench,orEnglish,who
arestrippedofeverything,andwho,if theycould
purchasesufficientfoodandclothing,wouldcreatea
commercialmovementmuchmore considerable
thanthatcausedbythemostadvantageoustreaties.
Foreign Commerce.—Thecauseswhichaffect
ourexportationsaretoocloselyalliedwithpolitics
tospeakofthornhere. Itis sufficientforustosay,
thatthequantityof merchandisewhicha country
exports,is alwaysindirectrelationwiththenumber
of bulletswhichit candischargeagainstitsenemies
whenitshonourordignitycommandit.
Theeventswhichoccurredin China,sufficiently
attestthattruth.
Wewillnowspeakof
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10. OFPAL1LKIVM. a
TAXATION.
Franceisoneofthomosthighlytaxedcountrips
inEurope.It mightbeperhaps,therichestcountry
ifthepublicrevenuewa3distributedin the most
equitablemanner. Thelevyingof taxes,maybe
comparedto theactionof the sun'srays,which
absorbthemoisturefromthe earth,to distributeit
againintheformof rainoverallplacesrequiring
waterforfecundityorproduce.Whenthisresti¬
tutionoperatesregularly,fertilityensues,butwhen
heaveninitswrath,scatterstheabsorbedvapoursim¬
partiallyin storms,whirlwindsandtempests,the
germsofproductionaredestroyed,andsterilityre¬
sults,fortoomuchis givehere,andtoolittlethere.
Stillwhatevermayhavebeenthebeneficialor in¬
juriousinfluenceof theatmosphere,almostalways
attheendof theyear,the samequantityof water
thathasbeentakenis returned.
Thedisti'ibutionalonemalesall the difference.
Whenit is regularandequitable,abundanceis
created.Whenitis prodigalandimpartial,scarcity
istheresult.
Thesameeffectsareproducedbya goodora bad
administration.Ifthetaxosannuallyleviedfrom
thepeopleareexpendedinanon-productivemaimer,
suchasinthecreationof sinecures,the erectionof
sterilemonuments,andthesuppoitof an armyin
timesofpeace,moreexpensivethanthatwhichcon¬
queredatAusterlitz,thentaxationbecomesacrush¬
ing burdenjit exhauststhe countryby taking
withoutreturning.Butif,on theotherhand,the
nationalresourceswereemployedin creatingnew
elementsofproduction,in re-establibhingthe equi¬
libriumofwealth,inabolishingmisery,in stimulat¬
ingandorganisinglabour,and,in short,in curing
thoseevilswhichourcivilisationbringsinits train,
thenassuredlytaxationwouldbecomeforourciti¬
zens,asaministersaidonedayfromthotribune,the
verybestofallinvestments.
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11. 10 EXTINCTION
Inthebudgetwemustfindthefirststartingpoint
ofanysyste.nwhichhasforitsaimtheamelioration
oftheworkingclasses. To seekit elsewhereis a
chimera.
SavingsBanksarenodoubtusefulto thebetter
classofworkmen;theyaffordthemanopportunityof
makingan advantageoususe of theirsavings,or
superfluities;buttothenumerousclasswhohaveno
superfluity,andconsequentlyno meansof saving,
thesystemis altogetherworthless.Toseektomiti¬
gatethewretchednessofmen,whohavenotsufficient
food,byproposingthattheyshallannuallyputaside
somethingwhichtheyhavenotgot,is eitheraderi¬
sionorafolly.
Whatshouldbe done? Hereit is—ourlawof
equalityrelativeto the divisionof propertyruins
agriculture.Thisinconveniencemustbe remedied
byan association,whichby employingeveryidle
arm,shall re-creategreatestatesand increase
cultivation,withoutcausinganydisadvantageto our
politicalprinciples.Manufacturingindustrycon¬
tinuallydrawsthepopulationintotowns,andener¬
vatesthem. Wemustrecalthoseinto fieldswho
aretoo numerousin towns,andinvigoratetheir
mindsandbodiesinthecountry.
Theworkingclassespossessnothing.We must
makethemproprietorsof the soil. Theypossess
nowealthsavein theirarms. We mustemploy
these,soastomakethemusefultoall.
TheworkingclassesarelikeHelotsin the midst
ofaSabyritepeople.Wemustgivethenaposition
in society,and bindtheirintereststo the soil.
Finally,theworkingclassesarewithoutorganisation
attachments,rights,or prospects.Womustgive
thembothrightsandfutureprospects,andelevate
theminthescaleofSocietybycombination,educa¬
tion,anddiscipline.
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12. OFPAUPERISM. 11
CHAPTERII.
Toaccomplishaprojectso worthyof the demo¬
craticandphilanthropicspiritoftheage,so neces¬
saryforthegeneralwellbeing,andsousefultothe
reposeof society,threethingsarenecessary:—1st,
Alaw. 2nd,Theadvancementof fundsfromthe
budget.3rd,Organisation.
I. THELVW.
ThereareinFrance,accordingtoofficialagricul¬
turalstatistics,9,190,000acresofuncultivatedlands
belongingtogovernment,toboroughsorindividuals.
Theseheaths,commons,orpasturelandsyieldavery
smallrentof8francsanacre. Theyarelike sunk
capital,benefitingno one. Let thechambersde¬
creethatalltheseuncultivatedlandsshallbelong
inrighttothoworkingassociation,onconditionthat
theyannuallypaytotheactualproprietorsthesame
amountwhichtheyreceivenow. Letthemconsign
theidleacrestotheidlearms,andthesetwounpro¬
ductivecapitalswillspringintolife,the oneopera¬
tingupontheother.
Thenthemeanswillhavebeendiscoveredofmiti¬
gatingmiseryby enrichingthecountry. Soasto
avoidthereproachofexaggeration,wewillsuppose
thattwothirdsoftheseninemillionsofacrescanbe
givenuptotheassociation,andthatthe remainder
maybecitherunarableor occupiedbyhouses,liv¬
ers,canals,&c. TherewillremainC,127,000acres
tobecleared.
Thisworkwouldberenderedpossiblebythecrea¬
tionof agriculturalcolonies,whichwhenscattered
alloverFrancewouldformthe basisof a single
andvastorganisation,ofwhichallthepoorworkmen
mightbemembersalthoughnotindividualproprie¬
tors.
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13. IX EXTINCTION
•2.tiit: advanceor ruNDs.
Thenecessaryadvanceof moneyfor thecreation
ofthesecoloniesoughttobefurnishedbythestate.
Accordingto ourestimate,300 millionsof francs
or12,0OO,O00Z.payablein fouryears,wouldbe re¬
quired.
Afterthelapseofthattimethesecolonies,byaf¬
fordingthemeansof existenceto a greatmassof
workmen,wouldbeadirectbenefit.At the endof
tenyearstheGovernmentmightlevyalandtax of
8millionsoffrancsor320,000/.withoutcountingthe
naturalincreaseofindirecttaxes,whichalwaysaug¬mentin proportionto the consumptionwhichex¬
pandswiththegeneralcomfortofthepeople.
Thisadvanceof300millionsof francswouldnot
thenbea sacrifice,buta magnificentinvestmentof
money;andcouldthe Stateoncontemplatingthe
grandeuroftheobjectrefuseit,whilstannuallyex¬
pending46millions.offrancsin preventingorpun¬
ishingattacksmadeuponproperty,whilstsacrific¬
ingeveryyear300millionsoffrancsinteachingthe
tradeofsoldiering,andwhilstproposinganexpendi¬
tureof 120millionsoffrancsin theconstructionof
newprisons?In short,the nationwhichwithout
perishinggave2000millionsto the Invadersof
France,whichwithoutmurmuringpaid1000millions
toemigrants,whichwithoutalarmexpended300mil¬
lionsonthefortificationsofParis;willthatnation,I
ask,hestitatetoadvance300millionsinfouryearsto
abolishpauperism,to relievethecommunityofthe
enormousburdens,imposedby misery,andtoaug¬
menttheterritorialwealthbymorethan1000mil-
liens?
3 organisation.
Theunorganisedmassarenothing,unitedtheyareeverything;withoutorganisationtheycannei¬
therspnakthemselves,normakeothersunderstand
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14. OFPAUPERISM. 13
them;they cannoteven receiveor act upona
commonimpulse.
Ontheonehand,thevoiceof20millionsof men,
scatteredoveravastterritory,is lostinecho;onthe
other,thereis no languagesufficientlystrongand
persuasiveto springfroma centralpoint,andbear
to20millionsofconscienceswithoutrecognisedme¬
diatorstheseveredoctrinesof power.Thereignof
castesis over. Theycanonlygovernnowbythe
masses.It is thereforenecessarytoorganisethem,
sothattheymayreducetheirwishosto form,and
disciplinethem,so thattheymaybe directedto¬
wards,andenlightenedupontheirrealinterests.
Togovern,meansno longerto rulethe people
byviolenceandphysicalforce,buttheartofconduct¬
ingthemtowardsa moregloriousfuture,by ap¬
pealingtotheirreasonandfeelings.
Butsincethe massesneedinstruction,andthe
governmentrequirestoberestrained,andevenen¬
lightened,astotheinterestof thegreatestnumber,
itis absolutelynecessarythatthereshouldbe in
societytwoequallypowerfulmovements:theaction
ofpoweruponthemassandthe re-actionof the
massuponpower.
Theseseparateinfluencescannotact withoutcol¬
lision,exceptthroughmediators,whoatoncepossess
theconfidenceof thosewhomtheyrepresent,and
theconfidenceof thosewhorule.
Thesemediatorswouldpossesstheconfidenceof
thefirst,the momenttheywerefreelyelectedby
them;andtheywoulddeservetheconfidenceof the
second,themomenttheyfilledan importantplace
insociety;foronemaysayingeneral,thatmanis
thatwhichthefunctionsheperformsobligeshimto
be. Guidedbytheseconsiderationswewishtosee
createdbetweentheworkmenandtheiremployers,
anintermediateclassenjoyingrightslegallyrecog-
nisedjandelectedbythewholemassofworkmen.
•Thisintermediateclasswouldformthe corpsof
managersoroverseers.Weshouldlikeallthowork-
B
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15. 14 EXTINCTION
ing-mento assemblein theirrespectivecommunes
everyyear,andproceedto the electionof their,
representativesor overseersin the proportionof
onetoeverytenworkmen.Goodconductwouldbe
thesolequalification.
Everymanufacturer,orfarmer,oranytradesman
whatevershouldbecompelledbylawtohavea man¬
agerwheneverheemployedmorethanten work¬
men,andtopayhimdoubletheamountofacommon
workman.
Thesemanagerswouldperformamongstthe
workingclassesthesamedutythatnon-commission¬
edofficersdointhearmy,theywouldcomposethe
firststepinthesocialhierarchystimulatingthelaud¬
ableambitionofallbyshowingthema recompense
easytobeobtained.
Elevatedin theirownestimationby theduties
theyhadtoperform,theywouldbe compelledto
set anexampleofgoodconduct.Accordingtothis
planeverytenoftheworkmen,wouldcontainwith¬
inthemselvesthegermofperfection.
Toamelioratetheconditionof men,youmustal¬
waysplacebeforethemsomeattainableobject,
whichmayatoncebehonourableandhonoured.
Thequestionofgivinganimpulsetothemass,of
enlighteningthem,of appealingto them,andof
causingthemtoact,is foundtorestsimplyin the
relationwhichonebearstoten.
Supposethereare25millionsofmen,whoexist
bylabouralone,therewouldbetwomillionsanda
halfof managersorintermediateagents,to whom
theycouldappealwithgreaterconfidence,because
theyparticipateatonceintheinterestsofthosewho
obey,aswellasinthosewhocommand.
Thesemanagerswouldbedividedintotwoclass¬
es. Thefirstwouldbslongtoprivateindustry,the
secondwouldbe employedin theagriculturalesta¬
blishments;andwerepeatthatthisdifferentmis-'
6ionwouldbetheresultofthe rightofdirectelec¬
tionbyalltheworking-classes.
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16. OFPAUPERISM. 15
CHAPTERIII.'
AGRICULTURALCOLONIES.
Letussupposethatthethreeprecedingmeasures
havebeenadopted.The25millionsofactualwork¬
menhavetheirrepresentatives,andthefourthpart
oftheagriculturalareaof Franceis theirproperty,
supposingtheydid,astheymostassuredlywouldin
theend,purchasetheactualproprietorship.
In eachdepartmentof France,andin thefirst
instance,whereverthe uncultivatedlandswere,
agriculturalcolonieswouldbeestablished,offering
food,education,religiousinstruction,andwork,to
allwhorequiredthem,andGodknowsthenumber
isgreatin France.Thesecharitableinstitutions,in
themidstof a selfishworld,abandonedtothefeu¬
dalityofmoney,oughttoproducethesamebenefi¬
cialeffectasthosemonasterieswhichflourishedin
themiddleages,in the bosomof forests,amidst
warlikemenandserfs,formingthegermsofenlight-
ment,peace,andcivilisation.
Therebeingbut one nationalassociation,the
unequaldistributionof theuncultivatedland,and
eventhelimitedquantityincertaindistricts,would
benoobstacle.
Thepoorofonedepartmentcouldremoveto the
colonyof thenext; or cultivatedlandsmightbe
purchasedwhich,althoughunprofitableto indivi¬
duals,mightbeadvantageousto anassociation.
Thegreatbenefitof combinationarisesfromthe
eijaaldistributionof aid, andthe mitigationof
misery,withoutthatconstantexcuseof inhumanity
beingadduced,"Oh!thepauperdoesnotbelongto
myparish."
Agriculturalcolonieswouldhavetwo endsto
fulfil.Thefirstwouldbetosupporta vastnumber
ofpoorbyemployingtheminthecultivationof the
soil,&c. Thesecondwouldbe to affordatempo-
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17. 16 EXTINCTION
raryrefugeto thefloatingmassofworkmen,whom
theprosperityoftradeoncecalledintoactivity,and
whomitsstagnationortheimprovementsinmachi¬
neryplungedintothedeepestmisery.
AJ1thepoor,allwhowereoutofwork,wouldfind
in thesecoloniesmeansof employingmindand
bodyforthebenefitoftheentirecommunity.
Thustherewouldbein thesecolonies,indepen¬
dentof the men, women,and childrenstrictly
necessaryfor farmlabour,a greatnumbercon¬
stantlyemployedin reclaimingnewland,andin
ereptingnewestablishmentsfortheoldandinfirm.
The advancesmadeto the associationon its
ulteriorprofitswouldallowof theemploymentof a
considerablecapitalinthesenecessaryexpenses.
Whenprivateindustryrequiredhands,it would
seekthemat thosecentraldepots,andit is clear
thattheworkmanwhowasalwayssureto finda
livingintheagriculturalcolonieswouldnotaccept
ofprivateemploymentunlessthe latterpresented
greaterbenefitsthantheformer;hencea remu¬
nerativescaleofwageswouldalwaysbemaintained.
To stimulatean exchange,aswellto excitethe
emulationoftheworkmen,alevywouldbemadeon
the profitsof eachcolony,to createa capitalfor
eachworkman.A realsavingsbankwouldthusbe
formed,fromwhichtheworkman,atthemomentof
hisdeparture,coulddrawthebalancedueto him,
whichwouldberegulatedin amountbythelength
ofhisemployment,hiszeal,andhisgoodconduct.
Thelaboriousmanwouldbeabletoamassin a
few yearsa sum sufficientto ensurehis living
duringthe remainderof his life,evenoutof the
colonyaltogether.
To defineour systembetterwe shallhavere¬
courseto a comparison.A largeriverflowing
throughacountryis a generalcauseof prosperity;
butsometimestoogreatanabundanceorascarcity
of itswatersgivesriseto inundations,or produces
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18. OFPAUPERISM. 17
draught.Whatoughttobe donetoremedythose
twocalamities?
The Nile furnishesuswithan example.—Vast
basinsaredug,inwhichthesurpluswatersremain,
andfromwhichtheyflowwhenthereis toolittle,
maintaininga constantlevel, fromwhichresults
abundance.
Well,weproposea similarthingfortheworking
classes,whoseflowof industrymaybe at oncea
sourceofruinorfertility,accordingasitscourseis
guided.Wedemand,forthefloatingmassofwork¬
men,vastplacesof refuge,wheretheirmindsand
bodiesmaybe equallydeveloped;refugeswhich,
whenthe nationalactivityis partiallysuperseded,
shallpreservethesurplusunemployedlabourto
restoreitagaininproportiontothegeneraldemand.
Wedemand,in oneword,veritablelabourreser¬
voirs,whichwouldalwaysmaintainat its levelthe
industryofthecountry.
Themanagersorrepresentativesoftheworkmen
wouldbecomethe regulatorsof that continual
exchange.Themanagersinprivateconcerns,alive
to all the wantsof theiremployers,wouldshare
withthe magistratesthe rightof sendingto the
agriculturalcoloniesthosewhomtheycouldnot
employ.
Themanagersofthecolonies,awareofthecapa¬
cityofeachindividual,wouldendeavourto procure
advantageousappointmentsin privateestablish¬
mentsforthosewhowererequiredthere.
Severalpracticalinconveniencesmightattendthis
exchange;butwhatinstitutiondoesnotpresentthe
sameinthebeginning.
Thisonewouldpossesstheimmenseadvantageof augmentingpopularinstruction,of givingthe
massa healthyemployment,andofteachingthem
agriculture;andwouldestablish,asa generalcus¬
tom,thatwhichthemanufacturingofsugarfrom
beetrootandsilkmanufacturinghavealreadyintro-
B3
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19. 18 EXTINCTION
duced,viz.,thealternateexchangeof fieldlabour
forthatofthefactory.
Themanagerswouldbeintheproportionof one
toten,asinprivatebusiness.
Abovethe managerstherewouldbe directors,
whosedutieswouldbetoleaehpracticalagriculture.
Thesedirectorswouldbe electedbytheworkmen
andmanagerscombined.
Beforetheywereeligibletheywouldrequireto
produceproofof a practicalknowledgeof agricul¬
ture. Finally,abovethe directors,managers,and
workers,therewouldbeagovernorforeachcolony.
Hewouldbenominatedbytheuniteddirectorsand
managers.
The administrationwouldbe composedof the
governor,one-thirdof thedirectors,andtwo-thirds
ofthemanagers.
Everyyeartheaccountswouldbepublished,laid
beforethegeneralassemblyof workmen,andsub¬
mittedtothegeneralcouncilofthedepartmentfor
theirapproval,whowouldlikewisehavetherightto
dischargethemanageror directorswhohadexhi¬
bitedanyincapacity.
Everyyearthegovernorsof colonieswouldhave
toproceedtoParis,audthere,underthepresidence
of the Ministerof the Interior,discussthebest
meansof employingtheirfunds,forthe general
benefitoftheassociation.
Everybeginningis difficult.Thuswehavenot
discoveredthemeansof creatingtheseagricultural
colonicseconomicallywithoutestablishingcamps
where,intheoutset,ourworkmenwouldbein bar¬
rackslikeourtroops.
Itwillbe understoodthatassoonasthereceipts
surpassthe expensesthe barrackswouldbe re¬
placedbymorehealthybuildings,erectedaccording
toamaturedplan.
Accessorybuildingswouldthenbeaddedtoafford
thomembersof thecolonyandtheirchildrenboth
riv'l,-indreligiousinstruction.Finally,vasthospi-
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20. Or PAUPERISM. 19
talswouldbe builtfortheinfirm,andforthose
whoseagemadelabourimpossible.
A severedisciplinewouldreignoverthesecolo¬
nies. Lifewouldtherebesalutarybutrough,for
theirobjectis notto hatchidlersbuttoennoble
menbyhealthyandremunerativelabour,aswellas
bymoraleducation.Theworkmenandtheirfami¬
lieswouldbetreatedinthesimplestmannerpossi¬
ble.
Lodging,food,andclothingwouldberegulated
bythearmytariff,formilitaryorganisationis tho
onlyonewhichisbasedat onceonthecomfortof
allitsmembersandthestrictesteconomy.
Theseestablishments,however,wouldnot be
military,theywouldonlyborrowfromthearmyits
admirableorder,andthatwouldbeall.
Thearmyis simplyanorganisation.Thework¬
ingclasswouldforman association.Thesetwo
bodiesdifferin principleandobject.
Thearmyis anorganisationwhich,requiringto
executeblindlyandwithpromptitudethecommand
ofthechief,oughttohaveforitsbasisahierarchy,
beginningfromabove.
Theworkingclassesformanassociation,whose
leaderswouldhavenootherdutiesexcepttoregu¬
late andexecutethe generalwill, its hierarchy
oughtthentoresultfromelection.
Thatwhichwepropose,then,hasno connection
withmilitarycolonies.Soasto makeoursystem
morepalatableweareabouttoglanceattheproba¬
blereceiptsandexpensesofanagriculturalcolony.
Thecalculationsarebasedonofficialreturns.
Everyonewillunderstandthedifficultyofdrawing
up sucha budget. Nothingcanbemoreinexact
thanadetailedappreciationoftherentofland.
Wedonotpretendtohaveforeseenall.
Thebestprevision,saysMontesquieu,is to try
andnotseetoomuch.
Butif ourfiguresmaygiverisetovariousinter¬
pretations,weshallnotadmitthatit issowiththe
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21. 20 EXTINCTION
systemitself. It is possible,notwithstandingthe
carewehavetakenin ourvaluations,thatwehave
omittedsomeexpensesandreceipts,or estimated
theproduceofthesoiltoo high. But theseomis¬
sionsdo notdamageintheleastthefundamental
ideawhichwebelievetobejust,trueandfruitfulof
goodresults. The followingsimplereasonwill
proveit.
Generallyspeaking,the rentsof the landare
dividedinto threeparts,withoutcountingfiscal
duties. Thefirstgoestosupporttheworkmen,the
secondisthefarmers'share,andthethirdenriches
theproprietor.
Inourmodelfarmstheworkingclasswouldhave
thesethreeproductsfor themselves.Theywould
comprisewithinthemselvesworkmen,farmers,and
landlords.
Theseadvantageswouldbe immense,andmore
especiaUyso,because,in awell-establishedassocia¬
tion,theexpensesarealwayslessthaninindividual
business.
The firstpartwouldenablemanypoorfamilies
toliveinmoderatecomfort.Thesecondpartwould
formpersonaldeposits,asweformerlystated,and
thethirdwouldsupplythemeans,notonlyoferect¬
inghousesof refuge,butwouldunceasinglyaug¬
mentthecapitalofsociety,bythepurchaseofnew
land.
Inthatconsistsoneof thegreatestadvantagesof
oursystem,foranysystemwhichdoesnotcontain
withinitselfthemeansof constantlyincreasingis
defective.
It mayleadtogoodtemporaryresults,butwhen
thateffectisrealisedtheevilit soughttodestroyis
renewed,anditisasifnothinghadbeendone.The'
Poor-lawandthe UnionWorkhousesinEnglandfurnishastrikingexample.
_Here,onthecontrary,whentheagriculturalcolo¬
niesshallbeinfullaction,itwillbealwayspossible
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22. OFPAUPERISM. 21
toextendtheirterritory,tomultiplytheirestablish¬
ments,andtocreatenewworkmen.
Thesoleobstacletothisincreasewillmomenta¬
rilyspringfromth<jdemandforlabourmadebythe
individualmanufacturers,ofwhichtheycanmakea
moreadvantageoususe. The cultivatedsoilwill
notbeabandonedonthataccount.The excessof
workmenwillenterthelabourmarket,andremain
thereuntil somenewstagnationin tradedrives
thembackuponthe agriculturalcolony. Thus,
whilstourlaw of equalitydividespropertymore
andmore,theworking-men'sassociationwouldre¬
constructlargeestatesandstimulateagriculture.
Whilstmanufacturingindustrywasattractingthe
peopleceaselesslyto the towns,thecolonieswould
recalthemtothecountry.
Whentherewasnolongersufficientlandata low
enoughpriceinFrance,theassociationwouldestab¬
lishbranchesin Algiers,or eveninAmerica.It
mightonedayinvadetheworld,forwhereverthere
wasanacreof landto clear,orpoortonourish,it
wouldbe therewithits capital,its armyof work¬
men,anditsincessantactivity.
Letthemnotaccuseusof dreamingofanimpos¬
sibility. Wehaveonlyto recalto mindtheexam¬
pleofthefamousEnglishEastIndiaCompany.
Whatis it butanassociationlikethatwhichwe
propose,whoseresults,althoughastonishing,arenot
sofavourabletohumanityasthatwhichwecallfor
withallourheartandsoul.
Beforewepenetratesofarintothefuture,let us
calculatetheprobablereceiptsandexpenditureof
thesecolonies.
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23. 22 EXTINCTION
CHAPTERIV.
RECEIPTSANB>EXPENSES.
Accordingto oursupposition,theworking-men's
associationwouldhaveto claimtwo-thirdsof un¬
cultivatedlands,or6,127,000acres.
Toascertainhowmuchtheseacreswouldyield,if
subjectedtopropercultivation,withoutanybeing
leftfallow,wehavemadethefollowingcalculation.
The numberof acresof cultivatedlandsin all
France,is 19,314,741
Thenaturalandartificialprairies 5,774,745
Total 25,089,486
Theroughvalueoftheproduceoftheselandsis,
Forthearablesoil 3,479,583,005
Fortheprairies 66G,363,4I2
Total 4,145,946,417
Theaverageproduceperacre,forseedor prairie
lands,wouldriseto 165francsper acre. Onthe
otherhand,thereareinFrance51,568,845,domestic
animalsofeverykind,whichgivea roughproduce
of767,251,851francs,withoutcomprisingthevalue
ofnjeatconsumed.Takingonewiththeother,each
head of cattle produces15francs,andas those
animalsarcfedon26millionsof acres,itwillmake
twoforeachacre. Wemaysay thatthe average
produceofeachacreis,195francs,165fromland,and
30fromtheanimals.Our6,127,000acresputinto
cultivationorpasture,wouldyieldfromtherough
produceofthesoil 1,010,955,000francs,andfrom
theproduceofanimals183,810,000,makingatotalof
1,194,765,000francs. Deductfromthatsumthe
amountwhichtheselandsnowproduce,viz. 54,709,
364francs,andtheterritorialwealthwouldbe aug¬
mentedby1,140,055,636francs.Letusnowestimate
theexpense.Toassistourcalculations,letus sup-
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24. OFPAUPERISM, 23
posethatthelandstobeclearedareequallyspread
overeachpoliticaldivisionof France.
Wewouldhavethentodividethenumberofacres
by 86, whichwouldleave foreachdepartment
71,241acres. *
Fixing20yearsasthetimeafterwhichall these
landsshouldbecultivated;therewouldbeforeach
department3,562acrestoclearannually.
Thenumberofhandsrequiredforthiswork,could
beregulatedthus;oneworkmanwouldonanaverage
clearthreeacresannually,ashecandotwoofwood¬
landorfourofturf. Butaswemustcalculatesick¬
ness,andlikewise,thatafterthe secondyearthe
workmenwouldbeobligedtoattendto the cultiva¬
tionofthesoil,andassistthe agriculturalfamilies,
whowouldbaannuallyaugmenting,wewillsuppose
thatonlytwoacresareannuallycleared.It would
be necessarythen,to employ1781workmento
accomplishtheworkin20years,andastherewould
beclearedannually3,562acres,the colonywould
receiveeveryyear120familiestoassistinthecul¬
tivationofthoseclearedlands.
A largelandedproprietorinformsus, thatunder
theoldsystemofagriculture,ofwheat,cornandfallow
alternating,it wasnecessarytoemployonafarmof
150acres,8 domestics,6thrashers,and20harvest-
men. Underthe newsystem,wherethe pastures
arereplacedbygreencropsrequiringweeding,one
handmorewouldberequiredeachyear. We have
calculatedtwo beastsper acrein France. The
colonywouldthenannuallypurchasodoublethe
numberofcattletotheacres,whichtheyhadcleared
duringthe precedingyear.
Thusduringtheintervalof20 years,the colony
wouldhaveitsreceiptsandexpensesprogressivelyin¬
creasing.
Thereceipts,withoutcountingthe firstgovern¬
mentadvances,wouldbecomposedoftheperiodical
augmentationof3,562acres,andtheirannualin¬
creasesinvalue;foradmittingthateachacreyields
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25. 24 EXTINCTION
195francs,thelandswouldnotproducethatamount,
exceptattheendofthreeyears,andafterfouryears
ofcultivation.
Thatis to say, eachacreafterbeing cleared
wouldyieldthefirstyear65francs,thesecond130,
andeachsucceedingyear195francs.
Asfortheexpensesindependentofthefirstoutlay,
theexpenditurewouldbecontinuallyrenewed,such
asforthepaymentof1781workmenand120familes,
therentduetoBoroughsorindividuals,seed,out¬
houses,management,and7,124beaststo purchase.
Besidestherewouldbeeachyeararegularincrease
in expensescausedbythemaintenanceof 120new
families,andtheerectionofbarrackstolodgethem.
Eachworkmanwouldreceivethepayofa soldier,
andeachfamily,thatof threeworkmen.Clothing
wouldbecheaperfortheworkmenthanforthesoldier;
butwewillcalculateit at themarketprice. Each
manwouldannuallycost,includingeverything,318
francs.
The managerswouldreceivethe pay of non¬
commissionedofficers;thedirectorsthatof officers^
andthegovernorthatofacolonel.
Untilthecolonyyieldedprofit,all the workmen
wouldbelodgedinbarracksconstructedlikemili¬
taryones. Theseimmensehealthyconstructions,
builtonasmallscale,wouldcontaintenmenand
theiroverseers,oronefamily.
Inmanydepartmentstherearesimilarbarracks
nearthesugarmanufactories.In makingthecal¬
culationswhichwe haveplacedat the endof the
book,it willbefoundthatwithan advanceof 3O0>
millionsoffrancs,thereceiptsandexpensesof our
colonieswouldattheendof23yearsbeasfollows:—
Annualreceipts francs1,194,694,800
Expenses 378,622,278
Profit 816,072,522
296,400familiesand153,166poorworkmenwould
ba supported.Francewouldbe enrichedby 12
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26. OFPAUPERISM. 25
millionsofcattle. Finallythe governmentmight
layontheroughincomeaccordingto the present
rates,about37millionsoffrancs.
CHAPTERV.
* REVIEW.
Inthesummaryviewwe havegivenofthebene¬
fits,wehavekeptwithinthotruth;forthecultivation
ofa fourthpartof the uncultivatedlandswould
notonlyincreaseby a quarterthe roughrevenue
ofFrance,butthisincreaseofwealthwouldgiveto
allbranchesofnationalindustryanimmensestimu¬
lus/whichitis moreeasytounderstandthanexplain
in allitsdetails.
Notonlywouldthesecolouiespreventin20years,
morethanamillionofhumanbeingsfromlanguish¬
inginmisery,notonlywouldtheysupporta host
ofworkmeninconnectionwithagriculture,butthe
annualexchangeof800millionsoftrancsworthof*
landproductsforotherswouldincreaseconsumption
andimprovethehomemarket.Thisdemandwould
presentanoutletforallthefruitsof industrymore
considerablethanthemostadvatageouscommercial
treatiescouldaffect,becausethe 800 millionsof
francsvalue,surpassby 156millionsthe value
ofallourexportations,whichonlyamountto 644
millionsof francs. To makethisreasoningmore
apparentandto showthevastimportanceof the
homemarket,letussupposetheseagriculturalcolo¬
nieswerenotwithinourterritorialboundary,but
separatedfromthe continentby an armofthesea
andaline of custom-houseofficers,andthatthey
wereneverthelesscompelledtohaveno commercial
dealingsexceptwithFrance.
It isclearthatif theiragriculturalproducerea-
C
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27. 26 EXTINCTION
lised profitsof 800millionsof francs;thatsum
wouldbe exchangedforvariouscontinentalpro¬
duce.
We believe,that increasedhomeconsumption
favouredbythegeneralaugmentationofwealthand
comfort,wouldremedymorethananythingelse,
thoseevilsof whichcertainclassescomplain,and
aboveall thatit woulddiminishby onehalf,the
sufferingsofthevinegrowerby makingtheirfood
cheaper.
Infactit maybe presumedthatthesecolonies
Fromthenatureofthesoil,willproducegrainand
cattle,ratherthanwine. Butby augmentingthe
quantityof wheat,andof fleshmeat,theywould
lowerthepriceofcommonnecessaries,andincrease
consumptionbyputtingthemwithinreachof the
workingclasses.
Ontheotherhand,theincreasedcomfortsofso¬
cietywouldaddto thenumberof thosewhocould
drinkwineandconsequentlyimprovegeneralcon¬
sumption.
Franceproduces36,783,223hectolitresof wine
withoutcountingbrandy.
It consumes 23,578,248
Exports 1,351,677
Total 24,929,925
Deductthis sumfromthe production,andthere
willremain118,53,298hectolitresunemployed.
Thesefiguresdemonstrate,not onlythemischief
buttheremedy.Theyprovethesuperiorityofthe
homemarketoverthe foreign,forif throughthe
meanswehavepointedoutthe stimulusgivento
thehomemarketwouldonlyincreaseconsumption,
byone-tenthpart,whichisnotimprobable,thein¬
creasewouldbe 2,357,824hectolitreswhichis
doubleourexportation.
Onthootherhand,if ourgovernmentsucceeded,
andwearefarfromanticipatingit inincreasingour
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28. OFPAUPERISM. 27
exportation,one-fifthpartofthataugmentationwould
onlybe270,334.
Labourwhichcreateseasy'circumstancesandthose
againwhichaddtoconsumptionformtherealbasis
ofanation'sprosperity.Thefirstduty,then,ofa
•wiseandableminister,is to endeavourby improv¬
ingagricultureandthe conditionof the massesto
increasehomeconsumptionwhichis nowvery far
fromitsheight.
Speakingstatisticallyeachinhabitantof France
annuallyconsumes271hectolitresof wheatand
barleywhichmake328rationsofbroadperheadper
annum;ofbutchersmeat20kilogrammes;of wine70
litres;sugar3.4kilogrammes.
Thismeanshumanlyspeakingthattherearein
Francemillionswhoeatneitherbread,meat,nor
sugar,andwhodrinknowine.
Therichconsume365rationsof breadinstead
of328;180kilogrammesof meatinsteadof 20;
and3C5litresof wineinsteadof 70;and50 kilo¬
grammesofsugarinsteadof3andtwofifths.*
Wedo not producesufficient,we do notcon¬
sumeenough.
Insteadofseekingconsumersin Chinalot us in¬
creaseourterritorialwealth.Let thememployall
theidlearmsforthebenefitofallthewretchedand
industrious,andlet themnotforgetthatFrance,whichhas been so richlyendowedby heaven,
containswithinherselfall the elementsof pros¬
perity.
It is a stigmauponourcivilisationtothinkthat
in tho nineteenthcenturythetenthpartof our
popuktionshouldbe in ragsandperishingfrom
want,amidstmanufacturingproducewhichcannot
besold,andagriculturalsupplieswhichcannotbe
consumed.
*ALitreIs 2.1133pints,English.Hectolitre 26,419gallons.Kilogramme 21b.3oz.5drachms.
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29. 28 EXTINCriON
Tosumup. Thesystemwhichwoproposeis the
resultofalltheideaswhichhaveemanatedfromthe
mostablepoliticaleconomistsof thelasthalfcen¬
tury.
InM.Gouin'sStatisticalandOfficialAgricultural
Report,pagexxviii,theministerdeclaresthatthe
greatestprogressto be obtainedis byreclaiming
thewastelandswhichdonotyieldmorethaneight
francsperacre. Ourprojectrealisesthatidea.
Everyoneanimatedby a lovefor his species
demandsjusticefortheworkingclasses,whoBeem
tobedisinheritedofall thebenefitsof civilisation.
Ourprojectconfersuponthemallthatis calculated
toimprovetheconditionofman,comfort,education,
order,andthechancewhichis affordedeveryoneof
elevatinghimselfbyhisownmeritandindustry.
Ourorganisationtendsto nothinglessthanthe
making,in the courseof a fewyears,thepoorer
classestherichestassociationinallFrance.
Nowtherewardof labouris left to chanceor
violence.Themastereitheroppresses,orthework¬
manrevolts.
Accordingtooursystemwageswouldbefixed,as
allhumanthingsoughttoberegulated,notbyforce,
butaccordingtothejustequilibriumestablishedbe¬
tweenthewantsof thosewhotoilandthenecessi¬
tiesofthosewhoprovidework.
InthepresentdayallflocktoParis,whichas a
centreabsorbsalltheenergiesof the country;our
systemwithoutinjuringthecentre,wouldcarrylife
to the furthestextremitiesbybringingintoaction
86newsystems,workingunderthedirectionofthe
government.
Whatiswantedto realisesucha project?One
year'spayofthearmy,15timesthesumgivento
America,oranexpenseequalto that employedon
thefortificationsof Paris.
Thisadvancewouldafter20years,bringbackto
Franceonethousandmillions,totheworkingclasses
800millions,andarevenueof 37millionsoffrancs.
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30. OFPAUPERISM. 29
Letthegovernmentputourprojectintoexecution,
modifyingit accordingtotheexperienceofmenwell
versedinsuchcomplicatedmatters,andwhomay
supplyusefulhintsandcastnewlightsuponthem.
Letit taketo heartthe greatnationalinterests.
Letit establishthecomfortofthemasses,onanim¬
movablebasisandit willbecomeimmoveableitself.
Povertywouldno longerbecomeseditious,when
wealthwasnolongeroppressive.
Itis agreatandholymissionandworthyofman's
highestambitiontostriveto subduehumannature,
tohealallwounds,tosooththesufferingsofhumanity
byunitingthepeopleof the samecountryin one
commoninterest,andby acceleratingthatfuturo
whichcivilisation,willsoonerorlaterusherin.
InthebeginningofthelastcenturyLa Fontaine
utteredthissentencewhichis toooftentrue,but
alwayssadandsodestructiveofsociety,order,and
hierarchies."I tellyouinplainFrenchourenemyisourmaster."In thepresentdaytheaimofeverywisegovernmentshouldbe to bringabouta time,
whenit mightbesaid,"thetriumphofChristianity
hasdestroyedslavery. ThetriumphoftheFrench
revolutionhasdestroyedservitude,andthetriumphofdemocracyhasdestroyedpauperism."
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31. 30 EXTINCTION
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32. OFPAUPERISM, 31
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33. 32 EXTINCTION
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34. OFPAUPEEISM. 33
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