Important notes for m pharma pharmacology student

1. ADVANCE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Kanpur
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
ANUBHAV DUBEY
M.Pharma
pharmacology
APOPTOSIS

2. Apoptosis
Apoptosis is programmed cell death essential in
embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis.
Disturbed apoptosis is also complicated in
the pathophysiology of many condition is
given below .
1- chronic neurodegenerative disorder such as
Parkinson's and Alzheimer's ,multiple sclerosis
etc.
2-condion with acute tissue damage or cell loss
such as myocardial infraction ,stroke and spinal
cord disease

3. Process of apoptosis

4. .Depletion of T.CELL in HIV infection .
.Osteoarthritis .
.Hematological disease such as a plastic
anemia .
. Autoimmune disease such as myasthenia
gravis , rheumatic arthritis
bronchial asthma .
.Viral infection with infective .
.Eradication of virus infected cell .
. Evasion of the immune response of
cancer cell and resistance to cancer
chemotherapy .

5. There are two main pathways to activation
of the effecter caspases.
1.Death receptor pathway (extrinsic
pathway)
2.mitrochondrial pathway (intrinsic
pathway)
Simplified diagram of two main signaling pathway in apoptosis

6. The death receptor pathway involves
stimulation of tumor necrosis factor
receptor family and the main initiator
caspase8
. The mitochondrial pathway is activated
by internal factor such as DNA damage
which results in transcription of gene p53 .
The p53 protein activates a sub pathway
that’s result in release from the
mitochondria of cytochrom c This is the
turn complex with protein with APAF-1 and
together they activate initiator caspase