Engine backfiring occurs when the spark plug ignites fuel in the cylinder outside of the normal combustion process, when the exhaust valve is open. Some common causes of backfiring include a rich fuel-air mixture from a dirty air filter, retarded timing where ignition is not synchronized with the piston cycle, and issues with the distributor cap like damage or moisture that cause sparks to travel to the wrong cylinders. Identifying the cause of backfiring is important to fix engine issues.