Petroleum derivatives such as diesel, gas, and LPG are significant energy sources. However, the supply of these petroleum derivatives is limited, and the growing demand is rapidly depleting these supplies. Furthermore, the excessive use of petroleum derivatives has a negative impact on the environment. CO, CO2, Hydrocarbon, and NOx are produced when energy is consumed. Petroleum is primarily used in automobiles, and the increasing thickness of vehicles in metropolitan areas is a concerning issue of outflow. Biodiesel can be used as a substitute for gasoline. Biodiesel has been found to reduce CO, CO2, and hydrocarbon emissions. Biodiesel, on the other hand, has a lower execution and a greater NOx outflow. Using other substances can help to solve this problem. Nanoparticle fuel additives have also gained popularity among experts in recent years due to their interesting features. In the current study, nanofuel was created by ultrasonically incorporating cerium oxide nanoparticles into biodiesel. The expansion of cerium oxide exhibited an improvement and resulted in better diesel fuel results. Hamza Iliyas | Dr. S. S Pawar | Dr. M. K Chopra "An Experimental Study of Decrease of Pollutant from Automobiles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49653.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/49653/an-experimental-study-of-decrease-of-pollutant-from-automobiles/hamza-iliyas
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...ijtsrd
Cyber ethics is the study of the ethics relating to computers, as well as to user behavior and what computers are programmed to do, and how it affects individuals and society. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right or wrong. Since the advent of computers, various governments have enacted regulations and while organizations have defined policies about cyberethics. Cyberethics also known as “internet ethics,” is a branch of applied ethics that examines the moral, legal, and social issues i.e. ethical questions brought about by the emergence of digital technologies and global virtual environments. Arising with the introduction of the internet are, filtering, accuracy, security, censorship, conflicts over privacy, property, accessibility, and others. This paper is to elucidate more on cyberethics and its impacts on users and the society Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Cyber Ethics: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63513.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/63513/cyber-ethics-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control Youijtsrd
In the modern digital age, where social interaction has undergone a significant shift towards online platforms, particularly accelerated by the global pandemic, technology has emerged as a powerful force in influencing individuals through Algorithms of Minds AoM . AoM are computer algorithms engineered to attain the human minds attention to influence or alter the mind consciously or subconsciously, with a specific intent. The recent surge in attention towards algorithms of minds, characterised by algorithm heavy software applications, has become increasingly prominent. This paper explores two key playing algorithms. As such, heightened awareness, transparency, and ethical oversight are imperative to mitigate the adverse consequences of algorithmic interventions in shaping societal discourse and individual decision making. Sujay Ashwin "Algorithm of Minds (AoM): Algorithms That Control You!" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63471.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/cognitive-science/63471/algorithm-of-minds-aom-algorithms-that-control-you/sujay-ashwin
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilitiesijtsrd
To assess the current discussion about the possible impacts on rural tourism spots and places with such possible perspective, by the pandemic caused by corona virus, the relevant outcomes must be evaluated. The related results must be evaluated to assess the latest debate regarding the potential impacts on rural tourism spots and places with such possible perspective, by the pandemic caused by corona virus. This perspective may have either positive or negative consequences and it gives some insight into what could happen to certain rural tourist destinations if the global tourism industry picks up again. To show rural tourism conservation activities and to provide a commentary on the consequence of pandemic caused by covid 19 virus on the rural tourism atmosphere, a mix of online tools and studies of sustainable impact, as well as tourism, is used. The study also provides background and perspective on how COVID 19 reflection can impact rural tourism businesses in the upcoming times. This perspective paper not only incorporates valuable findings on the importance of rural tourism but also represents the recent rise of coexisting perspectives. Mr. Akshay Nain "Rural Tourism Post COVID-19: Perspectives & Possibilities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63512.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/63512/rural-tourism-post-covid19-perspectives-and-possibilities/mr-akshay-nain
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...ijtsrd
The present article concerns with the topography, geomorphology and morphotectonic features of the vast Pleistocene inland delta of the paleoriver system of the Al Balatah Valley in northeastern Libya and its eastern extension in the Great Sand Sea of Egypt where it constitutes what is known as Nahda Plain immediately east of the Libyan Egyptian borders. The paleodelta was formed as a result of northward flowing of the old Al Balatah river streams into a huge Pleistocene freshwater lake occupying the area lying between latitudes 26° 30’ and 28° 30’, and longitudes 23° 15 and 25° 26’. It was previously described as belonging to the ancient Al Kufrah Paleoriver, however, evidences from the paleo drainage patterns show that this ancient delta is belonging to the Al Balatah Paleoriver, not to the Al Kufrah Paleoriver. The paleoriver basin of the Al Balatah Valley is bounded along its both eastern Egyptian and western Libyan sides by two intersecting groups of structurally controlled Nubia Sandstone landforms. The older group is made up of a parallel series of longitudinal ridges trending NW SE and representing bended up folded , cross bedded to horizontally Nubia Sandstone layers separated by low lying down folded tracks formed as a result of the Upper Cretaceous Turonian folding movement which affected the Western Desert of Egypt and Eastern Desert of Libya. The younger group is extending NE SW and consisting of a parallel series of huge mountain ranges of Nubia Sandstone made up of new plateaus depressions and dome like structures troughs formed as a result of the Late Oligocene refolding movement and dissecting the older Nubia Sandstone ridges. The results are fundamentally significant to the establishment of new agricultural communities in the inhospitable place known as the Great Sand Sea along both sides of the Egyptian Libyan borders especially when considering the threat of fresh water scarcity in both countries. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya and its Eastern Extension in Egypt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63511.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/63511/the-pleistocene-delta-of-the-old-al-balatah-river-system-northeastern-libya-and-its-eastern-extension-in-egypt/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Anglophone crisis on the mental health of teachers in Bui Division, North West Region of Cameroon. The study employed a cross sectional survey research design using an explanatory sequential mixed method. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaire while focus group discussions guide was used to collect qualitative data. Questionnaire were filled by 163 teachers, selected using simple random sampling technique while 18 teachers were purposefully selected for the qualitive data. The data were analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 23.0 for windows where descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean scores and standard deviation were gotten. Equally SPSS was also used for regression analysis and tested the effects between the independent and dependent variables. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis method. The findings showed that terrorism had negative effects on the health outcomes or mental health of teachers in Bui Division from both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Therefore, the study recommends that there should be investment in mental health which will help to strengthen mental health of affected communities, providing counselling services and sustainable care options. Dr. Foncham Paul Babila | Dr. Azinwi Terence Niba "Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division North West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63510.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/63510/effects-of-anglophone-crisis-on-the-mental-health-of-teachers-in-bui-division-north-west-region-of-cameroon/dr-foncham-paul-babila
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...ijtsrd
The aging infrastructure of educational institutions poses significant challenges, demanding a comprehensive approach to assess, maintain, and rehabilitate existing structures. This review article focuses on the Structural Audit and Rehabilitation initiatives undertaken in the context of the old building in BDCE campus, shedding light on the methodologies, challenges, and outcomes associated with the process. The study integrates a thorough examination of structural audit practices, rehabilitation strategies, and case studies related to historical structures within the campus. The first section delves into the importance of structural audits in ensuring the safety and longevity of buildings. Various methodologies employed in conducting structural audits are explored, emphasizing the integration of modern technologies such as non destructive testing, structural health monitoring, and computer aided modeling. The second section of the review highlights the specific challenges encountered in the BDCE campus, including the unique architectural features, material deterioration, and compliance with updated building codes. This section also discusses the role of interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, engineers, and preservation experts in addressing these challenges effectively. The third section focuses on the rehabilitation strategies implemented based on the findings of the structural audit. This includes the use of innovative materials, retrofitting techniques, and sustainable practices to enhance the structural integrity and functional efficiency of the old buildings. Case studies illustrating successful rehabilitation projects within the BDCE campus are presented, showcasing the application of theoretical knowledge into practical solutions. Furthermore, the article discusses the economic and environmental implications of rehabilitation compared to new construction. It explores the potential for adaptive reuse, preservation of cultural heritage, and the positive impact on the overall sustainability of the campus. Ekta Agarakar | Prof. P. R. Khobragade "A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in BDCE Campus”" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63506.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63506/a-review-article-on-“structural-audit-and-rehabilitation-of-old-building-in-bdce-campus”/ekta-agarakar
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversityijtsrd
One Bharat, One Democracy encapsulates a visionary approach aimed at unifying Indias diverse cultural, linguistic, and regional identities under a singular democratic framework. This abstract seeks to explore the concepts implications, challenges, and transformative potential within Indias socio political landscape. This visionary concept aims to transcend regional, cultural, and political differences, fostering national unity while celebrating Indias rich diversity. It emphasizes the creation of a cohesive democratic structure that respects the plurality of the nation and ensures equitable representation and participation for all citizens. However, the implementation of One Bharat, One Democracy confronts multifaceted challenges, including balancing unity with diversity, preserving federal principles while centralizing governance, and addressing regional aspirations without marginalization. Ensuring the effective realization of this concept necessitates nuanced considerations of federalism, administrative complexities, and the preservation of democratic values across the diverse fabric of India. This abstract delves into the complexities of fostering a unified democratic framework that respects diversity, navigating the delicate balance between national unity and regional aspirations, and advocating for inclusive governance that upholds democratic principles. It emphasizes the significance of collaborative efforts between the central and state governments, inclusive policy making, and meaningful public engagement for the successful implementation of this transformative vision. Sudama Lenka "One Bharat, One Democracy: Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63481.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/63481/one-bharat-one-democracy-fostering-unity-amidst-diversity/sudama-lenka
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...ijtsrd
This study primarily examined the relationship between collective bargaining and employee prosocial behaviour in the hospitality sector in Port Harcourt. The study adopted the cross sectional research survey design. Primary data was generated through structured questionnaire. The population of the study was 1674 employees of 11 selected hotels in Port Harcourt. The sample size was also drawn using the Krejcie and Morgan 1980 sample size determination table. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. The tests were carried out at a 0.05 significance level. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between collective bargaining and employee prosocial behaviour in the hospitality sector in Port Harcourt. Hence, the study concludes that collective bargaining positively enhances employee prosocial behaviour in the hospitality sector in Port Harcourt. Implying that when organizations in hospitality sector actively engage in joint consultation practices, such as open communication, collaboration, and employee involvement in decision making, there is a notable improvement in prosocial behaviors among employees. Therefore, the study recommends that there is a need to strengthen collective bargaining platforms which involves creating structured forums where both management and employees can engage in meaningful discussions. This could include regular town hall meetings, feedback sessions, and collaborative workshops. By fostering an environment of open communication, these platforms can serve as a foundation for building a positive relationship between stakeholders. Nsirim, Hannah Orokwu "Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sector in Port Harcourt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63504.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/63504/collective-bargaining-and-employee-prosocial-behaviour-in-the-hospitality-sector-in-port-harcourt/nsirim-hannah-orokwu
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Cyber Ethics An Introduction by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Jan...ijtsrd
Cyber ethics is the study of the ethics relating to computers, as well as to user behavior and what computers are programmed to do, and how it affects individuals and society. It is the branch of philosophy that deals with what is considered to be right or wrong. Since the advent of computers, various governments have enacted regulations and while organizations have defined policies about cyberethics. Cyberethics also known as “internet ethics,” is a branch of applied ethics that examines the moral, legal, and social issues i.e. ethical questions brought about by the emergence of digital technologies and global virtual environments. Arising with the introduction of the internet are, filtering, accuracy, security, censorship, conflicts over privacy, property, accessibility, and others. This paper is to elucidate more on cyberethics and its impacts on users and the society Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Cyber Ethics: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63513.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/63513/cyber-ethics-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Algorithm of Minds AoM Algorithms That Control Youijtsrd
In the modern digital age, where social interaction has undergone a significant shift towards online platforms, particularly accelerated by the global pandemic, technology has emerged as a powerful force in influencing individuals through Algorithms of Minds AoM . AoM are computer algorithms engineered to attain the human minds attention to influence or alter the mind consciously or subconsciously, with a specific intent. The recent surge in attention towards algorithms of minds, characterised by algorithm heavy software applications, has become increasingly prominent. This paper explores two key playing algorithms. As such, heightened awareness, transparency, and ethical oversight are imperative to mitigate the adverse consequences of algorithmic interventions in shaping societal discourse and individual decision making. Sujay Ashwin "Algorithm of Minds (AoM): Algorithms That Control You!" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63471.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/cognitive-science/63471/algorithm-of-minds-aom-algorithms-that-control-you/sujay-ashwin
Rural Tourism Post COVID 19 Perspectives and Possibilitiesijtsrd
To assess the current discussion about the possible impacts on rural tourism spots and places with such possible perspective, by the pandemic caused by corona virus, the relevant outcomes must be evaluated. The related results must be evaluated to assess the latest debate regarding the potential impacts on rural tourism spots and places with such possible perspective, by the pandemic caused by corona virus. This perspective may have either positive or negative consequences and it gives some insight into what could happen to certain rural tourist destinations if the global tourism industry picks up again. To show rural tourism conservation activities and to provide a commentary on the consequence of pandemic caused by covid 19 virus on the rural tourism atmosphere, a mix of online tools and studies of sustainable impact, as well as tourism, is used. The study also provides background and perspective on how COVID 19 reflection can impact rural tourism businesses in the upcoming times. This perspective paper not only incorporates valuable findings on the importance of rural tourism but also represents the recent rise of coexisting perspectives. Mr. Akshay Nain "Rural Tourism Post COVID-19: Perspectives & Possibilities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63512.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/63512/rural-tourism-post-covid19-perspectives-and-possibilities/mr-akshay-nain
The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya ...ijtsrd
The present article concerns with the topography, geomorphology and morphotectonic features of the vast Pleistocene inland delta of the paleoriver system of the Al Balatah Valley in northeastern Libya and its eastern extension in the Great Sand Sea of Egypt where it constitutes what is known as Nahda Plain immediately east of the Libyan Egyptian borders. The paleodelta was formed as a result of northward flowing of the old Al Balatah river streams into a huge Pleistocene freshwater lake occupying the area lying between latitudes 26° 30’ and 28° 30’, and longitudes 23° 15 and 25° 26’. It was previously described as belonging to the ancient Al Kufrah Paleoriver, however, evidences from the paleo drainage patterns show that this ancient delta is belonging to the Al Balatah Paleoriver, not to the Al Kufrah Paleoriver. The paleoriver basin of the Al Balatah Valley is bounded along its both eastern Egyptian and western Libyan sides by two intersecting groups of structurally controlled Nubia Sandstone landforms. The older group is made up of a parallel series of longitudinal ridges trending NW SE and representing bended up folded , cross bedded to horizontally Nubia Sandstone layers separated by low lying down folded tracks formed as a result of the Upper Cretaceous Turonian folding movement which affected the Western Desert of Egypt and Eastern Desert of Libya. The younger group is extending NE SW and consisting of a parallel series of huge mountain ranges of Nubia Sandstone made up of new plateaus depressions and dome like structures troughs formed as a result of the Late Oligocene refolding movement and dissecting the older Nubia Sandstone ridges. The results are fundamentally significant to the establishment of new agricultural communities in the inhospitable place known as the Great Sand Sea along both sides of the Egyptian Libyan borders especially when considering the threat of fresh water scarcity in both countries. Khaled Abdel-Kader Ouda "The Pleistocene Delta of the Old Al Balatah River System, Northeastern Libya and its Eastern Extension in Egypt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63511.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/63511/the-pleistocene-delta-of-the-old-al-balatah-river-system-northeastern-libya-and-its-eastern-extension-in-egypt/khaled-abdelkader-ouda
Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Anglophone crisis on the mental health of teachers in Bui Division, North West Region of Cameroon. The study employed a cross sectional survey research design using an explanatory sequential mixed method. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaire while focus group discussions guide was used to collect qualitative data. Questionnaire were filled by 163 teachers, selected using simple random sampling technique while 18 teachers were purposefully selected for the qualitive data. The data were analysed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 23.0 for windows where descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean scores and standard deviation were gotten. Equally SPSS was also used for regression analysis and tested the effects between the independent and dependent variables. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis method. The findings showed that terrorism had negative effects on the health outcomes or mental health of teachers in Bui Division from both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Therefore, the study recommends that there should be investment in mental health which will help to strengthen mental health of affected communities, providing counselling services and sustainable care options. Dr. Foncham Paul Babila | Dr. Azinwi Terence Niba "Effects of Anglophone Crisis on the Mental Health of Teachers in Bui Division North West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63510.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/63510/effects-of-anglophone-crisis-on-the-mental-health-of-teachers-in-bui-division-north-west-region-of-cameroon/dr-foncham-paul-babila
A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in B...ijtsrd
The aging infrastructure of educational institutions poses significant challenges, demanding a comprehensive approach to assess, maintain, and rehabilitate existing structures. This review article focuses on the Structural Audit and Rehabilitation initiatives undertaken in the context of the old building in BDCE campus, shedding light on the methodologies, challenges, and outcomes associated with the process. The study integrates a thorough examination of structural audit practices, rehabilitation strategies, and case studies related to historical structures within the campus. The first section delves into the importance of structural audits in ensuring the safety and longevity of buildings. Various methodologies employed in conducting structural audits are explored, emphasizing the integration of modern technologies such as non destructive testing, structural health monitoring, and computer aided modeling. The second section of the review highlights the specific challenges encountered in the BDCE campus, including the unique architectural features, material deterioration, and compliance with updated building codes. This section also discusses the role of interdisciplinary collaboration among architects, engineers, and preservation experts in addressing these challenges effectively. The third section focuses on the rehabilitation strategies implemented based on the findings of the structural audit. This includes the use of innovative materials, retrofitting techniques, and sustainable practices to enhance the structural integrity and functional efficiency of the old buildings. Case studies illustrating successful rehabilitation projects within the BDCE campus are presented, showcasing the application of theoretical knowledge into practical solutions. Furthermore, the article discusses the economic and environmental implications of rehabilitation compared to new construction. It explores the potential for adaptive reuse, preservation of cultural heritage, and the positive impact on the overall sustainability of the campus. Ekta Agarakar | Prof. P. R. Khobragade "A Review Article on “Structural Audit and Rehabilitation of Old Building in BDCE Campus”" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63506.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63506/a-review-article-on-“structural-audit-and-rehabilitation-of-old-building-in-bdce-campus”/ekta-agarakar
One Bharat, One Democracy Fostering Unity Amidst Diversityijtsrd
One Bharat, One Democracy encapsulates a visionary approach aimed at unifying Indias diverse cultural, linguistic, and regional identities under a singular democratic framework. This abstract seeks to explore the concepts implications, challenges, and transformative potential within Indias socio political landscape. This visionary concept aims to transcend regional, cultural, and political differences, fostering national unity while celebrating Indias rich diversity. It emphasizes the creation of a cohesive democratic structure that respects the plurality of the nation and ensures equitable representation and participation for all citizens. However, the implementation of One Bharat, One Democracy confronts multifaceted challenges, including balancing unity with diversity, preserving federal principles while centralizing governance, and addressing regional aspirations without marginalization. Ensuring the effective realization of this concept necessitates nuanced considerations of federalism, administrative complexities, and the preservation of democratic values across the diverse fabric of India. This abstract delves into the complexities of fostering a unified democratic framework that respects diversity, navigating the delicate balance between national unity and regional aspirations, and advocating for inclusive governance that upholds democratic principles. It emphasizes the significance of collaborative efforts between the central and state governments, inclusive policy making, and meaningful public engagement for the successful implementation of this transformative vision. Sudama Lenka "One Bharat, One Democracy: Fostering Unity Amidst Diversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63481.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/63481/one-bharat-one-democracy-fostering-unity-amidst-diversity/sudama-lenka
Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sec...ijtsrd
This study primarily examined the relationship between collective bargaining and employee prosocial behaviour in the hospitality sector in Port Harcourt. The study adopted the cross sectional research survey design. Primary data was generated through structured questionnaire. The population of the study was 1674 employees of 11 selected hotels in Port Harcourt. The sample size was also drawn using the Krejcie and Morgan 1980 sample size determination table. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha coefficient with all the items scoring above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient. The tests were carried out at a 0.05 significance level. The findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between collective bargaining and employee prosocial behaviour in the hospitality sector in Port Harcourt. Hence, the study concludes that collective bargaining positively enhances employee prosocial behaviour in the hospitality sector in Port Harcourt. Implying that when organizations in hospitality sector actively engage in joint consultation practices, such as open communication, collaboration, and employee involvement in decision making, there is a notable improvement in prosocial behaviors among employees. Therefore, the study recommends that there is a need to strengthen collective bargaining platforms which involves creating structured forums where both management and employees can engage in meaningful discussions. This could include regular town hall meetings, feedback sessions, and collaborative workshops. By fostering an environment of open communication, these platforms can serve as a foundation for building a positive relationship between stakeholders. Nsirim, Hannah Orokwu "Collective Bargaining and Employee Prosocial Behaviour in the Hospitality Sector in Port Harcourt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63504.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/63504/collective-bargaining-and-employee-prosocial-behaviour-in-the-hospitality-sector-in-port-harcourt/nsirim-hannah-orokwu
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49653 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 1089
1.1. Need of biodiesel
The enormous expansion in number of vehicles as of
late has brought about extraordinary interest for oil
based goods. The exhaustion of non-renewable
energy source saves and rising oil costs would cause a
significant effect on the transportation area. To meet
truly expanding energy prerequisites, there has been
expanding interest in elective fills to give an
appropriate diesel oil substitute for inside ignition
motors. Subsequently biodiesel appear to be a
promising option in contrast to diesel oil since they
are inexhaustible, straightforwardly utilized in diesel
motor with no significant alteration in diesel motor
and show practically comparable properties like
diesel. India is one of the greatest oil based good
devouring and bringing in nations. India positions
sixth as far as utilization of energy for example 3.5%
of the absolute world's business energy. The current
utilization of diesel in India is around 40 million tons
(MT) (40% of the absolute utilization of petrol in the
country) and is relied upon to reach 65 million tons
(MT) by 2011-12, though the homegrown creation of
unrefined petroleum and petroleum gas will be less
when contrasted with request. There is gigantic hole
among request and supply which is by and by met by
imports putting significant weight of unfamiliar trade
on the country. Creation of biodiesel from oil and
ethanol from sugar based assets are considered as the
best substitute of diesel and fuel separately in the
country. India imports around 70% of its petrol
requests. At present Indian yearly prerequisite for oil
based goods is around 120 million metric huge loads
of which the diesel utilization is roughly 40 million
tones [1]. Diesel motors are typically utilized in hard
core vehicles which are utilized for transportation and
agrarian purposes. It was accounted for that Turkey's
interest for diesel fuel in 2006 is 12.07 million tones,
which is higher than the unleaded gas interest of 3.88
million tones [3]. Conjectures are there which say that
transport on a worldwide scale will increment interest
for ordinary energizes with up to a most extreme
yearly development of 1.3% up to 2030. This would
bring about a day by day interest of around 18.4
billion liters (up from around 13.4 billion liters each
day in 2005) [The Royal Society, 2008].
1.2. Specification of Biodiesel
Norms assume imperative part for the producers,
providers and clients of bio-powers. Specialists need
endorsement guidelines for the assessment of
security, hazards and ecological insurance. Ordinarily
principles and codes for items have been grown, to a
great extent by inspecting existing norms and codes in
various nations and afterward composing guidelines
for own country. The fundamental parts, which
address the nature of biodiesel, are monoalkylesters,
dialkyl esters, leftover vegetable oil, free glycerin,
reactant liquor, free unsaturated fats and the lingering
impetus. The properties of diesel and biodiesel
appeared in plain structure in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of biodiesel according to ASTM standards [5]
Fuel property ASTM D6751 (Biodiesel) ASTM D0975 (Diesel)
Density (kg/m3
) 0.875- 0.90 .870
Kinematic viscosity(mm2
/s) 1.9-6.0 1.3-4.1
Flash point (°C) 100-170 60–80
Pour point (0C) -15 to 10 -35 to -15
Cloud point(0C) -15 to 5 -3 to 12
Cetane Number 48-65 40–55
Lower heating value(MJ/m3
) 32600 36600
1.3. Performance and Emission qualities
1.3.1. Performance Characteristics of C.I. Motors
The exhibition of a motor means that level of
accomplishment for with which it is doing its
relegated job. The level of progress is thought about
based on the accompanying.
1. Brake power created or BMEP.
2. Explicit fuel utilization (kg/kW-hr).
3. Contaminations from the motor.
The fundamental boundaries which are considered for
assessing the motor presentation are:
1. Absolute fuel utilization
2. Break Thermal proficiency.
3. Explicit fuel utilization.
4. Exhaust contaminations discharges
1.4. Nanofuel
Utilization of nanoscale lively metal molecule added
substances in fluid fuel is an intriguing idea yet
neglected to its maximum capacity. Contingent upon
the physical, synthetic, and electrical properties of the
additional nanomaterials, nanofluid fills can
accomplish better execution outflow qualities for
diesel motor. Such figured nanofuels offer:
abbreviated start delay, diminished consume times
and fast oxidation, upgraded synergist impact,
microexplosion conduct which prompts total burning.
Fuel utilization of motor is enhanched, in the long run
improving the exhibition of motor. Nanofluid can be
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set up by the cycle ultrasonication, wherein the fuel
and nanoparticles are blended in with the assistance
of ultrasonic vibrations [6].
1.5. Nanoparticles with biodiesel
Biodiesel is an inexhaustible and eco-accommodating
elective diesel fuel for diesel motor. Biodiesel has
higher thickness, thickness, pour point, streak point
and cetane number than diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an
oxygenated fuel which contains 10–15% oxygen by
weight. This reality leads biodiesel to add up to
ignition and decreases the fumes emanations
particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and
unburned hydrocarbons (HC) as contrast with diesel
fuel. Be that as it may, because of the lesser energy
content and complete burning, it gives poor execution
and shown intense increasement in NOx. So to
improve the exhibition and emanation particularly
NOx and particulate matter of diesel and diesel mixed
with biodiesel nanofuels have become a fundamental
piece of the present fills. With utilization of fuel
added substances in the mix of biodiesel and diesel
fuelled in CI Engine which facilitates more improve
execution, burning, and lessen emanation qualities
and furthermore improved fuel properties which
upgrade the burning attributes.
1.6. Effect of nanoparticle on CI Engine
boundaries
1.6.1. Effect on Performance
Expansion of nanoparticles in diesel and diesel-
biodiesel mixes not just upgrades the calorific
qualities yet in addition elevates total burning because
of higher dissipation rates, decreased start delay,
higher fire temperatures and delayed fire food. All
these variables support the full arrival of nuclear
power consequently prompting higher brake warm
effectiveness and lower BSFC. This marvel might
have prompted reactant ignition, and thuslyimproved
the warm effectiveness of the diesel motor.
Nanoparticle expansion to the fuel diminished start
postponement and results of start delay brought down
the pinnacle chamber pressure[6].
1.6.2. Effect on Emissions
Air contaminations these days significant issue in
numerous nations a few scientists are working
similarly to lessen motor outflows contaminations.
The inexorably utilization of CI motor vehicles has
lead to disintegration of the nature of air to a level.
One imminent technique to settle this issue is to
utilize the fuel added substances. Discharges of
Particulate Matter and Oxides of Nitrogen are the
focal point of the present diesel outflow control
innovations. Nanometal oxide added substances are
accounted for to be compelling in bringing down
diesel discharges contaminations. The standard of this
added substance activity comprises of a synergist
impact on the ignition of hydrocarbons. Use of
change or honorable metals as fuel added substances
brings down the residue start temperature. The metal
added substance in the diesel fuel changes the cetane
number (by around 1– 1.2%) and influences burning
and discharges contaminations. Powers with a high
cetane number have more modest premixed fuel bits
and lower NO emanations for a similar BMEP
contrasted with lower cetane number. Some metal-
based added substances are accounted for to be
powerful in bringing down diesel outflows poisons
They may lessen diesel emanations toxins by two
different ways. In the first place, the metals either
respond with water to deliver hydroxyl extremists,
which upgrade ash oxidation, or respond
straightforwardly with carbon iotas in the residue, in
this way bringing down the oxidation temperature [7].
1.7. TYPES OF NANOMATERIAS USED IN
FUEL
Afterward, numerous test considers have been done
on execution and poisons outflow of CI motor
utilizing an assortment of nanomaterials like:
1. Oxide pottery: alumina (Al2O3), copper oxide,
(CuO), magnetite (Fe3O4), zinc oxide (ZnO),
manganese oxide (MnO) and ceria (CeO2)
2. Metals: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co),
Magnesium (Mn), Boron (Br) and aluminum (Al)
3. Single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWCNTs, MWCNTs).
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
K. Nanthagopal et al. [8] arranged biodiesel from
pongamia oil and tried in diesel motor for various
mixes PME 20, PME 40, PME 60 and PME 80. They
assessed execution boundaries and exhaust emanation
boundaries and found that exhibition decreases
marginally when motor filled with biodiesel and
biodiesel mixes. BTE in pongamia fuel was 15.5%
lower when contrasted with diesel and BSFC was
higher in biodiesel. NOx emanation expanded in PME
100 about 26%. Discharge of Unburned hydrocarbon
and CO was decreased essentially in biodiesel.
Biodiesel is a subject of intrest for some analysts as a
result of its capacity to supplant fossil fuel and lower
fossil fuel byproduct.
Ekrembuyukkaya et al. [9] considered the
exhibition and outflow of slick diesel and 5%, 20%
and 70% mix of rapeseed biodiesel. The examinations
were led in a six chambers, four stroke, turbocharged
direct infusion diesel motor. The impact of
unadulterated rapeseed oil and its mixes were
contrasted with diesel fuel. It is seen that the force of
biodiesel mixes was lower than the diesel. The
particular fuel utilization was higher for rapeseed oil
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and lower for diesel. CO and HC emanation
diminished with expanding the rapeseed oil rate
however NOx outflow was expanded.
Supriya B. Chavan et al. [10] researched the
emanation from the distinctive mix of Jatropa oil at
different pressure proportions. 10%, 20%, 30% and
100% mixes were arranged at 40 degree C. kirlosker
model TV1 water cooled four stroke diesel motor was
utilized for the study. The discharge of CO, HC and
NOX from the various mixes at no heap and 3,6,9,12
kg load was assessed, it is seen that the blaze point
was expanded with expansion in jatropa oil in diesel
oil. HC outflow diminishes with expansion in jatropa
oil content uncommonly at low burden at pressure
proportion of 15 and 16. The NOx discharge from
various mixes was expanded with expansion in
burden and pressure proportion, while CO emanation
was diminished with expansion in pressure ratio.19
Abdul monyem et al. [11] utilized soybean oil in
Deere 4276T four chambers, four stroke DI diesel
motor to examine the impact of 20% mixes of
oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel. Study tracked
down that oxidized perfect biodiesel had the higher
fuel utilization and slick diesel had most reduced fuel
utilization. They discovered least CO discharge in
oxidized biodiesel and slick biodiesel had most
elevated NOx discharge. And furthermore there are
numerous analysts whose review recommended that
biodiesel can decrease the CO and HC discharge
however NOx outflow increments by utilizing
biodiesel oil as fuel[12]-[14]. The greater part of
unsafe outflows are because of fragmented ignition.
BadamasiMaiwada et al. [15] portrayed different
adjustments to diminish the destructive emanations.
Another approach to diminish the unsafe emanations
is to utilize a few added substances in fuel.
Nanoparticles as fuel added substances are drawing in
numerous specialists in view of their capacity to
upgrade fuel properties what's more, diminishing
hurtful emanations.
Rakhi N. Mehta et al. [6] Investigated the
consuming attributes, motor execution furthermore,
emanation boundaries of a solitary chamber
Compression Ignition motor utilizing nano fills which
were detailed by sonicating nano particles of
aluminum (Al) having 30-60nm, iron (Fe) 5-150 nm
and boron (Bo) 80-100 nm in size in base diesel with
0.5wt% and 0.1wt% Span80 as a surfactant for stable
suspension. The nano fills diminished start delay,
longer fire food and agglomerate start by drop
burning instrument test. Pinnacle chamber pressures
diminished at higher burden conditions and were
enrolled as 55, 59, 60 and 62 bars for A1, Bo, Fe and
diesel separately. Explicit fuel utilization was
diminished by 7% with A1 in contrast with diesel.
Fumes gas temperatures of A1, Fe, and Bo rose by
9%, 7% and 5% separately, coming about into
expansion in brake warm efficiencies by9%, 4%, and
2% when contrasted with diesel at higher burdens. A
wet Whatman channel paper was received to gather
the sediment particles and expansion in weight by
12%, 9%, also, 8% was noticed for Fe, Bo and A1
nano fills, separately when contrasted with diesel. At
higher burdens, the outflow study showed a decay of
25–40% in CO (vol.%), alongside a drop of 8% and
4% in hydrocarbon emanations for A1 and Fe nano
energizes separately. Due to raised temperatures a
climb of 5% and 3% was seen in NOx emanation with
A1 and Fe.
M. A. Lenin et al. [7] explored the impact of metal
added substances MnO (200 mg/l) and CuO (200
mg/l) doped in diesel on execution and emanation
qualities of single chamber diesel motor. Union was
finished with sol–gel technique for nano fuel
arrangement. The scopes of nano molecule between
50-210nm was seen with SEM. Every one of the
outcomes wereuncovered against the heap. The
improvement in fuel properties (thickness, streak
point and fire point) was noted because of the
expansion of nano metal oxide. Brake warm
productivity was raised barely by 4% from the diesel
fuel. The HC discharges were most noteworthy at
lower load. At full burden it was seen that 1%
lessening in the HC outflow, it was seen that
manganese has the more grounded impact in
decreasing the diesel fumes outflows. The exhaust
emanation estimations for the fuel with manganese
added substance showed that CO was diminished by
37%, and NOx was decreased by 4%. Impact of iron
oxide nanoparticle in diesel fuel was concentrated by
C.
Sayed Aalam et al. [16] 25 ppm and 50 ppm mix
were arranged. Kirlosker TV1 air cooled diesel motor
was utilized for explore. AVL smoke meter and AVL
five gas analyzer was utilized to quantify the exhaust
emanations. In the perception brake explicit fuel
utilization was diminished about 9% in 50 ppm mix.
Brake warm productivity was expanded about 2%
with expansion of 50 ppm iron oxide in diesel, this is
because of expanded consistency of diesel with an
expansion of iron oxide fixation. CO discharge
increments by expanding the heap yet it extensively
diminished when iron oxide was added. HC outflow
was additionally diminished yet NOx emanation was
expanded this is on the grounds that iron oxide
diminishes start postpone which results higher
pinnacle temperatures.
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H. Soukhtsaraee et al. [17] utilized silver
nanoparticle as added substances. Blend was arranged
by adding 10, 20 and 40 ppm amount of silver with
the assistance of ultrasonicator. Decrease in fuel
utilization was seen at 10 ppm as conveyance of fuel
in burning chamber was improved and the attachment
powers between particles however in 40 ppm mix fuel
utilization expanded this is a direct result of expanded
thickness which came about expansion in breadth of
beads when fuel was sprayed.CO and HC outflow
diminished when silver molecule added. NOx outflow
was diminished upto 13% in stacked condition and
20-23% in ideal condition.
Jong Boon Ooi et al. [18] considered impact of
Graphite oxide, Aluminum oxide and cerium oxide at
0.1% and 0.01% focus in diesel. Single bead analyze
was done to consider ignition attributes. Start delay
was diminished up to 48.4 % for 0.1% fixation. Also,
top temperature was diminished up to 13.8% which
can cause decrease in NOx emission. Copper oxide
was blended in linseed oil based biodiesel and
explored by P. Jayanthi et al. [19]. A fumes gas
analyzer was utilized to gauge CO, HC and NOx
discharge. The time taken for utilization of 10cc fuel
was noted for each heap. Fuel utilization diminished
and brake warm productivity expanded with
expansion of copper oxide. NOx emanation
increments with expansion in loads, it is seen that
there was huge decrease in NOx outflow by adding
copper oxide. CO and HC emanations were likewise
lower for the nanoparticle mixes.
Prabhu L. et al. [20] explored impact of titanium
oxide (TiO2) in B20 which is 20% biodiesel-diesel
mix. Examination was directed into four stroke single
chamber DI diesel motor. CO, HC and NOx outflows
were estimated by AVL-444 five gas analyzer. As
result brake warm proficiency for 250 and 500 ppm
mixes were 29.64% and 28.92% separately and was
30.48% for diesel at full burden. Fuel utilization, HC
and CO outflow were diminished, however NOx
emanation for this situation was expanded by adding
nanoparticle, this might be because of high pinnacle
temperature brought about by adding TiO2.
Abbas Ali TaghipoorBafghi et al. [21] utilized
cerium oxide as fuel added substance. Dosing level
was shifted from 5 to 25 ppm. Combination was
shacked in an ultrasonic shaker for 30 minutes what's
more, the blend was quickly utilized after
arrangement. Thickness was estimated by pethrotest
viscometer. Brake force and brake explicit fuel
utilization was explored at four motor speed (1500,
2000, 2400 and 2600 rpm). Biodiesel shows an
expanding pattern for streak point as dosing level was
expanded, consistency of fuel mixes diminishes with
expansion in dosing level. Among the all blends
B5D95-25 (5% biodiesel, 95% diesel and 25 ppm
cerium oxide mix) showed greatest force, and fuel
utilization for B20D80- 5 was most reduced in all
mixes and B5D95-15 had the most elevated fuel
utilization. B5D95-25 had greatest force.
A. Anbarasu et al. [22] utilized 100% canola
biodiesel B100, canola biodiesel emulsion fuel E100
and nanoparticle mix with 100% canola biodiesel
emulsion fuel NE100. Tests were directed at 1500
rpm and 17.5 pressure proportion. It is seen that brake
warm effectiveness for all heaps was higher for
nanoparticle added emulsion fuel. In light of the
higher stream rate because of high thickness of canola
oil the fuel utilization of nanoparticle added emulsion
fuel was most noteworthy. NOx emanation was
diminished up to 11.7% when analyzed to biodiesel at
full burden. HC and CO emanations were likewise
diminished altogether.
K.T. Deepak et al. [23] researched impact of cerium
oxide, titanium oxide (TiO2), composite of cerium
oxide and TiO2 and cobalt doped TiO2. 50,100,150
and 200 ppm mixes were explored. Study found that
consistency of cerium oxide mix diminishes with
expansion in cerium oxide contain where as thickness
of TiO2 remains practically same for all mixes.
Cerium oxide additionally shows critical decrease in
thickness likewise than TiO2 mixes. TiO2 showed
greater augmentation of glimmer point and fire point
with expanding mixes when contrasted with cerium
oxide mixes.
The writing overviewed has been painstakingly broke
down to discover the goal of the present study. The
writing review has concentrated based on the
exhibition and outflow qualities of diesel biodiesel
mixes on CI motor. The principle objective of present
examination will be to do a similar report on impact
of cerium oxide nanoparticle portion level of 50 PPM,
100 PPM and 150 PPM in biodiesel and diesel-
biodiesel mixed fuel in light of their exhibition and
discharge qualities on factor loads on diesel motor.
One biodiesel-diesel mix (B10) and unadulterated
biodiesel will be mixed with 50 PPM, 100 PPM, and
150 PPM cerium oxide and tried and analyzed at
various motor burdens. The destinations of the work
will be done in after advances:-
Planning of diesel-biodiesel mixes
Mixing of nanoparticles with diesel-biodiesel mix
and unadulterated biodiesel.
Assessment of execution boundaries.
Assessment emanation boundaries.
Comparison of emanation and execution
attributes of diesel-biodiesel-cerium oxide mix,
biodiesel-cerium oxide mix with base energizes.
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III. METHODOLOGY
This section depicts the cycle for the mixing of
nanoparticles in various fuel mixes. Diverse mix of
diesel and biodiesel were arranged (B10, B20, B30,
B40), unique mixes of cerium oxide were set up with
100% biodiesel and B10 fuel with 50 PPM, 100 PPM,
150 PPM cerium oxide. These all mixes were tried in
a diesel motor at various loads. The exhibition and
emanation qualities, for example, absolute fuel
utilization, brake warm productivity, brake explicit
fuel utilization, fumes gas temperature, CO, NOx,
CO2 and HC were explored. These exhibition and
outflow boundaries, everything being equal, were
contrasted with those of flawless diesel and biodiesel.
The work performed can be partitioned into following
advances:-
Readiness of diesel-biodiesel mixes
Readiness of cerium oxide mixes
Assessment of Performance and Emission
attributes.
Examination of execution and emanation normal
for all mixes.
3.1. Preparation of biodiesel mix
Biodiesel mix was set up with unadulterated diesel by
volume. Four unique mixes B10, B20, B30, B40 of
biodiesel were set up in lab. B10 mix was set up by
blending 90% diesel what's more, 10% biodiesel by
volume, also B20, B30 and B40 mixes were set up by
blending of biodiesel in diesel in the extent of 20%,
30% and 40% by volume.
3.2. Preparation of nanoparticle added biodiesel
mix
Cerium oxide nanoparticle was secured from
Brenntag fixings, mumbai. It was picked to explore
its impact on diesel-biodiesel mix. To build the
strength and for appropriate blending of nanoparticles
in the biodiesel mix ultrasonicator was utilized. The
following advances were utilized in planning of
nanoparticle mixed biodiesel:
Estimation of nanoparticle in PPM for 1 liter fuel.
At that point ultrasonication measure was utilized
to scatter the cerium oxide nanoparticle in the
diesel-biodiesel mix for 10 minutes.
A similar methodology was utilized to set up all
cerium oxide mixes.
B10Ce50, B10Ce100, B10Ce150, B100Ce50,
B100Ce100 and B100Ce150 mixes were
arranged.
The diesel and biodiesel mix arranged from the
blending of the diesel and biodiesel is appeared in
figure 1 and 2.
Figure 1: Diesel-biodiesel blend
Figure 2: Cerium oxide mixed blend
3.3. Measurement of execution and discharge
attributes of biodiesel
The powers and mixed powers for the assessment of
motor execution and emanations were tried in inward
burning motor lab at IET Lucknow. The all fills
B100, D100 biodiesel mixes B10, B20, B30, B40 and
cerium oxide mixed powers B10Ce50, B10Ce100,
B10Ce150, B100Ce50, B10Ce100, B10Ce150 were
tried on the four stroke single chamber CI motor.
3.4. Experimental set up utilized for the
estimation of motor execution boundaries
A four stroke, single chamber CI motor was utilized
for the current investigation. The motor particulars
are appeared in table 2. The presentation and
discharge were assessed on variable burdens in diesel
motor utilizing different mixes of diesel, biodiesel
and cerium oxide, as fuel. The trials were led at the
consistent speed of 1500rpm at different burdens. The
course of action for estimation, fuel stream,
temperatures and burden gave. Rope break was used
to differ the heap on the motor. Burden was estimated
by spring balance indicator. Four stroke single
chambers CI motor test rig was appeared in figure 3.
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Figure 3: Four stroke single cylinder CI engine test rig
Table 2: Engine specification
TYPE 4 STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE
RPM 1500
POWER 5 HP
FUEL DIESEL
BORE 80 mm
STROKE 110 mm
The tests were analyzed on above motor set up to examine the presentation boundary like:
Brake warm proficiency
Fuel utilization
Brake explicit fuel utilization
Fumes gas temperature
3.5. Instrument utilized for the measurement of outflow boundaries
AVL 444 digas analyzer was utilized for estimating the grouping of different contaminations in the motor fumes
gas. The test was associated with the ventilation system of the motor to attract the exhaust to the analyzer. The
AVL 444 digas analyzer is appeared in figure 4 and the gas analyzer test associated with the ventilation system
is appeared in figure 5. Determinations of the AVL 444 digas analyzer are appeared in table 3.
Table 3 Specification of exhaust gas analyzer
Pollutant Range Accuracy
HC 0-20000 HC PPM ±10 PPM
NOX 0-5000 PPM ±10 PPM
CO 0-10% VOL. .01 %
CO2 0-20% VOL. .01 %
Figure 4: Exhaust gas analyzer
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Figure 5: Exhaust gas analyzer probe connected to exhaust
The tests were inspected on above set up to examine the emanation boundary like:
NOx discharge
CO discharge
HC discharge
CO2 discharge
3.6. Experimental method
The accompanying trial technique was followed on the motor for every one of the mixes with also, without
nanoparticles:
1. Setting up the test rig for the trial.
2. Prior to beginning checking every one of the associations.
3. Turning over the motor and running the motor for quite a while on no heap for adjustment.
4. Applying the heap progressively.
5. At every motor burden motor was run for 5 minutes to settle prior to taking the estimation.
6. Fuel stream rate estimation with the assistance of pipette.
7. Estimation for fumes gas temperature and discharge from analyzer for energizes were completed.
8. Rehashing the method for each heap.
9. Subsequent to playing out the analysis for one fuel mix, all the fuel in the gas tank is supplanted with the
new fuel mix. After that motor was run for 15 minutes with new fuel mix so it can supplant the past fuel in
the fuel line prior to taking the estimation.
10. Rehashing the above technique for the all energizes and mixed powers.
Motor tests were completed for all mixes at various burdens (1 kw, 1.5 kw, 2 kw, 2.5 kw what's more, 3 kw) on
test set up. Estimation of fumes gas temperature, fuel stream and emanations were completed and TFC, BSFC
and BTE were determined as given underneath
For every one of the Brake Powers the heap were determined from the accompanying equation
Where N = engine rpm, R = radius of brake drum = .15 meters, g = 9.8130 W = weight applied
From above calculation load for different Brake Power obtained are as follows
For, 1.0 BP, W = 4.32 kg
For, 1.5 BP, W = 6.48 kg
For, 2.0 BP, W = 8.65 kg
For, 2.5 BP, W = 10.81 kg
For, 3.0 BP, W = 13 kg
The values of TFC are calculated from the following formula
TFC x 3600 kg/hr
Where, t = time consumed in emptying the pipette volume in seconds
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The values of BSFC are calculated from following formula
BSFC kg / kW - hr
The values of BTE are calculated from following formula
BTE x 100%
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this part results have appeared with the assistance of diagrams and talked about the extraordinary explanations
for the outcomes. The examinations were led on the variable burdens to assess the presentation and emanation
attributes of diesel and various mixes of biodiesel with and without the expansion of cerium oxide nanoparticles.
4.1. Effect of mix and burden on Brake warm proficiency
Tests were directed for diesel, biodiesel, biodiesel mixes B10, B20, B30, B40 and cerium oxide mixes
B100Ce50, B100Ce100, B100Ce150, B10Ce50, B10Ce100 and B10Ce150.
Figure 6 Variation of BTE with load of diesel, biodiesel and biodiesel blends
In the figure 6.very well may be seen that BTE of biodiesel was about 25% lower than the diesel fuel. And all
biodiesel mixes showed a diminishing pattern with expansion in biodiesel content this is on the grounds that the
CV of fuel diminishes as we increment the biodiesel rate in base fuel diesel. The fuel utilization is likewise a
factor for lower BTE on the grounds that as biodiesel content expansions in base fuel diesel the fuel utilization
likewise increments.
Figure 7 Variation of BTE with load of diesel and cerium oxide blend with diesel
Figure 8 Variation of BTE with load of diesel and B10 cerium oxide blends
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Figure 8 is the correlation of BTE of B10, diesel and B10 with cerium oxide energizes. On the whole the
energizes cerium oxide mixed fuel showed better BTE. Cerium oxide brought down the fuel utilization in diesel
fuel additionally and enhances the fuel dispersion in the ignition chamber which improves the BTE for the diesel
moreover. The productivity of B10Ce150 was expanded about 11% when contrasted with diesel and expanded
about 17.6% when analyzed to B10 mix at most extreme burden.
4.2. Effect of mix and burden on fuel utilization
The analyses were performed for all the fuel and fuel mixes. Tentatively, it was seen that the fuel utilization
increments for diesel and biodiesel mixes when the heap was expanded as demonstrated in figure 9. It was seen
that B100, showed higher fuel utilization than that of different mixes and traditional diesel at all stacking
conditions. The fuel utilization of biodiesel was about 25% higher than diesel fuel at most extreme load. This is
because of the lower calorific worth and higher thickness of biodiesel mixes contrasted with traditional diesel
fuel. Most extreme fuel utilization was seen at full burden activity. This is expected to the more noteworthy
measure of fuel energy is needed to create higher BP.
Figure 9 Variation of total fuel consumption with load of diesel and biodiesel blends
Figure 10 Variation of total fuel consumption with load of biodiesel and biodiesel blend with cerium
oxide.
Figure 11 Variation of total fuel consumption with load of diesel and biodiesel blend with cerium
oxide.
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Figure 11 shows the variety of TFC with various mix of cerium oxide with B10. It is seen that TFC diminished
as the convergence of cerium oxide was expanded. Cerium oxide improved the fuel circulation in the ignition
chamber because of latency of cerium oxide particles which brought down the fuel utilization. The complete fuel
utilization of B10Ce150 was diminished about 16% when contrasted with B10 mix.
4.3. Effect of burden and mix on fumes gas temperature
Charts for unadulterated diesel as a base fuel and biodiesel mixes and cerium oxide mix were gotten during the
motor activity at variable burden. It was noticed tentatively that fumes gas temperature of B100 all the biodiesel
mixes discovered to be more than unadulterated diesel
Figure 12 Variation of EGT with load of diesel, biodiesel and biodiesel blends
Figure 13 Variation of EGT with load of biodiesel and biodiesel with cerium oxide
In above figure variety of BSFC with load appeared of diesel and B10 with cerium oxide. The BSFC in
B10Ce150 was seen most minimal in all fuel and fuel mixes. The improved ignition qualities of cerium oxide
mixes brought down the BSFC in biodiesel mix.
4.4. Emission characteristics
It becomes found from the experiments that NOx pollutants of all the fuels were improved with the boom in
load. This is due to the higher amount of gas burnt. The NOx emissions of all biodiesel blends exhibited a touch
better NOx than diesel. B100 proven maximum NOx the various all fuels at all load, it become about 30% higher
than diesel. This phenomenon became befell due to the better temperature performed in the combustion chamber
because biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel. It affords additional oxygen to inhaled air into the combustion chamber
which leads to complete combustion and raises the temperature of combustion chamber. At better temperature
nitrogen mixed with oxygen in air and extra formation of NOx found.
Figure 14 Variation of NOx with load of biodiesel and biodiesel with cerium oxide
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To conquer the issue of higher NOx outflow added substances were added to the biodiesel mixes. The cerium
oxide nanoparticles were blended to biodiesel with 50 PPM, 100PPM furthermore, 150PPM fixation. The figure
5.13 shows the variety of NOx discharge with load of cerium oxide mixed biodiesel. The temperature drop
prompts decrease in NOx emanation. Likewise it goes about as impetuses as the temperature increments in
ignition chamber and it acknowledge the oxygen particle from nitrogen oxide.. Similar outcomes were appeared
with the cerium oxide mixed biodiesel mix B10. B10C150 showed the most reduced NOx outflows among the
all powers which are appeared in figure 5.14. The NOx emanation in B10Ce150 was about 13.6% lower than
diesel fuel and 17.39% lower than the B10 mix.
Figure 15 Variation of NOx emissions with load of diesel, B10, and B10 with cerium oxide.
One more motivation to lessen the NOx emanation is that cerium oxide go about as oxygen safeguard in the
burning chamber and following response help to decrease the NOx poisons.
CeO2 + NO —> 2CeO2 + ½ N2
As indicated by above response when it ingests oxygen at that point prompts decrease the NOx.
Figure 16 Variation of CO with load of diesel, biodiesel and biodiesel blends
Cerium oxide mixes of B10 and unadulterated biodiesel were produced least CO at the all the loads. This is
because of the cerium oxide goes about as oxygen support and give adequate sum of oxygen for the change of
CO to CO2 coming about complete burning by following response
2CeO2 + CO → Ce2O3 + CO2
Expansion of nanoparticles to the mixing fuel causes quick blending and better atomization of fuel atom happens
inside diesel motor. Consequently it diminishes the air prerequisite which thus brings about less transformation
of unburned carbon atom to CO.
Figure 17 Variation of CO with load for biodiesel and biodiesel with cerium oxide
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Figure 18 Variation of HC emissions with load for biodiesel and biodiesel with cerium oxide
Figure 19 Variation ofCO2with load for biodiesel and biodiesel with cerium oxide.
Figure 20.Variation of CO2 with load for diesel and B10 with cerium oxide.
Figure 20 shows the variety of CO2 in diesel and cerium oxide mixed B10 fuel. TheB10Ce150 showed the less
CO2emanation among every one of the fills. The capacity of cerium oxide to go about as cell reinforcement at
high temperatures and low actuation temperature of cerium oxide brought down the CO2 outflow in cerium
oxide fuel mixes.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The target of the current examination was to research
the impact of the cerium oxide on biodiesel and
biodiesel mix that will diminish the poisons from
motors and increment the performance. The
nanoparticle added biodiesel and biodiesel mix were
tried on factor loads. The general examination of the
work depended on the presentation and emanation
qualities of different mixes. Based on outcomes
following ends were made:
The BTE was discovered to be most elevated for
B10Ce150 it was 11% higher than diesel fuel and
17.6% higher than B10 fuel. It shows that the
expansion of cerium oxide in diesel and biodiesel
improves the ignition of the fuel.
The NOx outflow in biodiesel and biodiesel
mixes were higher than the diesel fuel. The
expansion of the cerium oxide in the mix
decreases the NOx emanation. B10Ce150 mix
had the most reduced NOx discharge in all
powers. NOx emanation in B10Ce150 was 13.6
% lower than the diesel fuel and 17.39 % lower
than the B10 fuel.
Biodiesel have lower CO outflow as contrast with
diesel. What's more, expanding biodiesel content
in diesel-biodiesel mix shown decline in CO
discharge. Also, expansion of cerium oxide
diminished the CO emanation by improving
burning. B100Ce150 mix showed the least CO
emanation.
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As contrast with unadulterated diesel, unadulterated
biodiesel had the low HC emanation. Furthermore,
expansion of cerium oxide in the fuel brought down
the HC discharge. B100Ce150 showed the least HC
outflow. Expansion of cerium oxide in fuel brought
the CO2 discharge due down to less fuel utilization.
B100Ce150 showed the most minimal CO2 discharge
as cerium oxide brought down the fuel utilization.
The primary issue of utilizing the biodiesel as fuel in
CI motor is that it increment NOx discharge which
might be brought down by the mixing of cerium
oxide.
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