Feco_orally transmitted disease short note

1. (Faeco-Oraly Transmitted Diseases)
Larvae discharged by female worm in to stagnant water are ingested by crustacean copepod
2023

2. Synopsis
Diarrhoea, often associated with a shortage of water, is common in hot, humid climates and affects children aged 3-11; it is caused
by the ingestion of larvae discharged by female worms into stagnant water.
Diarrhoea is often more frequent in hot, dry periods and is associated with a shortage of water.
Infection with whipworm is common in hot, humid climates.
Children are more frequently infected due to their habit of putting things in their mouths.
The mode of transmission is through ingestion of infective eggs from soil.
Heavy infection can lead to abdominal discomfort, bloody diarrhoea, weight loss, anemia, and other symptoms.
Stool examinations can indicate heavy infection.
Hookworm infection is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries with poor sanitation.
Older children and working adults in rural areas may be heavily infected.
In severe cases, hookworm infection can cause symptoms similar to peptic ulcer disease and severe anemia.
Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat can result in infection with cestodes.
The disease is common in areas where raw or lightly cooked beef is consumed.

3. Key concepts
• diarrhea
• S. mansoni
• large bowel
• Diarrheal disease

4. Highlights
• Without vomiting, is referred to as is referred to as Diarrhoea is often more frequent in hot, dry periods clearly associated with
a shortage of water
• Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms (1)
• Most infection is unnoticed until large worms are evident via faces, mouth, and nose
• Common in children 3-11 years of age. It is common in hot, humid climates
• Larvae discharged by female worm in to stagnant water are ingested by crustacean copepod (Cyclops species)

5. Vomiting alone is referred to as gastritis
Diarrhoea is often more frequent in hot, dry periods clearly associated with a shortage of water.

6. Highly prevalent in most tropical countries
Estimated 100 million infected people can occur without symptom.
Children are more frequently and more heavily infected than adults because of their habit of putting all kinds of things in their
mouths.
Mode of transmission: Ingestion embryonated egg with food or drinks of infective eggs from soil

7. Fertile eggs embryonate and become infective after
The larvae invade the intestinal mucosa, and are carried via the portal, systemic circulation to the lungs(6).
), penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree to the throat, and are swallowed (7).
Upon reaching the small intestine, they develop into adult worms (1).
Most infection is unnoticed until large worms are evident via faces, mouth, and nose

8. An estimated
604-795 million people in the world are infected with whipworm. It is common in hot, humid climates.

9. Life cycle
The eggs hatch in the small intestine, and release larvae became infective within 30 days (5).
Larvae mature and establish themselves as adults in the colon (6).

10. Loss of weight
Heavy infection (>16,000 eggs/gm of feces) leads to abdominal discomfort, bloody diarrhoea, loss of weight, anemia, rectal
prolapsed and occasionally appendicitis can result.
Stool Examinations -Over 200 eggs in ordinary fecal smear indicate heavy infection

11. Necator americanus
Endemic in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary disposal of human faeces is not practiced.
Older children have the highest incidence and greatest intensity of hookworm infection.
In rural areas where fields are fertilized with human feces, older working adults may be heavily infected

12. Blood sucking
Heavy infection – result in symptoms of PUD like epigastric pain and tenderness. In severe anemia: Fatigue , pallor, oedema,
tachycardia, heart dilation, murmur → CHF worm.
Nutritional and daily iron intake and total worm load determine whether a carrier develop hook worm anemia or not

13. Deworming campaign as mass Treatment
An infection with different spices of cestodes as a result of ingestion of raw or under cooled meat containing the larvae of parasite.
The disease is especially common in areas where beef is eaten raw or only lightly cooked

14. Dracunculus medinensis
: the largest of all nematode worms with the adult female exceeding over 100cm on occasions.
Larvae discharged by female worm in to stagnant water are ingested by crustacean copepod (Cyclops species).
Cyclops ingested with water larvae liberate in stomach the larvae penetrate the gut mucosa and enter the viscera and wander in
subcutaneous tissue until become adult after about 9 month of swallowed larvae the fertilized mated female adult migrate to lower
limb and form blister up on contact with water the blister burst and release large number of larvae.
PC: From rupture of blister until larvae completely evacuated usually 2-3wks in water