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These are simplified slides discussing the regulation of cardiac output and venous return. Learning objectives: 1. Comprehend the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting cardiac output 2. Comprehend the factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate and total peripheral resistance 3. Identify the factors regulating venous return 4. Discuss the causes of high and low output cardiac failure 5. Enlist the functions of veins and recognise the significance of venous reservoirs Study Resources: 1. Chapter 20, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition 2. Chapter 30 and 32, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition 3. Chapter 10, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition 4. Physiology, Cardiac Output - StatPearls https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470455/

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