L1 learners acquire their first language naturally from birth through immersion in their native language environment. In contrast, L2 learners learn an additional language in a classroom setting, requiring more conscious effort to learn vocabulary, grammar rules, and pronunciation. L2 learners also have to overcome their existing first language influence and habits when learning a new language.

1. What are some of the differences between L1 and L2 learners? Use the following headings to help prompt you.Some ideas can be found in the following slide.

2. Spratt, Pulverness and Williams, 2005, The TKT Course, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.