1. 1
Corpuscles
Corpuscles
Corpuscles Corpuscular theory
Christian Huygens
wave theory
(Grimaldi)
Thomas Yong Augustin Fresnel

2. Leon Foucault
Corpucle theory
James Clerk Maxwell
x 108
Heinrich Hertz
Maxwell
(Albert Einstien)
(Max Planck)
(photons)

3. (wave and particle
properties)

4. “CORPUSCULAR” SIR ISSAC NEWTON
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
CHRISTIAN
HUYGENS
NEWTON

5. HUYGENS
MAXWELL
GRIMALDI

6. MAXWELL
1

7. 2
“ ”

8. “ ”
“ ”
“ ”*
#

9. “ ”
-
-

10. 2
1.
2.

11. 3.
2
1.
-
-
2.

12. 1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
3
3 108
1

13. “1 ”
v
s
t
--
v
f

14. 3
1.
2. 500
3.

15. 4.
2 108 m/s
4 108 m/s
8 108 m/s
16 108 m/s
3
1. 3 108
1
1 365 24 60 60
S = 3 108 1 365 24 60 60
S = 9.46 1015
2. 3 108
500

16. S = 3 108 1 500
S = 1.5 1011
3.
4.
3 108
4
4.1

17. 2
2
-
(s)
-
( s')

18. (M)
M
= =
= =
1.
2. m=1

19. 3. -
1)
N= 360
1
N=
=
2 60

20. =
2)

21. 3)
4)

22. 4
4.1
1) A
M1 15 M1 M2
20 M1 M2 3 M1
M2
1) 5 , 35 ,45 15 , 25 , 55
2) 15 , 25 ,55 5 , 35 , 45
3) 10 , 15 ,35 25 , 45 , 55
4) 25 , 45 ,55 10 , 15 , 35
2) M1
2)

23. 1)
2)
3) M
M
4)
3)
v
v
v
v
1) V V
2) V V V
3) V V
4) V = V V

24. 4) 2 60
1) 3
2) 6
3) 9
4) 11
5) 180
1) 90 cm
2) 150 cm
3) 110 cm
4) 10 cm
4

25. C
R
V
MM’ MM’
R

26. 1) C
2) (R)
3) (V) MM’
4) CV C V
5) F)
6) f)
f = )

27. 1)
2)
3)
4)
-

28. - C S > 2f )
F C
- C C

29. - F C
C
-

30. - F S< f)
2

31. -
F F
-
F

35. -

36. 4
4.2
1.
cm cm cm cm
3. R
2R R

37. 4.

38. 15

40. 4
2.
f= = = 50

41. f=
5.
f = +5
S’ = +10 S=
?
=
=
=

42. =
S = 10
s = 10 R=?
S’ = +15
1 f
=
=
=
f=
2
f=
6= -

43. R = 12
12
8.
10. f= =+ = +2
S=1 m=?
m=
m=
m=-
m

44. 4
4.3
1.
2.

45. 4.3
1. : S =10 cm S’ = - cm (
S’ f
1 1 1
f S S
: =
=
= -
f = -10 cm
f

46. 2. : S =12.6 cm S’ = - cm
( S’
f
1 1 1
f S S
: =
=
=
f=
-11.45 cm
f