Interventions in different types of counselling.

1. Anukrati Jain
MSc.Human Development
S.N.D.T University,
Mumbai
COUNSELLING
INTERVENTIONS

2. To learn about the interventions of
counselling on different stages of life.
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Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Elderly
Infancy
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OBJECTIVES

3. According to Pepinsky and Pepinsky, “Counseling is a process
involving an interaction between a counselor and a client in a
private setting, worth the purpose of helping the client change
his/her behaviour so that a satisfactory resolution of needs may
be obtained”.
COUNSELLING
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4. Age: 0-2 years old
Infancy is the earliest period in an individual's
life. It is then that the infant builds a basic
blueprint of her/his surrounding physical-
social world through the senses In this period,
it is of great help if babies are in supportive
environments with nurturing sensory care,
such as touch and social interactions rich in
talk and movement.
INFANCY
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5. STAGE RELATED CHALLENGES
Give support to the child if the
child is trying to grab something to
stand.
Call out the child name often and
encourage them to come to you
Be around the child when (s)he is
trying to walk on two legs.
Be aware of the things in the
child’s reach so that the child is
not in danger of any kind.
Learning to walk
Do not start feeding the child
suddenly with solid foods. Feed him
or her semi solid and soft texture food
first.
Pay your whole attention while
feeding the child. So that the food is
not spilling and it is on the right
temperature.
Feed the child small bites so that
those are easy to chew and swallow.
Learning to take solid foods
Try to make sensible sounds
around the child.
Try to harmonise with the child
like Ahhhh, Maaaa, Paaaaa
Encourage the child to speak by
talking to them about the things
around.
Learning to talk
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6. The newborn baby definitely needs all time attention from the parents/caretaker so here the parents can divide their
roles to be equally participated in the whole process.
Ask the experienced parents about the doubts and work on it together.
These responsibilities help the couple to bond more deeply and make their life more rewarding.
Ask mothers to always breastfeed the child before she sleeps as this will help her to sleep more soundly and stress
free.
It’s obvious that the newborn will come with different demands (e.g. Diapers, vaccinations, clothes, house
sanitation, toys etc) So, couples should not feel burdened and try to meet the most basic need of the child i.e. clothes
1. Adjustment of the newborn in the family.
2. Couples transition to become parents.
3. Arrival of new responsibilities.
4. Changes in sleep pattern.
5. Finance maintenance.
General Challenges

7. CHILDHOOD
AGE: 3-12 YEARS OLD
Early Childhood
Babies enter this stage with basic mobility, which further matures to negotiating stairs or simple. climbing.
Physical mobility is the first simple step to self-directed exploration and experimenting with physical space.
Children learn to care for themselves and acquire a rudimentary sense of the self and gender roles.
Middle Childhood
This is often called the school-age period as during this time, children in primary school experience formal
learning for the first time. This period is also relatively inactive physically, unlike early childhood. Middle
childhood is also called the period of consolidation, as in each domain children work out complexities in their
basic skills: for instance, walking and climbing transform into climbing on the trees.
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8. Parents should be around while the child is eliminating waste from the body. So that the child does not feel
anxious and fearful.
Parents should encourage the child to make the waste in the one specific place and the place should be
familiar and comfortable to the baby.
Parents should not humiliate or yell at the child if (s)he makes a waste somewhere else. This may develop a
trauma in the child’s mind.
Parents should feel shame while cleaning the child as it is a natural process.
Fathers should be a part of the cleaning too.
Learning to control the elimination of bodily wastes
Specific challenge of the stage

9. Challenges And Guidelines
Child
Introduction to school
Assure them that in school they would be able to make friends and learn by having fun.
Learning to Read
Parents should read aloud and make the sound of the word clearly around the child.
Increasing knowledge about surrounding
Ask children if they are curious about anything around them or have any kind of question they are free to ask
their parents or teachers.
Getting aware of different genders
Assure them it is normal to have curiosity but make sure to let it out in a positive manner.
Children should understand that physical games and realistic friends are more important than technology.
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5. Involvement of technology

10. Parents should accept the fact that now their
children have a separate life at school.
Parents should be aware of their child’s friend
circle and social life. They can do this by asking
how the day went at school and how friends
treat him/her.
Parents should notice if anything is going
wrong with the child if the child is not sharing
his thoughts.
If a child doesn’t eat the whole meal in one
sitting then the parents should divide the meal
in small portions.
Always try to comfort the child, make him
realise his importance in your life.
Parents-
Teachers should know the new child in the class
can face stranger anxiety and can also feel lonely.
So, teachers should make sure to maintain a healthy
interaction between classmates.
Teachers are important to the children and children
see them as a very important person in life. So,
teachers should maintain communication between
them and the child so that child could trust them
with his/ her thoughts.
Teacher should not discriminate between any of
his/her students as the neglected students can face a
crisis over this.
Teachers and parents should maintain
communication via meeting or phone so that they
could track the child’s growth and mental status.
Teachers-
Guidelines

11. ADOLESCENCE
AGE: 13-18 YEARS
OLD
This is a much researched stage of development. The period unfolds in many
ways, with the universal element being the stage of transition from childhood
to adolescence. As a biological phenomenon, adolescence begins in
physiological processes, leading to physical changes in both male and female
children. During this period, in health individuals across cultures or time are
engaged in a self-search for roles and responsibilities, and seek training and
means to be independent Sexual maturity and the search for a positive identity
increasing weakening of parental control and increasing belonging and
companionship with peers.
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12. Challenges and guidelines for Adolescence
Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes.
Teenagers should be aware how to make positive friends who will support them for good work and these
healthy friendships will push the teenager to achieve his/her goals.
Achieving masculine or feminine social roles.
Bodily knowledge is important to know, so if any teenger is curious to know about their body functions
then they should contact their parents or teachers rather than suffering on the internet or asking friends
about it.
Accepting one's physique
Adolescents should try to talk to themselves about how they feel about their own appearance and
personality. This will help the teenager to accept the change or to work on it if (s)he needs the change.
Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
Let the parents and caretakers know what you like and what you do not like (eg. I like to spend time with
talking to you mom about my day, I do not like if you yell my name in the morning to wake me up)
Preparing for an economic career.
List down your options to achieve your goal. This will help you to walk on the right path.
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13. Let your adolescent be free to talk to you about
anything.
The teenger is moving towards an adult life. Let them
involve in family decisions and encourage them to
speak up for the solutions.
Do not try to control their lives by spying on them or
regularly asking questions rather try to be patient and
let them come to you to share.
Pay attention to what your teenager is talking to you
as it may lead you to their problems.
Do not compare them to anybody else. You should
appreciate them for what they originally are.
PARENTS:
Encourage your class to do team activities. This will
develop their team skills.
Try to involve them into social activities related to
the society, so that they could understand the needs
of the society.
Try to communicate to all your students and if
anybody is not willing to share then pay them
attention and try to understand their problem.
If any teenager is spoiling themselves then the
teacher should talk to them first, then to the parents.
Be aware of what students are doing and if anybody
is involved in bullying then, take strict actions about
it.
Teachers:
Guidelines

14. Early Adulthood (19-40 years old)
During early adulthood, individuals are mostly autonomous and striving to seek intimacy,
attempting to work on vocational choices, and are keen to attain success Moving into
adulthood also entails marriage, becoming parents, and set- ting up a family With new
relationships come new roles and responsibilities.
Middle Adulthood(40-60 years old)
By this time, most people are masters in their professions, and may take leadership positions
(In their personal lives, too, individuals provide direction to children who are now moving
towards independence and need emotional support. This period often coincide with feelings of
separation, as children leave their homes.
ADULTHOOD
AGE: 19-60 YEARS OLD
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15. Challenges and Guidelines
Take your time to get ready
for the commitment.
Do not hurry to take the
decisions on the appearance
or status in the society.
Involve the experienced
adults in the process.
Try to spend time with that
person to understand the
vibes.
Be understanding to each
other and accept them for
who they are.
Selecting a mate/ Learning to
live with a marriage partner
Before a child, try to spend
more time together as a
couple.
Take decisions together to
start a family or not.
Make the needed changes in
the home before arriving of
the newborn
Get aware of your finances to
manage the needs of the new
mother and the newborn.
Life will change forever. Take
charge of your own life
changing. Are you ready for
it?
Starting a family
Be a part of your own social
group or a social circle and
meet them from time to time
to revive the bond.
Fulfill the needs of the
society by returning them in
the form of any social service,
charity/donation, volunteer
work on weekends etc.
Try to take initiatives in the
other informal groups
(Religious, Sport, Activity
groups)
Achieving adult civic and social
responsibility

16. As the body now ages accept
the body activity limits.
Accepting of wrinkles and
facial changes
Increase of a more balanced
diet in the meals. To avoid
any health related acute
issues.
Consult the doctor if any
change is different from
others.
Every six month routine
checkup.
Accept that aging is the
natural and irreversible
universal process.
Accepting and adjusting to the
physiological changes of middle
age
Try to understand their mood
swings and do not react
harshly.
Ask them about their day
and try to communicate with
them on a daily basis.
Encourage them to do
something they always
wanted to and support their
decisions.
Elderly can be challenging
to handle so try to contact
your friends and share your
experiences.
If it is needed take them to
the counsellor to accept the
change in generations and
within them
Adjusting to aging parents

17. ELDERLY
(AGE 60+ YEARS
OLD)
Developmental changes in late adulthood convey a decline in the
overall functioning of organs, and hence in social competencies. The
capacities of the elderly, as well as their ability to do things are often
impacted by reaction time, memory, vision, hearing, or mere mobility.
The biological clock is now ticking in a slow rhythm.
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18. Try to go on a morning or an evening walk to maintain good health and physique.
Consult doctor if needed
Consume more fiber food in the meal.
Take supplements if prescribed
Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
Involve yourself in more leisure activities and spend time with grandkids and family.
Maintain a diary to track the finances
Be aware of the bank interest and to keep your money safe as well as multiple it from government
agencies.
Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
Challenges and Guidelines

19. Share your thoughts with the family
Accept the change in your life and take charge to live along
Meet a therapist/counsellor if the grief is unbearable
Try to expand your social group.
Move into the cool shade of God and find peace.
Adjusting to the death of a spouse
If meeting is not possible try to stay connected through technology
Maintain your communication with the grandchildren.
Meeting social and civil obligations
Be clear to convey to the family about the living arrangements like where you want to
live?, with whom do you want to live? And What are your needs?
If living alone, ask for the house helper.
Communicate with the neighbours and children around be a part of the group.
Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements.

20. References:
http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/
Singh.A. (2015) Foundation of Human Development:
A life span approach (1st edition) (Orient blackswan)