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EE44116611 :: 
SSIISSTTEEMM KKOOMMPPUUTTEERR && 
AAPPLLIIKKAASSII 
UUNNIITT 99 :: 
RREEKKAABBEENNTTUUKK MMOODDEELL 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA 
HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN
MMOODDEELL DDAATTAA 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN 
• Kebanyakan sistem PD berasaskan model hierarki dan 
model rangkaian 
• Model hubungan : 
– Baru diperkenalkan pada tahun 1970 
– Melalui 1 kertas seminar yang dibentang oleh E.F. CODD 
– 1 prototaip Sistem Pengurusan PD Hubungan yang 
dikenali sebagai Sistem R telah dihasilkan oleh 
penyelidik-penyelidik di makmal Penyelidikan IBM A.S 
diakhir tahun 1970
MMOODDEELL DDAATTAA 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN 
• Model hubungan : 
– Mempunyai struktur data yang mudah 
– Menjadi penyumbang kepada pembangunan 
sistem pengurusan PD bagi persekitaran 
komputer peribadi seperti Microsoft Access, 
FoxPro, Paradox dan lain-lain yang digunakan 
secara meluas
DDEEFFIINNIISSII && IISSTTIILLAAHH PPDD 
HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN • Model yang menyimpan data dalam bentuk jadual hubungan. 
• Data dan hubungan dipersembahkan dalam bentuk jadual. 
• Setiap satunya mempunyai : 
– Hubungan = Jadual yang dilengkapi oleh baris & 
lajur 
– Nama Lajur = Atribut (nama yang unik) 
– Baris (rekod) = Tupel 
– Domain = Jenis data yang terangkan jenis 
maklumat yang terdapat dalam 
lajur
TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGII PPIILLIIHHAANN 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN 
Istilah Formal Pilihan 1 Pilihan 2 
Relation Jadual Fail 
Tuple Baris Rekod 
Atribut Lajur Medan 
Atribut Kekunci 
Setiap tupel (rekod) dalam hubungan adalah unik iaitu 
setiap gabungan nilai untuk atribut bagi setiap tupel adalah 
Berbeza. Nilai atribut kekunci digunakan untuk kenalpasti 
Satu tupel tertentu dalam hubungan
CCOONNTTOOHH MMOODDEELL 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN 
PPEELLAAJJAARR 
PELAJAR 
NAMA NO_PEND KELAS UNIT 
Suriati 10 DIT 001 DIT 5 IT 
Marina 10 DTK 112 DTK 5 TK 
Shafika 10 DIT 006 DIT 5 IT 
Iskandar 10 DTK 118 DTK 5 TK 
ATRIBUT 
T 
UPEL 
Contoh Domain : 
* NAMA : 50 aksara 
* NO_PEND : 10 aksara 
* KELAS : 5 aksara 
* UNIT : 3 aksara
CCOONNTTOOHH MMOODDEELL 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN 
* Rajah Skima Pangkalan Data 
PELAJAR 
Nama No_Pend Kelas Unit 
* Contoh Pangkalan Data Hubungan PELAJAR 
PELAJAR 
Nama No_Pend Kelas Unit 
Suriati 10 DIT 001 DIT 5 IT 
Marina 10 DTK 112 DTK 5 TK 
Shafika 10 DIT 006 DIT 5 IT 
Iskandar 10 DTK 118 DTK 5 TK
CCIIRRII--CCIIRRII MMOODDEELL 
PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN 
• Nama hubungan berlainan dari nama hubungan yang 
lain 
• Setiap sel hubungan mempunyai hanya SATU nilai 
• Setiap atribut mempunyai nama yang nyata 
• Nilai bagi satu atribut adalah dari domain yang sama 
• Susunan atribut tidak membawa apa-apa makna 
• Setiap tuple adalah nyata dan tiada tuple yang sama 
• Nilai null digunakan untuk mengisi nilai atribut yang 
tidak diketahui atau tidak wujud dalam sesuatu tupel

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Unit 9-pd-hubungan

  • 1. EE44116611 :: SSIISSTTEEMM KKOOMMPPUUTTEERR && AAPPLLIIKKAASSII UUNNIITT 99 :: RREEKKAABBEENNTTUUKK MMOODDEELL PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN
  • 2. MMOODDEELL DDAATTAA PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN • Kebanyakan sistem PD berasaskan model hierarki dan model rangkaian • Model hubungan : – Baru diperkenalkan pada tahun 1970 – Melalui 1 kertas seminar yang dibentang oleh E.F. CODD – 1 prototaip Sistem Pengurusan PD Hubungan yang dikenali sebagai Sistem R telah dihasilkan oleh penyelidik-penyelidik di makmal Penyelidikan IBM A.S diakhir tahun 1970
  • 3. MMOODDEELL DDAATTAA PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN • Model hubungan : – Mempunyai struktur data yang mudah – Menjadi penyumbang kepada pembangunan sistem pengurusan PD bagi persekitaran komputer peribadi seperti Microsoft Access, FoxPro, Paradox dan lain-lain yang digunakan secara meluas
  • 4. DDEEFFIINNIISSII && IISSTTIILLAAHH PPDD HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN • Model yang menyimpan data dalam bentuk jadual hubungan. • Data dan hubungan dipersembahkan dalam bentuk jadual. • Setiap satunya mempunyai : – Hubungan = Jadual yang dilengkapi oleh baris & lajur – Nama Lajur = Atribut (nama yang unik) – Baris (rekod) = Tupel – Domain = Jenis data yang terangkan jenis maklumat yang terdapat dalam lajur
  • 5. TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGII PPIILLIIHHAANN PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN Istilah Formal Pilihan 1 Pilihan 2 Relation Jadual Fail Tuple Baris Rekod Atribut Lajur Medan Atribut Kekunci Setiap tupel (rekod) dalam hubungan adalah unik iaitu setiap gabungan nilai untuk atribut bagi setiap tupel adalah Berbeza. Nilai atribut kekunci digunakan untuk kenalpasti Satu tupel tertentu dalam hubungan
  • 6. CCOONNTTOOHH MMOODDEELL PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN PPEELLAAJJAARR PELAJAR NAMA NO_PEND KELAS UNIT Suriati 10 DIT 001 DIT 5 IT Marina 10 DTK 112 DTK 5 TK Shafika 10 DIT 006 DIT 5 IT Iskandar 10 DTK 118 DTK 5 TK ATRIBUT T UPEL Contoh Domain : * NAMA : 50 aksara * NO_PEND : 10 aksara * KELAS : 5 aksara * UNIT : 3 aksara
  • 7. CCOONNTTOOHH MMOODDEELL PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN * Rajah Skima Pangkalan Data PELAJAR Nama No_Pend Kelas Unit * Contoh Pangkalan Data Hubungan PELAJAR PELAJAR Nama No_Pend Kelas Unit Suriati 10 DIT 001 DIT 5 IT Marina 10 DTK 112 DTK 5 TK Shafika 10 DIT 006 DIT 5 IT Iskandar 10 DTK 118 DTK 5 TK
  • 8. CCIIRRII--CCIIRRII MMOODDEELL PPAANNGGKKAALLAANN DDAATTAA HHUUBBUUNNGGAANN • Nama hubungan berlainan dari nama hubungan yang lain • Setiap sel hubungan mempunyai hanya SATU nilai • Setiap atribut mempunyai nama yang nyata • Nilai bagi satu atribut adalah dari domain yang sama • Susunan atribut tidak membawa apa-apa makna • Setiap tuple adalah nyata dan tiada tuple yang sama • Nilai null digunakan untuk mengisi nilai atribut yang tidak diketahui atau tidak wujud dalam sesuatu tupel