Tourism Lecture 9 - Dr Wes Kinghorn (1).pptx

This lecture is for
class viewing only
and is not to be
reproduced,
distributed or shared
in any form.

Media for this week:
A) What type of tourism should be promoted? - 4 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjNwR2C6Q8I
B) Country boasts a host of tourist attractions - 3 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiM7_RTneCc
C) How mass tourism is destroying cities - 4 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vyt1HdR4uLw
D) New life for old towns through sustainable tourism - 15 min.
https://youtu.be/kLRanIhp2jg
E) Airbnb and its impact on the UK housing market - BBC Newsnight - 9 min.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP3MK_C93zE

Episode 9:
The Host
Dr. Wes Kinghorn

Warm-up!
Our Focus:
The Benefits and Challenges of Being the Host

Today we will talk about
The Host
I will provide you with an overview of some of
the literature exploring what it means to be a
‘host’ in the context of tourism.

Today’s information draws heavily on the work of
several excellent authors/researchers/theorists…
I will note these authors along the way…
This includes the excellent review by:
Richard Sharpley
(2014)

To begin though…
Introduction:
Historically, the implicit compact of the host and
their guest had three main features…
(J. Aramberri 2001)
J. Aramberri, 2001

The compact…
Protection:
The ﬁrst one was “protection” extended by the
host to the guest on the grounds of their
common humanity.
The mere fact of showing up at somebody’s
manor implied the provision of safety for the
time the guest chose to stay, or the host allowed
them to remain.
J. Aramberri, 2001

The compact…
Reciprocity:
The second element demanded “reciprocity”.
The guest shall return his host’s present
protection whenever their roles are reversed,
and in their future travels the host, their family
members, or associates ﬁnd themselves in the
same predicament as the guest at present.
J. Aramberri, 2001

The compact…
Duties for both sides:
Finally, the covenant prescribed a batch of
“duties for both sides”.
The host had to tend not only to his guest’s
protection, but to his material well-being as well.
On the other hand, the guest became a
temporary member of the family..
J. Aramberri, 2001

To begin…
Many researchers see this old arrangement at
work during their ﬁeldwork, leading some to see
this premodern covenant as the paradigm of
tourist exchanges.
This is where confusion starts, for in modern
mass tourism, the historic host–guest model
often runs into trouble...
J. Aramberri, 2001

“Fundamental to the successful development of
tourism is the balanced or harmonious
relationship between tourists, the people
and places they encounter, and the organisations
and businesses that provide tourism services”
(Zhang, Inbakaran, & Jackson, 2006).
Richard Sharpley, 2014

The foundations of Host benefits…
As the ‘largest peaceful movement of people’ in history
both within and across national boundaries, tourism
represents one of the world’s largest discretionary
transfers of wealth…
…thereby providing a source of income, foreign
exchange, government revenues and employment,
business and infrastructural development and, hence,
wider economic growth and development in destination
areas. (Lett, 1989)

The foundations of Host challenges…
The development of tourism incurs varying degrees of
impact on destination environments and, in particular,
on the local people who act as ‘hosts’ to tourists.
Indeed, destination communities face something of a
‘development dilemma’; they are, in a sense, required
to engage in a trade-off between the benefits they
perceive to receive from tourism and the negative social
and environmental consequences of its development.
(Wall & Mathieson 2006, Telfer & Sharpley 2008)

So…
Destination communities’ support for tourism, or their
ability to act as a…
‘Happy Host’
…is considered essential -- as the success and
sustainability of the sector depends upon the goodwill
of local residents.
(Snaith and Haley 1999, Jurowski & Gursoy 2004; Pérez & Nadal 2005)

So…
Consequently, it is widely suggested that, should local
communities perceive…
*the costs of tourism to outweigh the benefits*
…then they will withdraw their support for tourism,
thereby threatening the future success and
development of the sector.
(Lawson, Williams, Young, & Cossens 1998)

But…
In practice, evidence of such a withdrawal of support
for tourism by host communities is limited.
In other words, the assertion by many commentators
that negative perceptions of tourism on the part of
destination communities may be translated into
similarly negative behaviour towards tourists or the
tourism sector is…
…not widely supported in the literature.

Why then do we concern ourselves with the Host?

Part 1: Tourist-Host interaction
Although the terms ‘tourism,’ and ‘tourists’ are often
used inter-changeably within the literature.
Most studies are concerned with residents’ attitudes
towards what may referred to as tourism development,
and the benefits/disbenefits that arise from it.
Conversely, attitudes towards tourists, which may be
rather different from those related to tourism
development, are rarely addressed.

Part 1: Tourist-Host interaction (early work)
Sutton (1967) identified four characteristics seen as
common to most touring encounters:
1) The recognition by both participants of the
transitory & mainly nonrepetitive character of their
relationship;
Sutton 1967

relationship;
2) Touring tends to highlight for both parties the
importance of an orientation to immediate
gratification;
Sutton 1967

relationship;
gratification;
3) Touring tends to be asymmetrical or unbalanced in
character;
Sutton 1967

relationship;
gratification;
character;
4) There is a pervasive sense of new experience, & a
resulting freshness & excitement.
Sutton 1967

relationship;
gratification;
character;
Sutton 1967
…but ‘business as usual’
for local people!,

relationship;
gratification;
character;
Sutton 1967
…now back to this one

Sutton (1967) also identified 3 main types of touring
encounters from the standpoint of their cultural
composition are distinguished:
1) Those where the cultural backgrounds of hosts &
visitors are the same or closely similar;
Sutton 1967

2) Those where such backgrounds are different, but
the differences are supplementary or integrative in
nature;
Sutton 1967

2) Those where such backgrounds are different, but
the differences are supplementary or integrative in
nature;
3) Those where they are different & inconsistent.
Sutton 1967

Similarly, a later UNESCO paper found that…
“…the encounter between tourist and
host is characterized by its transitory nature, constraints
in terms of time and space, and relationships that are
both unequal and lacking in spontaneity”
(UNESCO 1976)

A) Sutton and UNESCO are concerned primarily with
encounters where the tourist is purchasing some
good or service from the host;
B) In addition, encounters may occur where the tourist
and host find themselves side by side and where
the two parties come face to face with the object of
exchanging information or ideas.

So…
“…the form and nature of relations between local
people and tourists evidently varies significantly, from
(i) structured, commercial exchange-based encounters
to (ii) spontaneous, serendipitous meetings or even
relations that involve (iii) no contact or communication
at all (that is, limited to the sharing of space).
Such distinctions have long been recognised.”
(Sharpley 2014)

Krippendorf (1987) proposed four types of resident
within a primarily business context:
1) Those in direct businesses with continuous contact
with tourists;
Krippendorf 1987

with tourists;
2) Those in regular contact but only partially deriving
their income from tourism;
Krippendorf 1987

with tourists;
3) Those in irregular contact in unrelated businesses;
Krippendorf 1987

with tourists;
3) Those in irregular contact in unrelated businesses;
4) Those with no contact with tourists.
Krippendorf 1987

A continuum of tourist-host encounters…
Krippendorf 1987

So…
Tourist-host interaction is:
 Complex, and;
 Multi-dimensional.
Encounters between tourists and members of the host
community varying according to:
 Context;
 Roles, and;
 Expectations.

At one extreme:
Tourists and local people may interact frequently and
fully, with all that implies with respect to perceptions of
and responses to those encounters as well as the
importance of understanding and, if necessary,
managing them.

At the other extreme:
Local residents' perceptions of tourism may be based
on limited, if any actual contact with tourists, hence any
exchange being less tangible and lacking reciprocity.

This matters…
An individual’s perception of tourists, tourism, and the
impacts (positive and negative) will to some degree
relate to their contact with tourists in type and
frequency – and the direct impact of this on their lives
(positive and negative).

Part 2: Resident perceptions
Starting in the 1960s:
As tourism came to be seen by many to be in conflict
with the environment within which it occurred…
…the enthusiasm for its economic development
potential became tempered by increasing awareness of
the associated costs.

Starting in the 1960s, and more so in the 90s & beyond:
Numerous commentators began to draw attention to
the:
• Economic;
• Social, and;
• Environmental.
…‘impacts’ of tourism in general.
(e.g. de Kadt 1979; Turner & Ash 1975; Young 1973)

Take a moment to consider…
…close your eyes for a moment.
“You are a resident of a host community”
How might a tourist impact a place?
Time

Break-out session!
In a small group or alone, consider or search:
“You are a resident of a host community”
 Talk about what changes happen to a place
due to the arrival of tourists.
 Discuss either positive or negative impacts
depending on the next graphic...

CGTN
We will talk about such alternative forms of tourism
in our last lecture, but for now take away from that
last video - the pros and the cons of MANY types of
tourism, not just mass tourism…

TRT World
PLAY MEDIA C
(4 min)

Carmichael’s (2000) study of residents’ attitudes and
responses to a ‘mega resort casino development’ was
based on a model linking attitudes and behaviours.
She explores the extent to which the positive/negative
attitudes she identifies in the research are subsequently
reflected in actions on the part of residents.
Carmichael

She reveals that neither positive nor negative attitudes
lead to subsequent actions;
The majority of those who support the casino:
‘accept it silently’
…whilst the majority of those who express negative
attitudes demonstrate:
‘resigned acceptance’.
Carmichael

Carmichael’s (2000)…
Carmichael

So…
*Perceptions or attitudes cannot be considered
synonymous with behavioural intent.*
This suggests that contrary to the claim that residents
with negative attitudes towards tourism will withdraw
their support or become antagonistic towards tourists,
there may not exist such a causal relationship.
Residents may not be happy about particular impacts of
tourism, but this does not imply consequential actions
or behaviours on their part.
Carmichael

But…
There is a lack of longitudinal studies in this research.
So… not only may residents’ attitudes transform over
time…
…but so too may their responses.
For example: in Carmichael’s model ‘resigned
acceptance’ might be replaced by ‘active opposition’ or
vice versa as the nature of tourism or tourists in a resort
evolves.
Carmichael

Carmichael’s (2000)…
Carmichael
With time?

NOW…
Let’s consider bring together ideas from a few of
our classes, and focus on the impacts of
tourism…

The following TEDx talk offers a different
perspective on what we’ve discussed today.
The speaker immigrated to this place
and came to love it.
He sees tourism as a way to save the place…
This is a unique ‘host’ perspective and outcome.

…but as always, the relationship is complex.
As you watch this consider:
What positive impacts on place would result?
What negative impacts on place would result?
Who should preserve a place, and for whom?
What makes you feel good about this?
What makes you uncomfortable?

Also:
What aspects of place in the context of tourism
are supported and challenged here?

TEDx Kyoto
PLAY MEDIA D
(14 min)

Think just to yourself about the following
questions once again…
Time

Again…
What positive impacts on place would result?
What negative impacts on place would result?
Who should preserve a place, and for whom?
What makes you feel good about this?
What makes you uncomfortable?

Deep dive: One example of local impacts…
Earlier the impacts of Airbnb were noted.
As with any tourism development, there are positive
and negative impacts.
Let’s look, as just one example, at the impacts of Airbnb
from a few perspectives.
Raconteur 2017

Deep dive: One example of local impacts…
Raconteur 2017

How is Airbnb good for a community?
What challenges does it present?
Time

Consider once again now…
How is Airbnb good for a community?
What challenges does it present?
Time

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