الدولة الدينية و الدولة المدنية Benamor.begacem

1. 1
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬:‫ﻋﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬/‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻴﺩ‬:ialian@qou.edu
‫ﺠﻭﺍل‬:0598557482
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻡ‬/‫ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ‬
1433/2012

2. 2
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻑ‬‫ﺔ‬:‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬‫؟ﻫل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﻑ‬ ‫؟ﻫل‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬:
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﻠﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
، ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺒﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺩل‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺘﻬﺕ‬‫ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬.
‫ﻤﺠﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﻜﺩﺍ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺒﺭﺭﺍﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻴﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻅﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺭﺍﺒﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﻠﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻤﺘﻬﺎﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻅﻠﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﺩﻴﻜﺘﺎﺘﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺼﺢ‬ ، ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬.
، ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬.‫ﻭﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬.
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫،ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻴﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﻴﺭﺍ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﻑ‬‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬‫ﺒﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺒﺭﺭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻜﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺤﺎﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺸﺎل‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺼﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل‬.
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺭﺝ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺘﺩﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺩﻴﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺌﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻭﻯ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ، ‫ﻜﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺫﺭ‬ ‫،ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻴﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻴﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻀﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻻﻓﺸﺎﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻴﺭﺘﻜﺒﻭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﻁﺎﺀ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺸﻠﻬﻡ‬)‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻀﻁﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺯﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺒﻠﺩﺍﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺼل‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫،ﻭﻟﻠﺤﻜﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭﻫﻡ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺫﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﻠﻕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬.

3. 3
Abstract
This research aims at answering these following questions: what's the concept of a state ? What's a
civil state? What is a religious state? Is the Islamic state a civil or a religious state? Can the fear of
Muslims arriving to the authority be justified?
The research concluded answers to these questions:
Concerning the first question, the state had been defined as a place on Earth called province, in
which a group of people live governed by an authority called a state or a government, which
manages internal relations among people and foreign relations with other provinces .In addition,
the government must protect the borders of the state from any enemies.
As for the second question, this research concluded that a religious state is a type of state in which
the governor was one of the prophets, it also concluded that it was a state of justice and equality,
and this state has been non-existent in human history since the end of the eras of those prophets.
Therefore it ended with the death of Prophet Mohammad.
Concerning the third question, the research concluded that a civil state is similar to an Islamic state
in its values and goals. At the same time, there is a clear contradiction between these two states,
especially in these two terms: democracy and secularism .There is also contradiction in some
values like freedom, but similarity in other values like human rights and the right to
accounting and control.
Concerning the Islamic state. The research logically concluded that it's not a religious
state in a theocratic concept, but a special kind of civil state that applies Islam and law of
God. It also mentioned that it's a better model of a civil state and more capable of
handling human problems, especially that it treats their problems in life and afterlife.
Finally, the research concluded that the fear resulting from the idea of Islamic people
arriving to authority is justified in only one case which is the extreme applications from
some extremists.
This research came up with many recommendations:
The Islamic speech has to be moderate, radical and based on the Islamic spirit, not the
advisory opinions drowned in pragmatism, and purifying our terms from the impurities that
stuck to it in a good intention or a bad intention because neither history of those who
created these terms nor their relation to their religion is like ours. It also recommended
that Muslims should beware not to let down hopes of the nations to get out of this harsh
reality by arriving to authority with some mistakes they might make or other reasons that
might lead to their failure, because in this case, no one will justify their failure if it was a
result of the persecution they suffered from or by complicating the social problems which
are waiting for them, or to the other governments that Muslims weren't able to reach.
There is a great energy stored in the Muslims' ideas that will provide great experience
and solve the problems of the society and the nations , which should be taken into
consideration ,because the restrictions on the ( political Islam ) is not the solution.

4. 4
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬
-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬5
‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‬5
‫ﺍﻻﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬10
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬14
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬17
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬18
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬:‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬20
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬25
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬27
‫ﺍﻭﻻ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬27
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬28
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬29

5. 5
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻼﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻁﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﺍﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺀﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻱ‬.
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻁﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺤﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬‫ﺍﻻﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻤﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻨﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬)‫ﻜﺎﻓﺭﺍ‬(‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺭﺴﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬ ،)‫ﺩﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ‬(‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬ ،
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺠﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻜﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬.
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺯﺍﺓ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻭﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺎﻭﻟﻭﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻭﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬‫ﺍﻻﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺯﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻗل‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺸﻜﺎل‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜل‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺩﻯ‬‫ﻤﻴﻥ‬
، ‫ﺠﻤﻌﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﺠﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﻭ‬
‫ﻜﻔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻴﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺫﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺽ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺸل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜل‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺤل‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ‬.
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻀﻌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻘﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺤل‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬
‫ﺤﻴﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺘﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﻓﺎﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗل‬)‫ﺼﺩﻗﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭل‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻬﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻜﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﻟﻼﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
، ‫ﺍﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺅﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻼ‬

6. 6
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﺭﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻌل‬ ، ‫ﺍﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬‫ﺒﻲ‬(‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫؟‬)‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬(‫؟‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺒﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌل‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬:
‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬‫ﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﺭﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺸﻜل‬.‫ﻴﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺸل‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻴﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻤﻡ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬:
‫ﻟﻼﺠﺎﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬، ‫ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬
1-‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
2-‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
3-‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬
4-‫؟‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫل‬
5-‫؟‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺭﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻫل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬
1-)،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬1995(‫ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺙ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬"
‫ﻴﺨﻠﺹ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬1995(‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻐﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺜﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)‫ﺍﻻﺩﻴﺎﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺎﻤﻬﺎ‬‫ﺒﻭﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻔﺫﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻬﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻭﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻼﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺭﻋﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺸﺌﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺍﺩﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺤﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺘﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬.
‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬1995(‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﺍﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬:
‫ﺭﺍﺴﻬ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺯﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺠل‬ ‫ﻋﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻫل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬(‫ﺍﺤﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻴﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﻘﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻗﺎﺭﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ،.
‫ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﺩﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬.

7. 7
‫ﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻅل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﻭﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻘﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺨﺎﻟﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﻠﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺯل‬.
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻀﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺫﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺎﺩﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤل‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺸﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻜﺎﺘﻪ‬.
‫ﺩﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺱ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻋﺔ‬"‫ﻓﺎﻨﺘﻬﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺨﺫﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬) "‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭ‬/7(‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒل‬
‫ﺍﻻﻴﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻋﺔ‬"‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺩﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻜﻤﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻤﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺒﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻠﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺕ‬) "‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬/65(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،
‫ﺩﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﺡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻴﻤﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬.
‫ﺭﺍﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺯﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺓ‬.
2-)،‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‬2011(‫ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺙ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬"
‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ‬)،‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‬2011(‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬‫ﺴﻲﺀ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻻﺤﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺒ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺜﻴﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬(
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻅﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﻭﺭ‬(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ِﻙ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻭﻫﻤﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻬﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﱡ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺘﻌ‬ ،‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺎﺭﺒﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻠﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ل‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﱠل‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ًﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻜﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ،‫ﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻅﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﱠﻪ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﹸﻘﺼﻲ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﺽ‬‫ﺒﻐ‬ ،‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﺘﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺩﻨﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬.
‫ﻴﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬)،‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‬2011(‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬)‫ﺩﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬‫ﻥ‬(
‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬-‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫َﻰ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬-‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺭﻯ‬.‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫؛‬
‫ﺃﻋ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ،‫ﹰ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺜﻨﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺸﺭﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻬﻭﺩ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺴﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.

8. 8
‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬)،‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‬2011(‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬‫ﺘﺅﻜﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬(‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺼل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺇﻟﻬ‬ ‫ًﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬:
‫ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻤﺨﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻓﻪ‬‫ﺒﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬" :‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻴﺭﻭﺍ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺄﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭل‬ ،:‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻨﺯل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬-‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻀﻊ‬ ،‫ﺒﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺸﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ‬.
‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺄل‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻪ‬"‫ﺩﻨﻴﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺘﻡ‬"،
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﻙ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬:
‫ﻴﺨﺒﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﻴﻌﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬" :‫ﻤﻨﻜ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺀﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ،‫ﻓﺄﻋﻴﻨﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ،‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻭﻤﻭﻨﻲ‬."
‫ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺅﻤﻨﻴﻥ؛‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺩﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻓﺭ‬ ،‫ﺒﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺼﺎﻑ؛‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩل‬" :‫ﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻴﻭﻓﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻭﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺒل‬
‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬"،‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬"‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻭﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﱢﻡ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ‬."
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬:‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ؟‬ ‫ْﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻴﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺎ‬ ‫ُﻫﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺘﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ‬:
‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻀﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭﻭ‬:
"‫ًﺍ؟‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺃﺤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻬﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺩﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺒﺩﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻰ‬."!
‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﻠﺹ‬)،‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‬2011(‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬"‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺼﺒﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺨﻠﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻁل‬ ‫ﻴﺄﺘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺼﺒﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﷲ‬. "‫ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﺤﺎ‬"‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﱞ‬‫ل‬‫ﻭﻜ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ‬‫ﺘﺨﺎﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﹸﺤﻜﻡ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻭﺭﺌﻴﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻜﺒﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻹﻋﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ‬‫ﺘﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ،‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﱢﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺘﺸ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱡ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺄﻜل‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻏﺎﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻀﻰ‬".
3-)‫ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬،2011(‫ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺙ‬"‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬"
‫ﻴﺒﺩ‬‫ﺃ‬)،‫ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬2011(‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺜﻪ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺜﻴﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬(‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻬل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻪ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺩﺌﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭ‬:

9. 9
-‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬:‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻀﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺌﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻤﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬!
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻜﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺎﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬.
‫ﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻬﺠﻨﺎ‬‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﻘل‬ ،‫ﺤﺒﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬‫ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻨﺢ‬‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻔﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﻜﻭﻙ‬‫ﻴﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺴﺅﺍﻻ‬"‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬
‫ﻴﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﺍ‬)‫ﺍ‬،‫ﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬2011(‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻑ‬:
‫ﻋﺒﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬)‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻋ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻅﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻼﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻠﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺤﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﻠﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻰ‬‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹﻓﺭﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬"‫ﻜﺭﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻭ‬"‫ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‬‫ﻭﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬(.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺸﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺼﺤﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺸﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻌﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻴﻌﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﺢ‬‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﷲ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻭﻤﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺄﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻋﻴﻨﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻡ‬.
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻘل‬)،‫ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬2011(‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺤﺫﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻴﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬)‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺨﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺒﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺩﻨﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺫﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻭﻤﺘﻤﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻜﺭﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻭﻤﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻨﻨﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻠﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻭﻤﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻨﻨﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬‫ﻗﻭﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻜﺭﻩ‬.
‫ﻭﻴﺨﻠﺹ‬)،‫ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬2011(‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻘل‬
‫ﻋﺒﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬)‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤﻘﻭﻗ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻹﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺄﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬(.

10. 10
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﻻﻭل‬:‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬:
‫ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬:‫ﺃﺼﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍل‬:‫ﱡ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﱡ‬‫ل‬‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ُﻫﻤﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺃﺤ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﱡ‬‫ل‬‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ،‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ٍ‫ﺀ‬‫ﺸﻲ‬ ‫ل‬
‫ِﺭﺨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻭﺍﺴ‬ ٍ‫ﻑ‬ْ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﻀ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﱠﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﱡﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻘﺎل‬ ،‫ﻟﻐﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﱡﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱠﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬:‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﱡﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ،‫ﺤﺎل‬ ‫ِﻟﻰ‬‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ْﻟ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ،‫ُﺘﺩﺍﻭل‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺡ‬:"‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ُﻭ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻐﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﻭ‬َ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬
ً‫ﻰ‬‫ﺒﻤﻌﻨ‬.ِ‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ْ‫ﻭ‬َ‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ّﻨﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﹶﻨﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫َﺩﺍ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻭ‬.‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍ‬.‫ﻴﻘﺎل‬:‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺼﺭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹾﻨﻲ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﺩ‬َ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻡ‬.،ُ‫ﻡ‬‫ّﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ِ‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻭﺩﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﹸﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ُﺩﺍ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﷲ‬ ،‫ﺩﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬.‫ﹰ‬‫ﺓ‬َ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺓ‬ّ‫ﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ُ‫ﻪ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺫ‬‫ﺃﺨ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻴﺩﻱ‬ ُ‫ﻪ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻭ‬‫ﹶﺩﺍ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻭ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻑ‬2011(.
‫ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬:
‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬:
1-‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
2-‫ﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ‬
3-‫ﻭﺘﺩﺒﺭ‬ ،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻀﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻤﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬(.
‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺸﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻙ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺩل‬ ،‫ﻋﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬‫ﻴﺩل‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺃﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ،‫ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺨﺫﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺘﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﻴﺤﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﻭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﻤﺵ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻀﻴﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺸﺤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻜﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬)‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬. (
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻴﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻑ‬2008(‫ﻋﻥ‬)‫ﺸﻴﻠﻴﻨﻎ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺭﺕ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬)Polis(‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺼل‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ‬Polites
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬..‫ﻨﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
)Namos(‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ‬‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬Etate‫ﺃﻭ‬State. (‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬ ، ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬.‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬.‫ﻴﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬)‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬(‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺫﻫﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺘﺸﺎﻴﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺭﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬(‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬)‫ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬(‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻔﻭﻜل‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭل‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬. (‫ﻜﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺃﻯ‬)‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐﺯﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺔ‬(‫ﺘﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫،ﻭﻗﺎل‬:)‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺴﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬

11. 11
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻘﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻨﺩﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺘﻲ‬. (
‫ﺒﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﻀﻨﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻏﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻋﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻥ‬‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻏﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬(‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻨﻘ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺹ‬
‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺴﻔﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻏﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻀﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻼﻁﻭﻥ‬‫ﻴﻠﺒ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺼﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺱ‬‫ﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻜﻔﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬).،‫ﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬1976(
‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺭﺍﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺯﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻑ‬2008(‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬))‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬
‫ﻓﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻗﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫،ﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ‬(‫ﺃﻭ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬(‫ﺃﻭ‬)‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬((‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻠﺨﺹ‬:
1.‫ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬.
2.‫ﺸﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬‫ﻴﺔ‬.
3.‫ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﻨﺯﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘل‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﻲ‬1964(‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺭﺍﺀ‬‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻌﻭﺒﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻨﻭﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬)،‫ﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬1976. (
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﻡ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬)‫ﻤﻨﺘﺴﻜﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻟﺯ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬(‫ﻟﻴﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻗﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﺯﻟﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬).،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻑ‬2008(
‫ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻑ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺁﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﻋﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﺎﻋﺴﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﻲ‬1964. (
‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻤﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺜﻤﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺃﺕ‬)‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ‬(‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺩﻴـﺔ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻑ‬2008(
‫ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼل‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﻁﺎﺭ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﺯﻫﻴﺭﻱ‬1970(.
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺸﻌﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬. (
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺸﻌﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺤﻘ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺸﻌﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ،‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻕ‬
)،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻑ‬2008. (

12. 12
‫ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬
)،‫ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻥ‬2009: (
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬:‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﺎﺕ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬ ،‫ﻭﺴﺠﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻤﺴﻠﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺎﺌل‬:‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺠﻠﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺹ‬)،‫ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ‬2007: (‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺒﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺠﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬.....‫ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺦ‬‫ﻟﺤﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﺠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺠﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﺭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬)‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﺔ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬.
‫َﺩﺓ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬:‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺨﻀﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺄﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
‫َﺩﺓ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻁ‬«..‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻁﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻭل‬»‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺠﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﻐﻼل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬.)،‫ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻥ‬2009(
‫ﻭﻴﺘ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺠل‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺤل‬‫ﺒﺎﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺠﻭﺯﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻁﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﺭﺍﻟﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺱ‬‫ﺤﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻤﺎﻟﻴﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬.)،‫ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ‬2007(
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬"‫ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺴﻴﺩﺍ‬",
"‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ،‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺒل‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺭﻁ‬,‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻼﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ‬,‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬,‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻀﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬,‫ﺘﻘﻑ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬,‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻐﺘﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ،
)،‫ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ‬2007. (
‫ﺘ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺠﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻠل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺎل‬2012(.
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺠﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺼﺭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺭﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ل‬.
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ‬

13. 13
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ ،‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﺓ‬
‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬ُ‫ﻷ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬)،‫ﺍﻻﺸﻘﺭ‬2002(.
‫ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬)،‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬2011(:
1-‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬:‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻼﻗل‬ ‫ِﺘﻥ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﱠ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻭﺍﻫﺘ‬ ،‫ﻭﺸﺭﻭﻁﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﱡﻨﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﱠﻥ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠ‬‫ْﺯﺓ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺌل؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬
‫ُﻠﻴﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ؛‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﹾﺭ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻭﻨ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬.
2-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺭﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ُﻁﻠﻕ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬" :‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬"‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫؛‬:‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬
‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﺤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺴﻼﻤ‬.
3-‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬:‫ﱠﻤﺕ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬ ،‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﺒﻨ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻗﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻭﺍ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ َ‫ﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﱠﻊ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻭﺸ‬ ،‫ﱠﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬.
4-‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ‬:‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺘﻬﺘ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫َﺏ‬‫ﺠ‬ْ‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭﺃ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍﻫﺘ‬ ،‫ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﹰﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺩﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ِﻕ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ‬ ،‫ًﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺠﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﱠﺓ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬.
5-‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓل‬:‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ؛‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺍﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﱠ‬‫ل‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫َﻕ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ُﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﹸل‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫َﺏ‬‫ﺠ‬ْ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻨﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻜﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻰ‬.
6-‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬:‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭل‬" :‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬" :"‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ،‫ﱠﻰ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺸ‬ ُ‫ل‬‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﹶﻨﺩﺭﺝ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻁﻭﻱ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺠﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﺃﺼ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﱠﻡ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻴﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ؛‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫َﺭ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻌﻤل‬
‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺫﻴﻠﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻴﻠﺔ‬-‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬-:‫ﹺ‬‫ﻥ‬َ‫ﻋ‬ َ‫ﻥ‬ْ‫ﻭ‬َ‫ﻬ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻨ‬َ‫ﻴ‬َ‫ﻭ‬ ِ‫ﻑ‬‫ُﻭ‬‫ﺭ‬ْ‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹺﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬ َ‫ﻥ‬‫ُﻭ‬‫ﺭ‬ُ‫ﻤ‬ْ‫ﺄ‬َ‫ﻴ‬َ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬ْ‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹶﻰ‬‫ﻟ‬ِ‫ﺇ‬ َ‫ﻥ‬‫ُﻭ‬‫ﻋ‬ْ‫ﺩ‬َ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻤ‬ُ‫ﺃ‬ ْ‫ﻡ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻨ‬ِ‫ﻤ‬ ْ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬َ‫ﻭ‬ ﴿
ُ‫ﺤ‬ِ‫ﻠ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬ُ‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ُ‫ﻡ‬ُ‫ﻫ‬ َ‫ﻙ‬ِ‫ﺌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ُﻭ‬‫ﺃ‬َ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻨ‬ُ‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬﴾ َ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬]‫ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁل‬:104."[