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1. Define Intellectual Property And Its Types.
What Is Intellectual Property?
The phrase "intellectual property" refers to a group of resources and abilities that
a person or company owns and is legally permitted to protect against illegal use
or use by others. Current assets are non-physical assets that can be controlled
by an organisation or a person.
The concept of intellectual property is based on the idea that some works of
human creativity deserve the same level of legal protection as real products or
priceless assets. Laws protecting both categories of property are in effect in the
vast majority of modern economies.
Understanding Intellectual Property
Today's knowledge-based economy sets a high value on intellectual property,
therefore firms are working hard to find and protect it. Additionally, the
development of valuable intellectual property requires huge time and mental
resources from skilled labourers. As a result, businesses and people make
considerable purchases that others shouldn't be able to access without their
approval.
Any firm that wants to be successful must be able to profit from its intellectual
property while keeping others from doing the same. Intellectual property
comes in a wide variety of forms. Even if it has grown to be a great bonus, a
company's intellectual property might occasionally be worth far more than its
physical assets. Intellectual property is carefully guarded and maintained by
the companies who own it because it can be a source of competitive
advantage.
Types of Intellectual Property

2. The following list includes some of the most basic intellectual elements that
make up intellectual property.
Patents
A patent, a type of property right, is frequently given to an investor by a government
organisation like the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 1 The innovation, which can be a
concept, a technique, a development, or anything real like a machine, grants the creator
exclusive rights through the patent. There are several patents on inventions held by
software and technology businesses.
Copyrights
Copyrights give writers and other original material producers complete
permission to use, reproduce, or duplicate their creations. Musicians and
authors of books both have copyright protection for their creations. The
original authors may give permission to use the work to anyone through a
licencing agreement, according to copyright law.
Trademarks
A trademark is a well-known word, phrase, or design that distinguishes a
product from those of competing firms and gives it legal protection. When a
company is given permission to use a trademark completely, nobody else is
allowed to use or copy the trademark. A trademark and a business's brand are
frequently connected. The "Coca-Cola" brand name and logo, for instance,
are owned by The Coca-Cola Company (KO).
Franchises
A franchise is the right that a company, individual, or other entity—known as
the franchisee—purchases to make use of the franchisor's brand, trademark,
expert knowledge, and business models.
Usually a small business owner or entrepreneur, the franchisee owns and
manages the store or franchise. The franchisee has permission to sell
products or provide services under the company's name. The franchisee pays
the owner a start-up fee and ongoing licence costs in return. Numerous

3. companies, like McDonald's Corporation and United Parcel Service (UPS),
serve as examples.
Trade Secrets
Because it is not widely known, a company's method or strategy that
monetarily benefits the business or the individual who owns the private
information is referred to as a trade secret. Usually the result of a firm's
research and development, trade secrets need to be carefully protected by the
corporation (which is why some employers require the signing of
non-disclosure agreements or NDAs).
Trade secrets include things like designs, formulas, recipes, techniques, and
special methods. Trade secrets are employed in the creation of business
strategies that provide organisations an advantage over their competitors and
set them apart from their competitors' products.
Infringement on Intellectual Property
In relation to intellectual property, there are some rights defined as intellectual
property rights (IPRs) that cannot be infringed upon by those without
permission. Owners have the right under IPRs to stop others from
reproducing, monetizing, and copying their works.
When used without permission by another person or company, a legally
recognised patent is violated. Before June 8, 1995, patents have a 17-year
lifespan, but patents filed after this date have a 20-year duration. 7 Following
the patent's expiration date, the information are made public.
The author's copyright is damaged when an unknown user copies an original
work, such as music, a book, or a piece of art. The material that was
duplicated cannot be an exact copy of the original for the act to be regarded
as illegal.

4. In a similar manner, using a trademark that is identical to or confusingly similar
to one that has been granted a licence involves trademark infringement. As an
example, a competitor may employ a trademark that is identical to that of its
competitor in an effort to thwart operations and draw customers. In an effort to
benefit on the positive product reputations of other companies, businesses in
adjacent industries may also use the same or similar marks.
Trade secret protection generally includes the use of non-disclosure
agreements (NDA). If a party to an agreement discloses all or a portion of a
trade secret to uninterested others, that party has violated the agreement and
affected the trade secret. Even without an NDA, trade secret infringement may
arise.
How to Prevent IP Infringement
Unintentional violations are common. Make sure your business isn't using any
materials that are protected by a copyright or trademark, and check to see
that your brand or logo isn't too similar to another one that could lead
someone to mistake it for the one of the rival business. Also, conduct a patent
search to confirm that any ideas you have are truly your own and, if not, that
you are able to legally licence them. There are IP lawyers with expertise in
this process who can make sure you are not using someone else's protected
intellectual property.
Ensure sure the contract states very clearly that any works produced as a
result of hiring someone to undertake creative work for you or your company
will belong to the business and not the individual you hired.
Exceptional Considerations
Many forms of intellectual property cannot be represented as assets on the
balance sheet because there are no appropriate accounting practises for
evaluating each asset. The value of the property does, however, have a

5. positive impact on the stock price because stock market participants are
aware that intellectual property exists.
Some non-physical assets, including patents, are classified as a real estate
based on when they expire. A dollar amount is given to these assets as a
result of the valuation process. Repayment is a financial strategy that lowers
an intellectual asset's value over a certain period of time. This method assists
the firm in reducing its revenue by annually deducting a particular amount for
tax purposes when the useful life of the economic concept comes to an end.
A patent may have a 20-year expiration period before it enters the public
domain, for example. The business would determine the total price of the
patient. The value of the patent as a whole would be divided by 20 years, with
the same amount being recorded at cost or reduced annually. Each year, the
amount of the capital cost asset would reduce the company's net income or
profit for tax purposes. For instance, a trademark is a sort of intellectual
property that is thought to have a legal existence and is therefore free from
valuation because its worth never decreases.