Assesment kusaabsa Intradution of Microscobe oo aan jeediyay Kurtun Medical Clinic

1. UNIVERSITY OF
BOSASO
Bosaso, Puntland State of Somalia

2. UNIVERSITY OF
BOSASO
• Faculty: Clinical Officer
• Subject: Clinical Laboratory
• Assignment: Microscope & instrument for
purifying water
• Semester: Two

3. Prepared by
GROUP 5
ΩMohamud Abdullahi Mohamed
ΩMohamud Mohamed Hassan
ΩShariif Hassan Abdi
ΩYusuf Aymoy Abdulle
ΩAbdullahi Omar
ΩSadaam

4. Microscope Parts and Functions

5. Microscope
• An optical instrument that uses a lens or a
combination of lenses to produce magnified
images of small objects, especially of objects
too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

6. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Arm- Supports the tube and connects it to the
base
• Base- The bottom of the microscope, used for
support
• Eyepiece- Where you look to see the image of
your specimen.

7. Arm
Eyepiece
Base

8. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Body tube- Connects the eyepiece to the
objective lenses.
• Revolving Nosepiece- This is the part that
holds two or more objective lenses and can be
rotated to easily change power.
• Stage- The flat platform where you place your
slides.

9. Body tube
Stage
Revolving
Nosepiece

10. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Fine Adjustment Knob-small, round knob on
the side of the microscope used to fine-tune
the focus of your specimen
• Coarse Adjustment Knob--large, round knob
on the side of the microscope used for
focusing the specimen.
• Stage Clips-hold the slide in place

11. Coarse
Adjustment Knob
Fine Adjustment
Knob
Stage Clips

12. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Iris Diaphragm- controls the light going
thorough the aperture.
• Mirror/Light source-used to reflect light to the
specimen/source of light.
• Objective lenses-may have (scanner, Low, high
Oil immersion objectives) and is used use to
increase the magnification of the specimen.

13. Iris Diaphragm
Objective
Lenses
Light Source

14. Microscope Parts and Functions
• Aperture is the hole in the stage through
which the base (transmitted) light reaches the
stage.
• Condenser is used to collect and focus the
light from the illuminator on to the specimen.
It is located under the stage often in
conjunction with an iris diaphragm.

16. Proper Way of Focusing the
Microscope
• Always observe the specimen or object using
the LOWEST POWER object first.
• Focus using the COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
to bring the object into focus. Bring the object
into sharp focus by using the fine adjustment
knob.

17. Proper Way of Focusing the
Microscope
• Focus, and then move to a higher power
objective, if needed.
• Use only the FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB when
using the HIGHEST (longest) POWER
OBJECTIVE.

18. Proper Way of Focusing the
Microscope
• Keep both eyes open to reduce eyestrain.
Keep eye slightly above the eyepiece to
reduce eyelash interference.
• To find out the total magnification of the
object, multiply the power of the eyepiece
lens (10X) by the power of the objective.

19. Handling the Microscope
• Always use two hands to move the
microscope. Place one hand around the arm,
lift the scope, and then put your other hand
under the base of the scope for support.
• Be gentle.

20. Storing the Microscope
• Dust is an enemy to microscope lenses; always
keep the microscope covered when not in use.

21. Instrument for purifying water

22. WATER PURIFICATION
• We all need clean water, water that is free of
potentially dangerous contaminants.
• For our homes we need basic clean and
sanitary water. Water that can be used for
cooking, cleaning and bathing. Water that
meets or exceeds the purity standards of our
local governments. For bio-pharmaceutical
uses, the water used must meet a much
higher standard.

23. WATER PURIFICATION
• Bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing uses
“Water For Injection” (WFI). WFI is
considered to be 100% water. This water is
free of sediment, minerals, and organic
contamination.
• WFI is typically contained in stainless steel
systems, heated to temperatures just below
boiling, and pumped through systems to the
point of use that will not allow dead zones
where the water does not circulate.

24. WATER PURIFICATION
• WFI is used to clean water resistant
manufactured medical equipment such as
syringes. Under high pressure it is sprayed on
this equipment, used to soak it, and injected
into the internal parts of the equipment.

25. WATER PURIFICATION
• In our homes we might have a sediment filter to
remove fairly large particles suspended in the
water. Our cars have a sediment filters for oil.
• Sediment filters for water typically use a cloth or
paper filter cartridge. As the water flows through
large sediment particles are removed from the
water. Sediment removal is frequently the first
step in making WFI.
Photograph from Wiki Media Commons

26. WATER PURIFICATION
• If the water coming into our homes was to be
used to make WFI and has some unwanted
biologic residue, chlorine, or a foul odor then
a second filter is added. The second filter will
be activated charcoal.
Activated charcoal will not
remove sodium fluoride or
nitrates.
Photograph from Wiki Media Commons

27. WATER PURIFICATION
Typically the two canisters for the filters
are connected in simple series. Filter
canisters used in our homes are small; a few
inches in diameter and less than a foot long.
Those used in WFI production
for bio-pharmaceutical
manufacturing are much larger.
Photograph from Wiki Media Commons

28. WATER PURIFICATION
• Some locations have water very high in
mineral content. These locations will add an
ion exchange filter to their series of filters.
Photograph from Wiki Media Commons
These beads are made of plastic
resin and can be charged to
attract specific ions.

29. WATER PURIFICATION
• A water softener is an ion exchange filter to
remove scale producing calcium and magnesium
from water.
• Water softeners use special resin( small plastic
beads) that attract calcium and magnesium ions.
• Water softeners cycle periodically to recharge;
they flush the residue with salt water to remove
(rinse away) unwanted ions. This rinse water is
discarded.

30. WATER PURIFICATION
• Another device that is added to water
purification systems in some homes and in
biopharmaceutical manufacturing plants is a
reverse osmosis filter.
• This device forces water to move against the
normal direction of osmosis through a semi-
permeable membrane. The reverse osmosis
requires high pressure to move water through
the filter.

31. WATER PURIFICATION
• Reverse osmosis removes bacteria, spores
and viruses from water.
• Water after being run through the reverse
osmosis membrane is very, very clean. The
water before the membrane will have a built
up of unwanted particles and must be cycled
(flushed out) periodically.

32. WATER PURIFICATION

33. WATER PURIFICATION
• In the production of water for injection for
bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing has an
additional stage, distillation.
• Distillation heats water to its boiling point,
creates vapor which passes through a cooling
system, and re-condenses back to liquid water.
Water after the distillation process is 100%
water.

34. WATER PURIFICATION
• Water for injection is kept at high
temperatures and is used for a very complete
cleaning of medical products. Any small
amount of remaining manufacturing residue
and biological contaminants are completely
cleaned from the product. The product is now
ready for clean-room packaging and sealing.
• Medical products, such as syringes, are
sterilized by gamma radiation after packaging.